TED演講者：Peggy Shepard / 佩吉謝潑德

演講標題：How to build an equitable and just climate future / 如何創(chuàng)造一個平等和公正的未來環(huán)境。

內(nèi)容概要：Everyone has the right to a clean environment -- but major disparities exist when it comes to who faces the consequences of pollution. Environmental justice leader Peggy Shepard points to the disproportionate impact that hazardous environmental conditions have on Black, brown and Indigenous communities and challenges us to build a truly equitable future that turns "sacrifice zones" -- where community health is sacrificed for the sake of development -- into "green zones" that redre...

所有人都擁有住在一個干凈環(huán)境中的權(quán)利——但是具體到誰在受到污染的后果的時候，人與人之間有著巨大差異。環(huán)境正義領(lǐng)袖佩吉 謝潑德（Peggy Shepard）指出黑人，棕色人種，和原住民社區(qū)中受到的不成比例的環(huán)境危害還有通過將“被犧牲的區(qū)域”——也就是犧牲社區(qū)健康換取發(fā)展的區(qū)域——成為補償歷史遺留的污染和有害政策的遺產(chǎn)的“綠色區(qū)域” 建立起一個真正平等和公正的未來環(huán)境。

*******************************************

【1】It should be no surprise that every community should have a right to a clean environment.

應(yīng)該沒有任何爭議, 所有社區(qū)應(yīng)該有權(quán)利 擁有一個干凈的環(huán)境。

【2】Yet, some are sacrifice zones.

可是目前為止,有一些 “被犧牲的區(qū)域,”

【3】Sacrifice zones: communities living on the front lines of pollution and environmental hazards.

“被犧牲的區(qū)域” 指那些住在污染和 環(huán)境隱患旁的社區(qū)。

【4】But the good news is that we have a unique opportunity to address legacy pollution as we together build an equitable and just climate future.

但是好消息是 我們有一個特殊的機會, 去解決這些遺存的污染。 我們可以一起建立起一個 公正平等的未來環(huán)境。

【5】Now, this is a story about communities in crisis.

現(xiàn)在,這是一個關(guān)于危機中的 社區(qū)們的故事,

【6】Mostly, these are communities of Black and brown and Indigenous peoples.

這些社區(qū)大多都是 黑人,棕色人種,和原住民的社區(qū),

【7】It's often a story of low-income communities.

這經(jīng)常被定義為 一個低收入社區(qū)的問題。

【8】But race, race is the decisive factor.

但是種族,種族才是 真正的決定性因素。

【9】Now, studies show that an average middle-income Black family with an 87,500-dollar income is likely to live with more pollution than a white family making 22,500 dollars a year.

現(xiàn)在,研究表明擁有87500美金收入的 一般中等收入黑人家庭, 比收入22500美金的白人家庭 更可能住在污染更嚴重的地區(qū)。

【10】Now, my organization, WE ACT for Environmental Justice, works within a movement of hundreds of environmental justice groups, here and abroad, to address the disproportionate impact of pollution borne by our communities.

現(xiàn)在,我的組織,“我們?yōu)榄h(huán)境正義行動” （WE ACT for Environmental Justice） 和幾百個環(huán)境正義組織合作, 包括國內(nèi)和國外, 來解決被我們的社區(qū) 不成比例的承擔的污染。

【11】So I'm talking about environmental justice, which is a civil rights and a human rights analysis of environmental decision making, with a focus on the permitting,

我們現(xiàn)在在談?wù)摰氖黔h(huán)境正義, 這是一項對環(huán)境決策中 民權(quán)和人權(quán)的分析, 這之中的重點是許可,

【12】the permitting process that gives polluters permission to pollute within a regulatory standard for air, water and soil.

對于污染源在對水源,空氣,土壤 合規(guī)排放污染的許可過程。

【13】Now, these permits, they are an allowance that sacrifices the health of community residents.

現(xiàn)在,這些許可, 他們是犧牲社區(qū)居民健康的許可。

【14】The cumulative effect of multiple facilities sited in a community that emit high levels of pollution in close proximity to where people live.

多家近距離排放大量污染的設(shè)施 在社區(qū)里的累積影響

【15】That contributes to glaring health disparities.

是導致巨大健康差距的罪魁禍首。

【16】Now, Harvard University studies among Black Americans living in areas like Harlem and the South Bronx, those are communities which do not need clean air standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency.

