Natural Hazards

We’ve visited a lot of wondrous places here on Crash Course Geography.So as we wrap up the physical geography half of our series, let’s play a little game-- if you could pick anywhere, where would you live?Not where would you visit, but where would you live.

Like we’ve learned on our virtual Earth tour, no matter where we are, we’re embedded

in a natural landscape.And that comes with opportunities -- and risks.Like if I was looking for my dream home in the US, I’d have lots of climate and topography choices because the US is big and spans multiple latitudes.But its western rim is on the edge of the tectonic plate collision zone called the Pacific Ring of Fire.?Which means the Pacific coast sees lots of earthquakes and volcanoes and even tsunamis.And hurricanes periodically batter the East coast and Gulf of Mexico along with storm surges, coastal flooding, and wind damage. The middle’s not any safer -- lots of interior states are within what’s known as “Tornado Alley” And pretty much all states deal withdroughts, flooding, or blizzards.

Not to mention heat waves in India, wildfires

in Australia and Canada, and landslides in Japan.?Plus so many other natural hazards, which are extreme natural events that pose a threat to human systems and people.So we have to wonder if there’s any place on Earth safe from disaster.I’m Alizé Carrère, and this is Crash Course Geography.

Natural events are all the ways our restless Earth is constantly reshaping and modifying itself.?Like volcanoes erupting or tropical cyclones...cycloning.And so far in this course, we’ve studied why these natural events happen.Like how it’s really tectonic plates colliding and diverging that create the pattern of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire and many of those eruptions.But to be geo-literate people and fully understand what turns a natural event into a natural hazard, we have to remember that the worldworks as a set of physical, biological and social systems.

So we also need to study things like how humanssettle the land, and how patterns of affluence,economics, and politics contribute to disasters-- the human geography stuff.

In fact, every natural hazard has two main

components: the actual physical event or process and the potential impact on humans.

The physical events are driven by all the

physical processes we’ve learned about.

They could be meteorological events like heat

waves and cyclones, geological events like

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and hydrological events like floods, droughts, mudslides.It’s the second component -- the impact on humans -- that changes a natural event into a natural hazard.Like severe flooding out where no one lives -- like in parts of Siberia -- is a much less severe threat to humans, so less of a hazard than a mild flood in a densely packed city -- like Jakarta.?

But it’s also important to clarify what

a natural hazard is not.Something that’s human-caused, like pollution events like radioactive waste or oil spills,are considered human-made disasters and are normally excluded.And when the natural event actually happens and causes significant harm to humans, we call that a natural disaster.

As geographers, we want to compare different places and answer “why would this hazard happen here and not there?”

So in order to evaluate a hazard, geographers might look at several different dimensions.Like we might want to know how big the event was in some way.The height of a flood or the intensity of a windstorm measures the magnitude of the event.?

Time is also an important dimension to a hazard in many ways.We might want to know about the frequency of occurrence, like if flooding is seasonal or rare and whether it occurs at a regular interval or is random, and how long it lasts or the duration of the event.

And a drought might be weeks or months in

the making whereas a hurricane or blizzard

can appear suddenly, so we can also look at

the speed of onset.Of course, as eographers we’re always thinking about space.So we can track the areal extent over the Earth’s surface -- like how big an area was affected by an earthquake -- and the degree of spatial concentration within that area -- like the most severely affected area would be at the epicenter where there were the strongest shocks.?Evaluating hazards can also tell us how they’ve changed over time and show how the environmental and human components have become even more

tightly intertwined.As the human population has grown, we’ve tended to move into areas that are very attractive but also pose a high level of environmental danger -- like many cities are located in coastal areas.Or there could be other advantages, like rich volcanic soils that enable banana plantations.Our choices and social systems are increasing

the impact of natural events and making some people and places more vulnerable to certain types of hazards than others.

Where we can find opportunities or what we

can afford money wise has a big influence

on what we’re willing to accept risk wise.

Like in the American south, about half of

New Orleans currently sits below sea level

and people with low incomes live in the lowest-lying areas making them more vulnerable to flooding.?And when in 2005 hurricane Katrina inundated 80% of the city and the flood waters rose up to 6.1 meters, these people were hit hardest by disaster preparedness and response problems.

