【開題報(bào)告】浦東滴水湖地區(qū)公交查詢系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)(上海建橋?qū)W院開題報(bào)告模板)

一、開題報(bào)告
課題背景和意義:
隨著人們生活水平的提高,人們更加追求在外出旅行上的品質(zhì),然而在縱橫交錯(cuò)的路線中,公交是最常用的交通工具,但是我國城市公交系統(tǒng)本身處于一個(gè)相對落后的水平,上海作為一個(gè)正在深度和廣度方面飛速地發(fā)展著的大城市,交通更是擁擠、交通路線越來越繁瑣,各個(gè)地區(qū)的公交數(shù)據(jù)非常龐大,造成無法快速、準(zhǔn)確的查找到所需公交信息等問題,給市民們帶來很大的不便。
公交信息管理系統(tǒng)作為城市公眾信息服務(wù)平臺的一部分,它的建立不僅為廣大公眾的出行提供所需的公交信息,而且對于緩解城市的交通壓力和降低城市的環(huán)境污染都有很大意義。近年來由于計(jì)算機(jī)編程技術(shù)和Internet技術(shù)的發(fā)展,國內(nèi)外各大城市紛紛推出了基于Internet的城市公交查詢系統(tǒng)。這些查詢系統(tǒng)的推出為人們獲得所需的公交信息提供了方便。為此本系統(tǒng)將針對浦東新區(qū)滴水湖地區(qū)的公交查詢信息進(jìn)行優(yōu)化完善,減少路線重復(fù),為人們提供方便出行的系統(tǒng)。
本系統(tǒng)提供浦東新區(qū)滴水湖這塊區(qū)域的公交查詢,滴水湖附近有四所大學(xué),人群出行量極其大,每當(dāng)新生報(bào)到時(shí)他們可能面臨多種問題,如周邊有什么娛樂設(shè)施、購物中心、各種交通路線等,為了更加方便外來人群對滴水湖的了解,開發(fā)一個(gè)操作簡單、查詢方便、功能齊全的公交查詢系統(tǒng)很有必要。
研究的主要內(nèi)容:
結(jié)合浦東滴水湖地區(qū)的公交情況和周邊景點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)出合理的公交路線查詢系統(tǒng),方便管理該地區(qū)的公交信息,最高效的利用該地的公交資源。系統(tǒng)主要進(jìn)行兩方面設(shè)計(jì):一是面向用戶的前臺系統(tǒng);二是面向管理員的后臺系統(tǒng)。
前臺系統(tǒng)主要實(shí)現(xiàn)路線的查詢,采用公交優(yōu)化算法對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)兩點(diǎn)之間的換乘最少的查詢,換算出最合理的路線方式,更加方便用戶的出行。其次采用HTML+CSS和JavaScript技術(shù)相結(jié)合的手法對頁面進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),頁面的設(shè)計(jì)理念以簡潔為主并結(jié)合心理學(xué)和美學(xué)理論進(jìn)行感官體驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),清晰展示信息的主次層次及任務(wù)流程的先后順序,幫助用戶在愉悅的視覺環(huán)境中完成查找方向。
后臺系統(tǒng)采用PHP連接 My?SQL數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站頁面后臺的部分管理功能,管理員具有新增、刪除、修改公交車信息、站點(diǎn)信息的功能。
整個(gè)系統(tǒng)首先進(jìn)行界面設(shè)計(jì),然后部署數(shù)據(jù)庫邏輯表單,之后兩者連接設(shè)計(jì)后臺功能。
研究方法(或技術(shù)路線):
1.?研究方法:通過查閱文獻(xiàn)充分利用圖書館資源,查找相關(guān)技術(shù)應(yīng)用進(jìn)行研究。
??????????調(diào)查浦東滴水湖地區(qū)的公交名,各個(gè)換乘站點(diǎn)及途徑的地點(diǎn),并且對部分站點(diǎn)周邊景點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)研。
技術(shù)路線:使用B/S模式(瀏覽器/服務(wù)器)三層結(jié)構(gòu),JDK Java環(huán)境進(jìn)行開發(fā),MySQL作為數(shù)據(jù)庫,客戶端使用瀏覽器運(yùn)行程序,PHP編碼技術(shù)。最終根據(jù)系統(tǒng)開發(fā)成果撰寫畢業(yè)論文。
預(yù)期結(jié)果:
(1)?完成主頁面的設(shè)計(jì)與制作。
(2)?頁面顯示:包括普通用戶界面和管理員界面。
(3)?功能實(shí)現(xiàn):普通界面能夠進(jìn)行路線查詢、周邊景點(diǎn)查詢。
(4)?完成系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫的搭建、信息的錄入。
