Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Many publications have recently reported deterioration in the ecological health of coral reefs. Although ?many reefs have declined in health, these reports lament a devastating degree of degradation on all reefs, equating high algal cover with decreased reef health. In some cases, algae do take over reefs that were once ?dominated by coral. Environmental stresses, such as hurricanes or diseases, can trigger such shifts, which are generally regarded as a sign of reef degradation. Such stress-induced shifts no doubt fostered a general impression that algae-dominated reefs are always unhealthy ones. Yet, algae can dominate a healthy reef where all the essential ecological processes are intact. In fact, a recent five-year-old study that monitored relatively ?undisturbed central-Pacific reefs found that coral dominance there is relatively limited. ?

1. The author suggests which of the following about the "stress-induced shifts"??

A. The likelihood of their occurring on a healthy reef where coral has long dominated is less than is ?generally believed.?

B. A study of central-Pacific reefs has provided evidence that they occur frequently.?

C. They can be triggered by a wider variety of phenomena than has previously been believed.?

D. They have resulted in misconceptions that are evident in many recent reports about the ecological ?conditions of reefs.?

E. Their importance has been downplayed in reports dealing with ecological issues.

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. The author would probably agree with which of the following assertions about algae??

A. Their presence on a reef can be a sign of the reef’s deterioration.?

B. They rarely occur on reefs that have not recently experienced some forms of environmental stress.?

C. They now dominate most reefs that were once dominated by coral. ?

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage

This passage is adapted from material published in 2009. ?

In the fields of Delano, California, in 1965, Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farmworker’s?Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance?of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an?avowedly?political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers’ strike then being?organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez. Dramatic presentations, called actos, were composed of a series of scenes?about the strike experienced and acted by campesino volunteers. His later actos were presented by a newly?constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact?of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican?Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez’ actos contained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage?effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or?political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues,?which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conversation, are still characteristic both of the actos?and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.?

Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions of other periods and regions. Like early?Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period,?actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling?groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised?comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez’ study of the Italian commedia dell’arte of the sixteenth?century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more?contemporary and local carpas of the Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez’ immediate?source:?the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century?Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop?socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. In particular, his actos contain?the same assortment of semi-allegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in?some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of?Valdez’ later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots, and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths?and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the?depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than do the actos of Luis Valdez and the Teatro?Campesino.?

3. According to the passage, which of the following elements characteristic of the acto are also found in some agitprop theater pieces??

A. The use of masks ?

B. Comic improvisation?

C. An outdoor setting?

D. Minimal use of complex stage effects or props?

E. An assortment of semi-allegorical characters?

4. According to the passage, the original impetus behind the establishment of the Teatro Campesino ?was which of the following? ?

A. To help urban Mexican Americans understand the problems confronting striking campesinos in?California?

B. To promote an attitude of pride in the depth and richness of the Mexican American heritage among striking campesinos?

C. To provide striking campesinos an opportunity to use their creative talents to express their political opinions?

D. To allow its founder to express his personal support of the campesinos’ strike effort?

E. To mobilize campesinos to support the farm workers’ strike in California ?

5. Which of the following best describes the author’s evaluation of the views of the cited “critics”??

A. Their views, if correct, do not preclude the existence of an Italian influence on the acto.?

B. Their views are unlikely to be correct, given the differences existing between Mexican and Mexican American theater.?

C. Their views concerning the Mexican carpa are essentially correct, but they lack familiarity with the acto.?

D. Their views are probably more correct than the views of those who have attributed the comic and ?improvisational elements of the acto to earlier sources.?

E. Their views betray a lack of familiarity with the commedia dell’arte.?

6. The passage suggests that which of the following explains the characteristic use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the works of Mexican American playwrights??

A. Mexican American playwrights wish to include in their works elements drawn from the traditions and ?history of the pre-Hispanic America.?

B. Mexican American playwrights try to guarantee that their works are fully understood by the broadest ?possible audience, including those who may speak only one language.?

C. Such a linguistic mix faithfully reflects the linguistic diversity of Mexican American culture, and is ?easily understood by most Mexican Americans.?

D. Many Mexican American playwrights are quite familiar with both the Spanish-language and the English-language theater traditions.?

E. Many different languages are still spoken within the of the United States, although English is still the ?most common first language of its citizens.?

Questions 7 is based on this passage

Sunlight penetrates seawater in diminishing amounts down to a depth of 1,000 meters, below which no sunlight penetrates at all. Fish species living at depths approaching 1,000 meters are adapted to see very faint ?sunlight, having larger, more light-sensitive eyes than those living nearer the surface. Researchers have found ?fish species with large, light-sensitive eyes well below 1,000 meters. However, this provides no support for the hypothesis that these fish species originally inhabited shallower waters, because _________.?

7. Which of the following most logically completes the passage??

A. blue sunlight penetrates seawater to a greater depth than the other colors in sunlight do, and the eyes ?of these fish see only blue light?

B. the average depth of the ocean is 4,000 meters?

C. many of these fish often swim downward to prey on fish that live at even greater depths?

D. food chains of marine organisms that live at depths well below 1,000 meters are dependent on ?nutrients that sink down from sunlit waters overhead?

E. a significant number of marine organisms that live at depth below 1,000 meters emit light in the form ?of bioluminescence ?

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage

In writing her book An lntroduction to Botany (1796), Priscilla Wakefield wanted to affirm the benefits of ?botany for young women. Aspiring to have botany "act as an antidote to idleness," which in her opinion was?endemic among "young ladies of fashionable manners,” Wakefield's strategy was to represent botanical study?as a pursuit that linked the cachet of a socially approved "accomplishment" to a philosophy of self-improvement. Yet while An Introduction to Botany invited young women over the threshold into botany as a self-improving pursuit, it did not challenge the dominant late-eighteenth-century British ideologies restricting ?women to the domestic arena. Notably, Wakefield does not?exhort young women to venture beyond the ?domestic garden and adjacent fields. Nevertheless, Wakefield clearly drew botany into a female orbit, recommending it as a means of teaching young women and girls good habits and healthy behavior. Moreover, unlike many writers of her day, she did not warn against "female learnedness," nor did she elevate modesty, deference, and piety in women above all else.?

8. The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss ?

A. the effect that a book about botany had on women’s access to the sciences in late-eighteenth-century ?Britain?

B. some of the obstacles that prevented young eighteenth-century British women from studying botany?

C. certain features and ramifications of a late-eighteenth-century book about botany aimed at young?women?

D. several contradictions in the stated positions of the author of a late-eighteenth-century book about ?botany aimed at young women?

E. the beginnings of women’s widespread involvement in the study of the natural sciences in Britain ?

9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following, if it had appeared in An Introduction to Botany, would most clearly have constituted a challenge of the “ideologies”??

A. An exhortation that young women abandon the pursuit of intellectually stimulating accomplishments?

B. The encouragement of young women to travel extensively to acquire botanical samples?

C. A suggestion that the lives of grown women of “fashionable manners” needed improvement?

D. An argument favoring regular physical exercise for young women?

E. A suggestion that young women should have tutors to help them study botany?

10. According to the passage, Wakefield sought to accomplish which of the following with An Introduction to Botany??

A. To challenge prevailing ideologies that restricted women to the domestic area?

B. To encourage young women to venture beyond their immediate surroundings?

C. To enlarge the range of professional possibilities open to educated British women

D. To provide a relatively serious activity for young women of a certain class?

E. To establish that botany could be as appropriately pursued by a young women as by young men