But a poor response during a single disaster

isn’t the whole story.The tax base in New Orleans was eroded because of white flight in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s,when white people -- who were usually better-off financially or were able to participate in banking and real estate markets -- relocated en masse from the central city to the suburbs.The people left had altogether less money that could be taxed.

So over time there wasn’t enough investment

in the city’s drainage infrastructure.Because of more situations like Hurricane Katrina, many geographers now think that phrases

like natural disaster or natural hazard are

misleading.And there’s a push to define it as “a complex web of interactions among peoples,environments and technologies, characterized by multiple causes and consequences.”Which also means there’s a lot that affects how vulnerable people are in a place.Like it’s generally understood that wealth,education, a high degree of social organization,and advanced technology reduce vulnerability.As New Orleans rebuilt, a lot of energy and money was focused on strengthening levees,floodwalls, floodgates and pumping stations to reduce vulnerability to future hurricanes.But as geographers we want to know if that’s true everywhere.

The Boxing Day tsunami of 2004 along the northwest coast of what’s now the Indonesian island Sumatra was one of the most cataclysmic natural events of modern times.

Its tremendous force and scope killed more

than 230,000 people in 14 countries.

But in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a

group of islands off of the south east coast

of India, the Onge, a tribe of about 100 people,survived by taking shelter on higher ground deep in their forest to escape “the fury

of the wave”.The Onge have lived on the island of Little Andaman for 30,000 to 50,000 years.Their oral traditions had taught them about tsunamis and their folklore spoke of a “huge shaking of ground followed by a high wallof water.”They survived by heeding their traditions,though their settlements were completely destroyed.So as we’re assessing vulnerability and studying how to mitigate natural disasters,we have to consider all the ways different peoples relate to their environment and the value of different types of knowledge.Textbooks and classroom instruction are useful,but experience from keenly observing and living in the world is every bit as valuable.And this is why many geoliterate geographers and disaster preparedness teams spend a lot

of time ‘in the field’, talking with local

residents of their communities and learning

about this knowledge.Assessing how vulnerable a place is or was

helps us learn a lot about natural hazards,

but we also have to deal with the aftermath.

The idea of resilience is an important aspect

of disaster risk management because it shifts

the focus from vulnerability to recovery.

In disaster preparedness, resilience comes

in many different forms and is defined as

a system’s ability to absorb shocks and

disturbances -- but still maintain its current

functioning and bounce back from adverse events.

For instance, traditional town planning and

land use in the Kathmandu Valley has built

a strong sense of community which fosters

social resilience, which is when the social

bonds of a community help it recover faster.

In older historic towns in Nepal, traditional

open spaces like paved courtyards, chowks,

neighborhood squares, and larger open spaces at the edge of towns bring communities together during feasts, festivals and rituals.And during the Gorkha earthquake of 2015,the community used these spaces as evacuation sites and to provide refuge for households during and after the disaster.

And the architecture in these towns uses mixed timber and masonry construction and specifically represents the local culture and technology, but also functions as earthquake resilience.The buildings and houses are designed to absorb external forces and withstand displacement during an earthquake.But this style of architecture wouldn’t necessarily help the resilience of a city like San Francisco or Tokyo where skyscrapers and high rises are common.

Different cultures can have different attitudes

about risk, the role of government, and collective social responsibility too.

Usually what makes a place resilient locally

or regionally is really specific, so there’s

no universal solution.But resilience implies a way forward, and enhancing the resilience of cities and communities is a broad policy objective at international,national and sub-national levels.But no matter how prepared we are, some things can never be recovered after a natural disaster.Homes and businesses can be rebuilt and belongings

can be recovered, but we’ve also lost a

place and our sense of and attachment to places.So there’s a serious element to our “where would you live” game.Natural hazards constantly threatening our home is emotionally exhausting, but for some,

there’s no other choice.How people should prepare for and respond appropriately to disaster risks involves understanding

and forecasting a natural event and public

perception, risk communication, what capacity there is to implement different strategies,as well as ethics and compassion.