(5)?管理員可實(shí)現(xiàn)路線、站點(diǎn)、車次的新增、刪除、修改。
(6)?系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行運(yùn)行測試,各個(gè)頁面順利跳轉(zhuǎn)、無錯(cuò)誤顯示并且能夠正確查詢。
根據(jù)完成的系統(tǒng),整理資料結(jié)合參考文獻(xiàn)撰寫畢業(yè)論文。
進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:
2016年7月:確定課題、進(jìn)行調(diào)研、搜集相關(guān)資料、查閱文獻(xiàn),完成開題報(bào)告。
2016年9月26日前:完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書。
2016年10月20日:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告答辯。
2016年11月23日前:實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)所有功能,并完成系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試、運(yùn)行及維護(hù),并準(zhǔn)備中期檢查。
2016年11月24日:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行中期答辯。
2017年12月24日前:整理畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程資料、撰寫畢業(yè)論文。
2017年1月10日前:畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)行查重、根據(jù)評閱教師意見修改論文。
2017年1月12日:畢業(yè)論文答辯(定稿的論文打印稿與答辯PPT)。
二、文獻(xiàn)綜述
公交查詢系統(tǒng)分析
課題背景:
隨著人們生活水平的提高,人們更加追求在外出旅行上的品質(zhì),然而在縱橫交錯(cuò)的路線中,公交是最常用的交通工具,但是我國城市公交系統(tǒng)本身處于一個(gè)相對落后的水平,上海作為一個(gè)正在深度和廣度方面飛速地發(fā)展著的大城市,交通更是擁擠、交通路線越來越繁瑣,各個(gè)地區(qū)的公交數(shù)據(jù)非常龐大,造成無法快速、準(zhǔn)確的查找到所需公交信息等問題,給市民們帶來很大的不便。
公交信息管理系統(tǒng)作為城市公眾信息服務(wù)平臺的一部分,它的建立不僅為廣大公眾的出行提供所需的公交信息,而且對于緩解城市的交通壓力和降低城市的環(huán)境污染都有很大意義。近年來,由于計(jì)算機(jī)編程技術(shù)和Internet技術(shù)的發(fā)展,國內(nèi)外各大城市紛紛推出了基于Internet的城市公交查詢系統(tǒng)。這些查詢系統(tǒng)的推出為人們獲得所需的公交信息提供了方便。但鑒于當(dāng)時(shí)技術(shù)和開發(fā)人員自身能力的限制這些公交查詢系統(tǒng)都或多或少地存在著一些問題。為此本系統(tǒng)將針對浦東新區(qū)的公交信息進(jìn)行優(yōu)化完善。
公交查詢現(xiàn)狀分析
目前,國內(nèi)外公交信息管理即公交查詢系統(tǒng)都發(fā)展到了一個(gè)比較成熟的階段,無論是從理論上還是從技術(shù)上都比較成熟。發(fā)達(dá)國家對城市公交查詢的研究比較早,技術(shù)發(fā)展的已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟。
國外公交信息管理系統(tǒng)更是早已實(shí)現(xiàn)了智能化、信息化、社會化。據(jù)相關(guān)資料了解,國外的公交信息管理系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)將GIS、GPS、RS技術(shù)集合到公交查詢系統(tǒng)中。許多國際化大都市都非常重視公交信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng)的管理和發(fā)展在發(fā)達(dá)國家,公交查詢系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的目的是提供準(zhǔn)確、可靠、及時(shí)的公交信息服務(wù),以吸引更多的旅行者使用城市公交查詢系統(tǒng)這一工具,從而促進(jìn)城市公共交通服務(wù)的發(fā)展、完善。發(fā)達(dá)國家的公交查詢系統(tǒng)的研究、簡歷、測試的大部分費(fèi)用由政府部門負(fù)責(zé)承擔(dān),而用戶和國家公交企業(yè)是該系統(tǒng)的最終受益者和使用者。