近期,哈佛大學對于住在像 哈萊姆,南布朗克斯這樣, 沒有達到環(huán)境保護局設(shè)定的 清潔空氣標準的 美國黑人進行了研究。

【17】And those studies that found that Black Americans have died of COVID-19 at higher rates than others due to living in air-polluted communities.

而這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 因為住在受空氣污染的社區(qū), 這些美國黑人死于2019 冠狀病毒的幾率高于其他人。

【18】Now, that's not a surprise since the majority of people who live in areas that do not meet clean air standards are Latinos and Black Americans.

今天,這其實并不讓人奇怪, 因為大部分住在這些不滿足清潔空氣標準的人 都是拉丁裔或美國黑人。

【19】And that's the case in an area called "Cancer Alley."

而這也是發(fā)生在一個 叫“癌巷”的地方的故事,

【20】Now, there's a song sung by the late Nat King Cole called "Unforgettable."

有首納·京·科爾(Nat King Cole)唱的歌 叫 “不能忘記的”,

【21】And that is what "Cancer Alley" is.

而這就是 “癌巷”。

【22】It is unforgettable.

這是不能忘記的。

【23】It's in the worst possible way.

這是最差的情況。

【24】It's a 75-mile corridor between New Orleans and Baton Rouge.

這是一條75英里長在新奧爾良 和巴吞魯日之間的狹長地帶。

【25】It's a continuum of petrochemical and plastics manufacturing facilities on acres of former plantations.

這是一個建立在舊種植園基礎(chǔ)上 石油化工和塑料制品工廠的集合體。

【26】Now, these facilities have created an intergenerational history of death from cancer, with some communities suffering cancer rates higher than the national rate.

今天,這些工廠創(chuàng)造了 跨越幾代人的因癌癥死亡的歷史。 有些社區(qū)有著比全國平均高的癌癥發(fā)病率,

【27】Now communities experience environmental hazards and pollution exposure in diverse ways.

現(xiàn)在這些社區(qū)在不同 方面上承受著環(huán)境危害, 和暴露在污染中。

【28】In urban areas, mobile sources, contaminated sites, they're really the challenge.

在市區(qū)里, 移動資源和受污染的場地是真正的挑戰(zhàn)。

【29】And local governments generally manage the infrastructure of pollution.

一般來說,地方政府是負責管理 這些受污染的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的,

【30】But in smaller cities and rural areas, industrial and oil refineries, landfills and incinerators, they're usually the problem.

但是在小城市和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的 工業(yè)和石油提煉場 填埋和焚燒場 這些才是真正的問題。

【31】And in places like Texas and California, there may be no zoning laws that separate industrial facilities from residential backyards.

在像得克薩斯和加利福尼亞洲 這樣的地方 可能沒有分離 工業(yè)和居民區(qū)的地區(qū)規(guī)劃。

【32】So environmental racism and injustice results from a complex legacy of housing segregation, land use and zoning discrimination, and from unequal enforcement and policies.

所以環(huán)境種族歧視和不公是由 歷史上復雜的居住區(qū)隔離, 用地和土地規(guī)劃的歧視, 不平等的執(zhí)法和政策導致的。

【33】Now decades ago, policies such as redlining denied home loans to people of color into certain communities.

幾十年以前, 像在紅線區(qū)域(redlining)內(nèi) 拒絕貸款的政策 拒絕了特定社區(qū)的有色人種的 住房貸款申請,

【34】And this government policy reinforced racial segregation in cities and diverted investments away from those communities, creating large disparities in home ownership as well as urban heat environments.

而這政策加深了城市內(nèi)的種族隔離。 還將投資帶出了這些社區(qū)中 創(chuàng)造了住房的巨大差異 還有城市應(yīng)對高溫天氣的規(guī)劃,

【35】A few trees and no open space.

就比如說很少綠化和開闊空間。

【36】So today we're still living out the legacy of those racist policies.

而直到今天,我們還住在這些 種族歧視政策的遺產(chǎn)中。

【37】Now, I first began organizing around these issues as an elected Democratic district leader in my West Harlem neighborhood.

我最開始是以一個西哈萊姆社區(qū)中的 民主黨選區(qū)領(lǐng)袖的身份, 開始組織關(guān)于這些問題的活動,

【38】In 1988, I co-founded West Harlem Environmental Action, known as WE ACT for Environmental Justice.

1988年,我和其他人共同創(chuàng)立了 “西哈萊姆環(huán)境行動“, 也就是“我們?yōu)榄h(huán)境正義行動” （WE ACT for Environmental Justice）。

【39】And, you know, we began organizing, educating our neighbors to understand the impact of the disproportionate siting and permitting of polluting facilities in our communities.