It takes an incredible amount of knowledge,

time, and effort so that in the recovery phase

community resilience is strengthened and its

capacity to cope with the impact of future

hazards grows.Likely no place is entirely safe from natural hazards -- especially as social and environmental challenges multiply.

But as we conclude the physical geography

half of our series we’re hopefully better

able to understand how rock structures, landforms,soils, vegetation, climate, and weather affect natural environments and our roles in them.When we think like physical geographers we’re better equipped to understand places spatially and appreciate all the connections between all the different parts of whatever landscape we’re in -- including the humans!The physical geographers of tomorrow are studying

humans as agents that sculpt and transform

the landscape, and are focusing on environmental change and global warming.

And I hope we can each take a piece of physical geography with us in our lives.

If I could live anywhere, I’d live somewhere

on the Pacific Ring of Fire where I could

see volcanoes creating new land.

Or near the floodplains of the Zambezi where

the river carves into the Earth.

Or right here in Miami, where tropical storms

both nourish and batter the landscape, and

where I can learn from and explore how people adapt and innovate in amazing ways.

And where I can share it all with you and make Crash Course, right here in my living room.?

Tell me in comments where our time studying

physical geography has inspired you to dream about living, and I’ll see you next time

as we start exploring human geography and

the importance of the names and places we

call home.Many maps and borders represent modern geopolitical divisions that have often been decided without the consultation, permission, or recognition of the land's original inhabitants.Many geographical place names also don't reflect the Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples languages.So we at Crash Course want to acknowledge these peoples’ traditional and ongoing relationship with that land and all the physical and human

geographical elements of it.

We encourage you to learn about the history

of the place you call home through resources

like native-land.ca and by engaging with your

local Indigenous and Aboriginal nations through the websites and resources they provide.Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geography which is filmed at the Team Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.

If you want to help keep all Crash Course

free for everyone, forever, you can join our

community on Patreon.