我國城市公交信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展起步較晚,城市公共交通系統(tǒng)對于信息化的管理系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用不夠完善,公交系統(tǒng)的研究和開發(fā)還需要一個(gè)漫長的過程。普遍存在的現(xiàn)象是:許多乘客可以獲得信息的方式以及信息量較少,且不能保證查詢信息的可靠性和完整性,也沒有負(fù)責(zé)發(fā)布信息和管理信息的專門機(jī)構(gòu)。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,許多網(wǎng)站陸續(xù)地推出公交查詢系統(tǒng),現(xiàn)階段國內(nèi)的公交信息管理系統(tǒng)也結(jié)合了很多技術(shù),國內(nèi)公交查詢系統(tǒng)也正在向?qū)IS、GPS、RS技術(shù)相結(jié)合的方向發(fā)展。
課題研究的主要內(nèi)容:
系統(tǒng)分為前臺和后臺兩大系統(tǒng),在前臺設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)對不同文化背景不同環(huán)境因素下的用戶的上網(wǎng)目的、行為習(xí)慣和心理反應(yīng)進(jìn)行考慮?, 研究如何讓用戶更方便快捷地獲取相關(guān)信息、簡單高效地完成任務(wù) ,不斷提高網(wǎng)站的情感體驗(yàn), 讓用戶感到舒適 、友好、 可靠, 實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站可用性和功能性目標(biāo)。以及對用戶心理方面的分析,讓用戶體驗(yàn)到本系統(tǒng)操作流程的簡化。
在后臺系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)在數(shù)據(jù)庫的開發(fā)和維護(hù)中,查詢的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)可以提高系統(tǒng)性能,特別是對于經(jīng)常用于查詢數(shù)據(jù)量大的數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)更顯得重要。SQL查詢優(yōu)化的實(shí)質(zhì)就是在結(jié)果正確的前提下,用優(yōu)化器可以識別的語句,充分利用索引,減少表掃描的I/O次數(shù),盡量避免表搜索的發(fā)生。優(yōu)化的方面除充分利用硬件性能外,還可采用軟件方法來解決。系統(tǒng)管理員只有正確觀察和分析系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行中提供的各種信息,小紅分結(jié)合實(shí)際應(yīng)用特點(diǎn),才能合理制定出良好的優(yōu)化策略,實(shí)現(xiàn)快速、高效是數(shù)據(jù)查詢和應(yīng)用分析,同時(shí)也使硬件資源得到充分的發(fā)揮[1]。利用數(shù)據(jù)鏈接對管理員登錄的賬號密碼的準(zhǔn)確性登錄,管理員可進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)操作包括新增、刪除、修改路線、站點(diǎn)和車次,還可以新增數(shù)據(jù)庫管理員的賬號及密碼,在管理員的管理下盡量減少公交路線信息數(shù)據(jù)的出錯(cuò)。
系統(tǒng)的功能決定本系統(tǒng)的存活時(shí)間,因此用戶體驗(yàn)很重要。本系統(tǒng)為出行者提供更加方便的查詢方式,設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)在公交站點(diǎn)、線路等公交數(shù)據(jù)的分類、合并和抽象的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行了算法的分析、設(shè)計(jì)了路徑最短的最優(yōu)路徑算法。因此大多數(shù)是以“空間距離”最短作為第一考慮因素,這樣能夠使系統(tǒng)更方便,更好滿足生活中人們的實(shí)際需求并提高查詢效率。在系統(tǒng)首頁面有路線查詢模塊,用戶可以根據(jù)單個(gè)公交名稱查詢該公交所有的站點(diǎn)名稱,還可以查詢某一公交車的首班車和末班車時(shí)間,方便出行者規(guī)劃時(shí)間,減少在時(shí)間上安排錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致的損失。最重要的是本系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)用戶輸入的出發(fā)地和目的地來換算出路徑最短的推薦路線,為出行者盡可能的節(jié)省時(shí)間,對于過來游玩者還能夠提供周邊一帶的景點(diǎn),做到不遺漏任何一個(gè)可以玩的景點(diǎn)。