然后我們開始組織教育 我們的鄰居去了解不平等的選址 和允許在我們社區(qū)中排放污染物 的影響。

【40】We started out by pressing New York City to fix the North River sewage treatment plant in the Hudson River that was ruining our quality of life by emitting toxic fumes.

我們首先開始催促紐約市政府 去修理哈德孫河的北河污水處理廠, 這個設(shè)施通過排放有毒氣體 毀滅了我們的生活質(zhì)量。

【41】And we began to ask ourselves a number of questions.

然后我們開始問我們自己 幾個問題。

【42】How could we transform the New York City diesel bus fleet to clean fuel buses since we housed over 740 of the city diesel bus fleet in uptown depots?

我們怎樣能將紐約的 柴油公交車隊, 轉(zhuǎn)換成清潔燃料的公交車, 尤其是當我們在住宅區(qū)車站中 有超過 740輛柴油公交車時？

【43】How could we have a waterfront park along the beautiful Hudson River instead of a parking lot?

我們怎樣能夠在哈德孫河旁 建立一個濱水公園, 而不是一個停車場？

【44】And how could we get environmental justice on the agenda of New York City, the state and the federal government to invest in sustainability in our communities?

我們怎樣能將環(huán)境正義提進紐約市, 州和聯(lián)邦政府的日程, 以帶來社區(qū)內(nèi)對可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的投資。

【45】I know that it only takes one person to reimagine what's possible, and some policy change takes decades.

我知道的是這只需要一個人 去重新思考可能性, 而一些政策則需要上十年。

【46】It took us 18 years to transform the New York City diesel bus fleet to hybrids.

我們用了十八年 將紐約市的柴油公交車 轉(zhuǎn)換成混合動力。

【47】However, it took only a few months to ensure that all New York schools are tested for lead in drinking water.

但是,只需要幾個月 就能保證紐約學校的飲用水的 鉛含量被檢測過。

【48】I know that so much is possible when we have the right political moment.

我知道如果我們有正確的政治時機 的話很多事情都有可能,

【49】But to capitalize, we must mobilize a critical mass of people to create real change.

但是要利用這些時機, 我們必須要調(diào)集足夠的人手 來創(chuàng)造真正的改變

【50】And to monitor that our policies are implemented in the way that was intended.

和確定政策真正的在以 原來預(yù)想方式實施。

【51】And environmental justice groups have done just that. In a number of ways.

而環(huán)境正義組織通過不同的方法 做的正是這些。

【52】So we've created working groups and campaigns amongst people who have a real stake in the outcome, those most affected by harm or new policies.

我們在可能被傷害或者 政策影響到的,還有對后果負責的人中 建立了工作小組和發(fā)起了不同的運動。

【53】And we engage them in environmental decision making.

我們鼓勵他們做出關(guān)于環(huán)境的決定。

【54】Those are the people who have the lived experience, who can best advise on climate adaptation and resilience planning.

因為他們是真正經(jīng)歷過 而且能最好的建議氣候適應(yīng)和 還原計劃的人。

【55】Now, if their perspectives had been known and integrated into the inter-agency emergency response planning in New Orleans for Hurricane Katrina, then thousands of families would not have been stranded on their roofs, waiting for rescue or sleeping in a sports stadium, because the city would have already known that lower-income families living in a flood zone did not have a car to evacuate the city or a credit card to access a hotel room.

現(xiàn)在,如果他們的觀點 能夠被知道而且整合到 新奧爾良州來應(yīng)對卡特里娜颶風的 跨機構(gòu)應(yīng)急響應(yīng)計劃的話, 成千上萬的家庭就不需要 困在他們的房頂上 等待救援 或者被迫在體育館里休息, 因為城市早已經(jīng)知道 低收入家庭住在洪水易發(fā)的區(qū)域 而且他們沒有車撤離城市 或者用來住酒店的信用卡。

【56】Another tactic we engage is we engage community in educational workshops that help them better articulate the data, testify at hearings, train residents to become citizen scientists who collect their own air and water quality data to influence policymakers and elected officials.

另外一個我們做的事是 我們和教育研討班合作 來幫助他們更好展示數(shù)據(jù), 在聽證會上作證, 訓練居民們變成自己收集 空氣和水資源 質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的公民科學家, 從而去影響制定政策的人 和民選的官員。

【57】And those officials should resource every community to develop a climate action plan that addresses neighborhood level response and challenges to extreme weather events.