譯文：

我們?cè)诘乩硭俪砂嗌蠀⒂^了許多奇妙的地方。因此，當(dāng)我們結(jié)束本系列的自然地理部分時(shí)，讓我們玩一個(gè)小游戲——如果你可以選擇任何地方，你會(huì)住在哪里？不是你會(huì)去哪里，而是你會(huì)住在哪里。就像我們?cè)谔摂M地球之旅中了解到的那樣，無論我們身在何處，我們都融入了自然景觀中。這伴隨著機(jī)遇和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。就像我在美國(guó)尋找夢(mèng)想家園一樣，我會(huì)有很多氣候和地形選擇，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)幅員遼闊，跨越多個(gè)緯度。但它的西緣位于被稱為太平洋火環(huán)的構(gòu)造板塊碰撞帶的邊緣。這意味著太平洋沿岸經(jīng)常發(fā)生地震、火山甚至海嘯。颶風(fēng)定期襲擊東海岸和墨西哥灣，并帶來風(fēng)暴潮、沿海洪水和風(fēng)災(zāi)。中部地區(qū)也并不安全——許多內(nèi)陸州都位于所謂的“龍卷風(fēng)巷”內(nèi)，幾乎所有州都面臨著干旱、洪水或暴風(fēng)雪。更不用說印度的熱浪、澳大利亞和加拿大的山火以及日本的山體滑坡。再加上許多其他自然災(zāi)害，這些極端自然事件對(duì)人類系統(tǒng)和人類構(gòu)成威脅。所以我們不得不想知道地球上是否有任何地方可以免受災(zāi)難。我是艾麗澤·卡雷爾，這是地理速成課。自然事件是我們不安的地球不斷重塑和改變自身的所有方式。就像火山噴發(fā)或熱帶氣旋……氣旋。到目前為止，在本課程中，我們已經(jīng)研究了這些自然事件發(fā)生的原因。就像構(gòu)造板塊的碰撞和分歧如何形成太平洋火環(huán)沿線的火山模式以及許多火山噴發(fā)一樣。但要成為具有地理知識(shí)的人并充分理解是什么將自然事件變成自然災(zāi)害，我們必須記住，世界是作為一組物理、生物和社會(huì)系統(tǒng)而運(yùn)作的。因此，我們還需要研究人類如何在這片土地上定居，以及富裕、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治模式如何導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難——人文地理學(xué)的內(nèi)容。事實(shí)上，每種自然災(zāi)害都有兩個(gè)主要組成部分：實(shí)際的物理事件或過程以及對(duì)人類的潛在影響。物理事件是由我們所了解的所有物理過程驅(qū)動(dòng)的。它們可能是熱浪和氣旋等氣象事件，地震和火山爆發(fā)等地質(zhì)事件，以及洪水、干旱、泥石流等水文事件。第二個(gè)組成部分——對(duì)人類的影響——將自然事件變成自然災(zāi)害。就像西伯利亞部分地區(qū)那樣無人居住的嚴(yán)重洪水對(duì)人類的威脅要小得多，因此比雅加達(dá)這樣人口稠密的城市中的輕微洪水危害要小。但澄清什么不是自然災(zāi)害也很重要。人為造成的事情，例如放射性廢物或石油泄漏等污染事件，被視為人為災(zāi)難，通常被排除在外。當(dāng)自然事件實(shí)際發(fā)生并對(duì)人類造成重大傷害時(shí)，我們稱之為自然災(zāi)害。作為地理學(xué)家，我們想要比較不同的地方并回答“為什么這種危險(xiǎn)會(huì)發(fā)生在這里而不是那里？”因此，為了評(píng)估危險(xiǎn)，地理學(xué)家可能會(huì)考慮幾個(gè)不同的維度。就像我們可能想以某種方式知道該事件有多大。洪水的高度或風(fēng)暴的強(qiáng)度衡量事件的嚴(yán)重程度。 從很多方面來說，時(shí)間也是危害的一個(gè)重要維度。