公交路線查詢系統(tǒng)采用基于n 次公交換乘的算法,公交換乘算法大多是以“空間距離”最短作為第一考慮要素,如 Dijkstra 算法,遺傳算法,A* 算法和燃燒算法等算法,然而有文獻(xiàn)對乘客的出行心理進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析,其結(jié)果表明,“換乘次數(shù)”是大部分公交乘客在選擇出行方案時(shí)首先考慮的因素,“出行距離最短”為第二目標(biāo)。本論文在分析和總結(jié)公交站點(diǎn)、 公交線路等公交數(shù)據(jù)及出行乘客的心理特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)之上,采用了了基于 n 次公交換乘的算法,使系統(tǒng)更方便,更好的滿足了生活中人們的實(shí)際需求和提高了查詢的效率。整個(gè)最少換乘算法的思想是一個(gè)遞歸的過程,從搜索經(jīng)過起點(diǎn)站或目的站點(diǎn)的線路開始,由線路查找該線路經(jīng)過的所有站點(diǎn),再從這些站點(diǎn)查找經(jīng)過它們的所有線路,不斷迭代,直至找到終點(diǎn)站為止。
系統(tǒng)功能結(jié)構(gòu)如下圖所示:

系統(tǒng)開發(fā)相關(guān)技術(shù):
采用PHP、Apache、My?SQL支持多線程、多用戶的關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng),網(wǎng)站在開發(fā)過程中主要在B/S的三層體系中完成,即頁面顯示、業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層以及數(shù)據(jù)庫訪問等單個(gè)相對獨(dú)立的層面。
在B/S模式下,用戶工作界面是通過WWW瀏覽器來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,極少部分事務(wù)邏輯在前端實(shí)現(xiàn),但是主要事務(wù)邏輯在服務(wù)器實(shí)現(xiàn),這樣簡化了客戶端電腦載荷,減輕了系統(tǒng)維護(hù)與升級的成本和工作量,降低了用戶的總體成本。
本課題前臺顯示頁面采用HTLM、DIV+CSS、JavaScript技術(shù)相結(jié)合,頁面更加吸引用戶,顯示更加清晰,讓用戶在第一瞬間就能找到自己想要操作的步驟。DIV+CSS的使用縮減了代碼,并提高頁面的瀏覽速度,結(jié)構(gòu)更加清晰,兼容性更加好。JavaScript具有交互性,能夠包含更多活躍的元素,它是在客戶機(jī)上執(zhí)行的,并能提高網(wǎng)頁的瀏覽速度和交互能力。 JS使有規(guī)律地重復(fù)的HTML文段簡化,減少下載時(shí)間。它能及時(shí)響應(yīng)用戶的操作,對提交表單做即時(shí)的檢查,無需浪費(fèi)時(shí)間交由 CGI 驗(yàn)證。
后臺訪問數(shù)據(jù)層的主要功能就是負(fù)責(zé)好各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)對數(shù)據(jù)庫的訪問工作,在整個(gè)過程中,開展最多的是對數(shù)據(jù)的修改、查找及刪除等操作,合理的數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)可以提高數(shù)據(jù)庫存儲的效率,保證數(shù)據(jù)的完整性和一致性。My SQL是以一個(gè)客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)現(xiàn),存儲數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)容,通過PHP連接數(shù)據(jù)庫,數(shù)據(jù)庫是以關(guān)系模型為基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)庫,是根據(jù)表、記錄和字段之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行組織和訪問的一種數(shù)據(jù)庫,它通過若干個(gè)表(Table)來存取數(shù)據(jù),并且通過關(guān)系(Relation)將這些表聯(lián)系在一起,關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫提供了成為機(jī)構(gòu)化查詢語言(SQL)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口,該接口允許使用多種數(shù)據(jù)庫工具和產(chǎn)品。
本課題的特點(diǎn)及實(shí)施意義:?