還有那些應(yīng)該從各個社區(qū)尋找資源 來開發(fā)出解決鄰里之間 針對氣候變化提出的 對于極端天氣情況 的反應(yīng)和挑戰(zhàn)的行動的計劃的官員。

【58】We've also developed strong, strong policy agendas at the city, state and federal levels, based on community perspectives, experience and the evolving transition from a fossil fuel economy.

我們在市,州,聯(lián)邦級別還開發(fā)了 非常強大的政策日程表, 它們基于來自社區(qū)的角度和經(jīng)驗 和從基于石油的經(jīng)濟的轉(zhuǎn)化。

【59】And these are tactics that can be applied within local contexts in any community.

而這些技巧可以 適用于各個地方的社區(qū)。

【60】So as we transition to renewable energy sources, we know that energy insecurity will impact millions more households as utility bills increase. And to decarbonize buildings,

所以當我們轉(zhuǎn)化到可再生能源的時候, 我們可以提前知道能源安全問題 會影響到上百萬的家庭 當我們給賬單漲價和 給建筑脫碳之時。

【61】a pre-investment will be needed to upgrade residential buildings in frontline communities before electrification of all buildings will be achieved.

因此,我們需要提前投資 以升級社區(qū)中的居民住宅 在給建筑電氣化之前。

【62】So I challenge you to create the change we need by incorporating equity and lived experience into all public and government policies.

在這里我呼吁大家 去創(chuàng)造所需要的改變 通過考慮政府政策中的 平等和生活經(jīng)驗

【63】My vision is to redress the legacy of pollution by targeting frontline communities, not for pollution, but to become green zones.

我的目標是通過關(guān)注受到污染的社區(qū) 來補償污染所帶來的遺產(chǎn), 這個不是為了關(guān)注污染, 而是為了將這些地方變成綠色社區(qū)。

【64】Green zones where we can incentivize community shared solar, electrification, green businesses, good jobs and worker cooperatives.

我們可以補貼社區(qū)貢獻的太陽能 電力化的綠色社區(qū), 還有綠色企業(yè),好的工作, 和工人的合作機構(gòu)。

【65】Because today we are at an inflection point with an opportunity to achieve that vision.

因為今天我們到了改變的節(jié)點。 因為我們有去達到這些理想的能力。

【66】You know, the Biden administration has committed to centering environmental justice in all government policies through an executive order that directs at least 40 percent of the benefits from federal investments in clean energy to go to disadvantaged communities.

拜登政府已經(jīng)通過行政命令 承諾在政府政策中關(guān)注環(huán)境正義, 這包括將百分之四十從聯(lián)邦政府 對于清潔能源的投資 提供給處于 不利條件的社區(qū)。

【67】So there is an opportunity to implement a transformative and accountable process for the fair and just distribution of benefits of Justice40 to frontline communities of Black, brown and Indigenous peoples.

所以這里有一個機會 去實現(xiàn)一個帶來變化和負有責任的過程。 為了公平公正的分配正義40(Justice40) 對于處于前線社區(qū)的 黑人,棕色人種,還有原住民的幫助。

【68】But we must make certain that the investments and the benefits reach the communities intended, given the bias and ambivalence of many state and local governments.

但是我們一定要確定這些投資和幫助 最終以預(yù)定的方式到達各個社區(qū), 畢竟很多州和聯(lián)邦政府 都有各自的偏向和矛盾。

【69】But if done effectively, this can be transformative and could stop the cycle of exploitation and extraction.

但是如果正確的執(zhí)行了, 這可以是具有改變性的, 而且可以停止剝削和榨取的循環(huán)。

【70】Every community, every community has the right to a clean environment.

在每個社區(qū)中, 每個社區(qū)都有權(quán)利擁有清潔的環(huán)境。

【71】And you do not need to be an environmental champion or a climate justice leader to embrace that value.

而且你不需要變成環(huán)境的倡議者 或者環(huán)境正義領(lǐng)袖 去擁抱這些價值觀。

【72】So I call on your humanity to center the voices and perspectives in all policies of those most affected by environmental hazards and climate change.

所以我呼吁所有人, 在所有對于被污染和氣候變化 影響最嚴重的地方的政策上 集中你們的聲音和觀點。

【73】We can create a legacy of environmental quality and climate resilience for all.

我們可以為將來一代所有人 創(chuàng)造環(huán)境平等 還有對于環(huán)境的耐受性。

【74】We can do this and we must.

我們可以而且必須做到。

【75】Thank you.

謝謝大家。

【76】(Applause)