我們可能想知道發(fā)生的頻率，例如洪水是季節(jié)性的還是罕見的，它是定期發(fā)生還是隨機(jī)發(fā)生，以及它持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間或事件的持續(xù)時(shí)間。干旱可能需要數(shù)周或數(shù)月的時(shí)間，而颶風(fēng)或暴風(fēng)雪可能會(huì)突然出現(xiàn)，因此我們還可以了解發(fā)生的速度。當(dāng)然，作為地理學(xué)家，我們總是在思考空間。因此，我們可以跟蹤地球表面的面積范圍（例如受地震影響的區(qū)域有多大）以及該區(qū)域內(nèi)的空間集中程度（例如受影響最嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域位于地震的震中） 最強(qiáng)烈的沖擊。評(píng)估危害還可以告訴我們它們?nèi)绾坞S著時(shí)間的推移而發(fā)生變化，并顯示環(huán)境和人類成分如何變得更加緊密地交織在一起。隨著人口的增長(zhǎng)，我們傾向于搬到非常有吸引力但也構(gòu)成高度環(huán)境危險(xiǎn)的地區(qū)，例如許多城市位于沿海地區(qū)?；蛘呖赡苓€有其他優(yōu)勢(shì)，比如肥沃的火山土壤適合種植香蕉。我們的選擇和社會(huì)制度正在增加自然事件的影響，并使某些人和地方比其他人更容易受到某些類型的危害的影響。我們?cè)谀睦锟梢哉业綑C(jī)會(huì)或我們能負(fù)擔(dān)得起的金錢對(duì)我們?cè)敢饨邮艿娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)有很大影響。 與美國(guó)南部一樣，新奧爾良目前約有一半位于海平面以下，低收入人群居住在地勢(shì)最低的地區(qū)，這使得他們更容易受到洪水的影響。2005年卡特里娜颶風(fēng)淹沒了該市80%的地區(qū)，洪水高達(dá)6.1米，這些人因備災(zāi)和救災(zāi)問題而受到的打擊最為嚴(yán)重。但在一次災(zāi)難中反應(yīng)不佳并不是問題的全部。新奧爾良的稅基因20 世紀(jì) 50 年代、60 年代和 70 年代的白人逃亡而受到侵蝕，當(dāng)時(shí)白人——通常經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況較好或能夠參與銀行和房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)——大批從 中心城區(qū)到郊區(qū)。剩下的人可征稅的錢明顯減少了。因此，隨著時(shí)間的推移，該市的排水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資不足。由于卡特里娜颶風(fēng)等情況越來越多，許多地理學(xué)家現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為自然災(zāi)害或自然災(zāi)害等短語(yǔ)具有誤導(dǎo)性。有人試圖將其定義為“一個(gè)由人、環(huán)境和技術(shù)之間相互作用組成的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)，其特征是多重原因和后果”。這也意味著有很多因素會(huì)影響一個(gè)地方人們的脆弱程度。正如人們普遍認(rèn)為的那樣，財(cái)富、教育、高度的社會(huì)組織和先進(jìn)技術(shù)可以減少脆弱性。隨著新奧爾良的重建，大量的能源和資金被集中用于加固堤壩、防洪墻、閘門和泵站，以減少未來颶風(fēng)的脆弱性。但作為地理學(xué)家，我們想知道這是否在所有地方都是如此。2004 年節(jié)禮日海嘯發(fā)生在現(xiàn)印度尼西亞蘇門答臘島西北海岸，是現(xiàn)代最具災(zāi)難性的自然