浦東新區(qū)滴水湖地區(qū)人員聚集比較密集,該地區(qū)是由四所大學(xué)組成的大學(xué)城,再加上周邊附近居民區(qū),人員流動比較大,設(shè)計(jì)本系統(tǒng)主要是為了能夠給同學(xué)們和當(dāng)?shù)厥忻裉峁┮粋€(gè)良好的出行環(huán)境,在查詢路線的同時(shí)還提供相關(guān)周邊景點(diǎn)以供參考,滴水湖是一個(gè)比較偏僻的地區(qū),離市中心等游玩場地相對較遠(yuǎn),出行極其不方便,但是滴水湖周邊也有不少的游玩地點(diǎn)例如燒烤區(qū),海灘等等,為此充分利用當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境,了解周邊環(huán)境,規(guī)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)游玩地段是很有必要的,本系統(tǒng)對于不管是當(dāng)?shù)厝诉€是其他外來者都提供一個(gè)完善的服務(wù)。 本系統(tǒng)操作簡單,功能基本完善,可以解決大部分人出行困難的問題。
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參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]鄒瓊.淺談數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計(jì)中范式的應(yīng)用[J].湖北經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào):人文社會科學(xué)版,2011年8卷11期
[2]郝琳琳.基于.NET的公交換乘查詢系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J].信息科技.計(jì)算機(jī)軟件及計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用,2015.08
[3]王健、劉少華.公交乘換分析的算法設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J].科技信息,2010年18期
[4]張磊.公交查詢系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J].信息與電腦,2013年08期
[5]沈穎、宋文強(qiáng).數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)中SQL 語句優(yōu)化[J].電腦知識與技術(shù),2009年18期
[6]朱征宇等.網(wǎng)站界面設(shè)計(jì)用戶體驗(yàn)[J]?.?重慶理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2010年 08期
[7]余帝.探究動態(tài)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)中PHP技術(shù)的應(yīng)用[J].電子制作,2015,24:50
[8]楊菲.“PHP程序設(shè)計(jì)”項(xiàng)目課程的開發(fā)與實(shí)踐[J].電腦知識與技術(shù),2015,26:132-133
[9]馬毓.基于PHP的電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)探討[J].科技展望,2015,36:19
[10]崔絨花.動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J].軟件導(dǎo)刊,2013,11:79-81?
[11]?Lucia Janu?ová、Silvia ?i?mancová. Improving Safety of Transportation by Using Intelligent Transport Systems[J].?Procedia Engineering, 2016, Vol.134
三、文獻(xiàn)翻譯
智能交通系統(tǒng)和行人系統(tǒng)
摘要
本文概述了過去的發(fā)展和在行人交通智能運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行情況。從最近的發(fā)展工程和發(fā)展智能交通系統(tǒng)的方法,概述了現(xiàn)有的實(shí)現(xiàn)智能交通系統(tǒng)在行人交通技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,在克羅地亞共和國以及在其他國家提出了一些可行性解決方案。作為在智能交通系統(tǒng)中最重要的集成系統(tǒng)功能,介紹了在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的定位行人,行人指導(dǎo)(特別是盲人及低視力的人和坐輪椅的人)、提供旅行信息,等等。特別重點(diǎn)的是保護(hù)該地區(qū)的行人交通(避免發(fā)生事故)使用安裝方便攜帶的車輛和嵌入式車輛的道路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。并已指出行人交通設(shè)計(jì)在未來的智能交通體系中的意義。
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關(guān)鍵詞:智能交通系統(tǒng),行人交通,行人誘導(dǎo),實(shí)時(shí)信息,交通安全
1.?1.介紹
步行是每一個(gè)運(yùn)動的基礎(chǔ),無論是作為主要的模式,還是在復(fù)雜的多模態(tài)運(yùn)動鏈中。任何人的運(yùn)動都是通過步行的開始和結(jié)束完成的,這意味著它包含在每一個(gè)交通模式中。
在運(yùn)動時(shí),行人和車輛往往在同一平面因此會遇到許多問題。行人會遇到交通事故,噪音,廢氣的影響而浪費(fèi)掉時(shí)間。為了確保有平等的條件,所有交通參與者都應(yīng)該以同樣的方式對待。支持任何交通方式以犧牲另外一個(gè)國家作為代價(jià), 最終通過非功能性的和非一般的流動效率來解決。世界上的智能交通系統(tǒng)的解決方案,包括同樣的用戶服務(wù)的行人。從這個(gè)意義上說,最大的改善是在日本,在那里,人們支持智能交通系統(tǒng)并已經(jīng)脫離普通模式作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的開發(fā)區(qū)。
通過應(yīng)用智能交通系統(tǒng)的方法來改善交通可以提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量,并提高行人交通安全的質(zhì)量來進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。在這里, 特別重要的是其在行人誘導(dǎo)和避免行人車輛事故的可能性。作為集成子系統(tǒng)在其內(nèi)的最重要的功能,重點(diǎn)是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的行人定位的可能性,提供旅行信息尤其是盲人為了讓他們避免危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn),指導(dǎo)人在輪椅上以及使用的設(shè)備安裝在車輛和行人保護(hù)埋在路下。本文展示了這種相對較新的方法來提高人們的流動性的基本原則和技術(shù)。
2.智能運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的基本特征和發(fā)展
通常,在更廣泛的職業(yè)共同體中人們會誤解它認(rèn)為它是現(xiàn)有的部分應(yīng)用路遠(yuǎn)程解決方案代表。這是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的,因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)人的遠(yuǎn)程信息處理系統(tǒng)和信息處理的先進(jìn)的算法支持的整合,一個(gè)可以談?wù)撝悄芙煌ㄏ到y(tǒng)的范例。由信息和電信設(shè)備升級的交通系統(tǒng)已收到智能屬性,在未來的解決方案中,他們預(yù)計(jì)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)的功能,以及推理和適應(yīng)交通環(huán)境的能力。