事件之一。其巨大威力和范圍導(dǎo)致14 個(gè)國(guó)家超過 23 萬人死亡。但在印度東南海岸附近的安達(dá)曼和尼科巴群島，昂格人（Onge）是一個(gè)約有 100 人的部落，他們通過在森林深處的高地上避難來躲避“海浪的狂怒”，從而得以幸存。?”。昂格人在小安達(dá)曼島上生活了三萬到五萬年。他們的口頭傳統(tǒng)告訴他們有關(guān)海嘯的知識(shí)，他們的民間傳說則談到“地面發(fā)生巨大震動(dòng)，隨后出現(xiàn)一道高高的水墻”。 盡管他們的定居點(diǎn)被徹底摧毀，但他們?nèi)匀蛔裱约旱膫鹘y(tǒng)而生存下來。因此，當(dāng)我們?cè)u(píng)估脆弱性并研究如何減輕自然災(zāi)害時(shí)，我們必須考慮不同

人群與其環(huán)境的所有方式以及不同類型知識(shí)的價(jià)值。教科書和課堂教學(xué)很有用，但敏銳觀察和生活在世界中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也同樣有價(jià)值。這就是為什么許多具有地理知識(shí)的地理學(xué)家和備災(zāi)團(tuán)隊(duì)花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間“在實(shí)地”，與社區(qū)的當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窠徽劜⒘私膺@些知識(shí)。評(píng)估一個(gè)地方現(xiàn)在或過去的脆弱程度有助于我們了解很多有關(guān)自然災(zāi)害的知識(shí)，但我們也必須應(yīng)對(duì)后果。復(fù)原力的理念是災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的一個(gè)重要方面，因?yàn)樗鼘⒅攸c(diǎn)從脆弱性轉(zhuǎn)移到恢復(fù)。在備災(zāi)中，復(fù)原力有多種不同的形式，被定義為系統(tǒng)吸收沖擊和干擾的能力，但仍保持其當(dāng)前的功能并從不利事件中恢復(fù)過來。例如，加德滿都谷地的傳統(tǒng)城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃和土地利用建立了強(qiáng)烈的社區(qū)意識(shí)，增強(qiáng)了社會(huì)復(fù)原力，社區(qū)的社會(huì)紐帶有助于社區(qū)更快地恢復(fù)。在尼泊爾古老的歷史城鎮(zhèn)中，傳統(tǒng)的開放空間，如鋪砌的庭院、集市、社區(qū)廣場(chǎng)和城鎮(zhèn)邊緣的較大開放空間，在節(jié)日、節(jié)日和儀式期間將社區(qū)聚集在一起。在 2015 年廓爾喀地震期間，社區(qū)將這些空間用作疏散場(chǎng)所，并在災(zāi)難期間和災(zāi)難后為家庭提供避難所。這些城鎮(zhèn)的建筑采用混合木結(jié)構(gòu)和磚石結(jié)構(gòu)，具體代表了當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕图夹g(shù)，同時(shí)也具有抗震功能。建筑物和房屋的設(shè)計(jì)目的是吸收外力并承受地震期間的位移。但這種建筑風(fēng)格不一定有助于舊金山或東京等摩天大樓和高層建筑常見的城市的恢復(fù)能力。不同的文化對(duì)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、政府的角色和集體社會(huì)責(zé)任也可能有不同的態(tài)度。通常，使一個(gè)地方在本地或區(qū)域上具有彈性的因素確實(shí)是特定的，因此沒有通用的解決方案。但韌性意味著前進(jìn)的道路，增強(qiáng)城市和社區(qū)的韌性是國(guó)際、國(guó)家和國(guó)家以下各級(jí)的廣泛政策目標(biāo)。但無論我們?nèi)绾螠?zhǔn)備，有些事情在自然災(zāi)害發(fā)生后就永遠(yuǎn)無法恢復(fù)。房屋和企業(yè)可以重建，財(cái)物可以找回，但我們也失去了一個(gè)地方，以及我們對(duì)地方的感覺和依戀。因此，我們的“你會(huì)住在哪里”游戲有一個(gè)嚴(yán)肅的元素。不斷威脅我們家園的自然災(zāi)害讓人精神疲憊，但對(duì)某些人來說，別無選擇。人們應(yīng)如何準(zhǔn)備和適當(dāng)應(yīng)對(duì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)涉及理解和預(yù)測(cè)自然事件和公眾認(rèn)知、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溝通、實(shí)施不同策略的能力以及道德和同情心。需要大量的知識(shí)、時(shí)間和精力，才能在恢復(fù)階段加強(qiáng)社區(qū)的復(fù)原力，并增強(qiáng)應(yīng)對(duì)未來災(zāi)害影響的能力?？赡軟]有一個(gè)地方能夠完全免受自然災(zāi)害的影響——尤其是在社會(huì)和環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)成倍增加的情況下。但當(dāng)我們結(jié)束本系列的自然地理學(xué)部分時(shí)，我們希望能夠更好地理解巖石結(jié)構(gòu)、地貌、土壤、植被、氣候和天氣如何影響自然環(huán)境以及我們?cè)谄渲械淖饔?。?dāng)我們像自然地理學(xué)家一樣思考時(shí)，我們就能更好地理解空間上的地方，并欣賞我們所處的任何景觀的所有不同部分之間的所有聯(lián)系——包括人類！未來的自然地理學(xué)家正在研究人類作為塑造和改變景觀的因素，并關(guān)注環(huán)境變化和全球變暖。我希望我們每個(gè)人都能在生活中隨身攜帶一份自然地理。如果我可以住在任何地方，我會(huì)住在太平洋火環(huán)上的某個(gè)地方，在那里我可以看到火山創(chuàng)造新的土地?；蛘呖拷澅任骱拥暮榉簠^(qū)，河流沖刷著地球?；蛘呔驮谶~阿密，熱帶風(fēng)暴既滋養(yǎng)又破壞著地貌，我可以在那里學(xué)習(xí)和探索人們?nèi)绾我泽@人的方式適應(yīng)和創(chuàng)新。我可以在我的客廳里與您分享這一切并制作速成課程。請(qǐng)?jiān)谠u(píng)論中告訴我，我們學(xué)習(xí)自然地理學(xué)的時(shí)間在哪里激發(fā)了您對(duì)生活的夢(mèng)想，下次我們開始探索人文地理學(xué)以及我們稱之為家的名稱和地點(diǎn)的重要性時(shí)，我們會(huì)再見。許多地圖和邊界代表了現(xiàn)代地緣政治劃分，這些劃分往往是在沒有征得這片土地原住民的同意、許可或認(rèn)可的情況下決定的。許多地理地名也不反映土著或原住民的語(yǔ)言。因此，我們?cè)谒俪砂嘞胍姓J(rèn)這些人民與這片土地及其所有自然和人文地理要素的傳統(tǒng)和持續(xù)的關(guān)系。我們鼓勵(lì)您通過native-land.ca 等資源了解您稱之為家的地方的歷史，并通過當(dāng)?shù)赝林驮∶裉峁┑木W(wǎng)站和資源與他們互動(dòng)。感謝您觀看這一集！