智能交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展來源根據(jù)是建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的獨(dú)立性。體系結(jié)構(gòu)的貢獻(xiàn)是至關(guān)重要的,在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段時(shí),用戶的需求和可能的解決方案必須被定義和協(xié)調(diào),從各自的行業(yè),比如建筑,電信,電子等的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和建議來定義的。由于它的體系結(jié)構(gòu)代表了未來系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)層次,它必須預(yù)見未來的發(fā)展,來使用不同的設(shè)備。國家建筑創(chuàng)作是估計(jì)需要1-2年來設(shè)計(jì),地方區(qū)域需要6-12個(gè)月。國家的建筑創(chuàng)作需要政府管理部門、科研機(jī)構(gòu)、旅游機(jī)構(gòu)、地方金融社區(qū)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營商、運(yùn)輸服務(wù)商(業(yè)主)和其他感興趣的利益相關(guān)者的參與。在未來的框架的發(fā)展,智能交通系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)的參與者將是高度專業(yè)化,有創(chuàng)意和有遠(yuǎn)見的。
由于規(guī)模大小在開發(fā)和實(shí)施干預(yù)中的復(fù)雜性,智能交通系統(tǒng)的引入必須有條不紊地準(zhǔn)備和管理。過渡國家在介紹智能交通系統(tǒng)的工作原理時(shí)通常是使用按部就班的原則?,F(xiàn)有的遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備要符合未來標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求并且要持續(xù)升級??赡馨l(fā)生的安裝設(shè)備不兼容問題和無法升級問題。這些升級中特殊的實(shí)際問題是,那些不愿意在獲得回報(bào)以前改變它的投資者們。
當(dāng)今世界上大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家都有一個(gè)國家級的建筑,如美國、日本、澳大利亞等。在歐盟存在著一個(gè)重要的問題就是關(guān)于如何定義一個(gè)獨(dú)特的智能交通系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)。在這里,一個(gè)特殊的問題就是一些成員國已經(jīng)開始了自己的發(fā)展。以下工程是眾所周知的:法國智能交通體系結(jié)構(gòu)框架,挪威、意大利建筑遠(yuǎn)程運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng),芬蘭的泰勒馬克、捷克共和國團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目、奧地交通通訊系統(tǒng)利。瑞典、西班牙、瑞士、斯洛文尼亞、斯洛伐克、波蘭、匈牙利等國家。智能交通系統(tǒng)體系結(jié)構(gòu)正在發(fā)展和研究階段。英國還沒有確定一個(gè)獨(dú)特的國家建筑,但已采取措施來統(tǒng)一其區(qū)域架構(gòu)。歐盟委員會為歐洲確定一個(gè)特色建筑帶來了許多的措施和建議。因此,在1994年,它給智能交通系統(tǒng)提出建筑方案,題名為系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)和交通控制集成,提出了大量的措施以改善道路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施為了提高安全和運(yùn)輸效率。一個(gè)在1996的工程修改了計(jì)劃安排,并升級鐵路,水和空中交通的系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)。歐洲委員會一直在繼續(xù)研究,并在1998制定了一個(gè)基于衛(wèi)星檢查系統(tǒng)的歐洲網(wǎng)絡(luò)所需的梯形結(jié)構(gòu)的草案。到2000年1月,工程已經(jīng)被修改過好多次,一直在擴(kuò)大和改進(jìn),它被認(rèn)為是歐洲建筑“歐洲框架結(jié)構(gòu)”的新項(xiàng)目的前身。今天有兩個(gè)歐洲建筑的項(xiàng)目在積極跟進(jìn),他們是frame-net和frame-s。會提出一系列歐洲委員會關(guān)于分歧的協(xié)調(diào)和國家建筑在歐洲及全世界的不兼容的建議。參照文獻(xiàn),介紹了它的體系結(jié)構(gòu)的基本組成部分。不考慮遠(yuǎn)程信息處理設(shè)備功能性連接的技術(shù)問題會導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)。它可能發(fā)生已安裝的設(shè)備不提供預(yù)期的服務(wù)或這些信息不是給那些需要他們的人。這樣的技術(shù)放在沒有溝通的島嶼上,可能會使成本成倍增加并限制他們的使用。為了盡量減少不良的解決方案產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)注意以下要求:
——兼容性,這意味著軟件支持或系統(tǒng)中的設(shè)備可以被修改或升級,系統(tǒng)在持續(xù)運(yùn)行時(shí)服務(wù)質(zhì)量不會中斷;
——可擴(kuò)展性,相似于兼容性,它意味著系統(tǒng)在更多的工作和新的任務(wù)的情況下能夠順利擴(kuò)展,包括升級設(shè)備和軟件支持;
——互操作性是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)系統(tǒng)之間交換和使用的交換信息的能力(IEEE定義)。互操作性問題,特別是在不同的地區(qū)或國家能夠連接不同的運(yùn)營商或系統(tǒng),在不同的國家,通過使用智能卡來收費(fèi)票價(jià)或停車費(fèi)。在這種情況下,有必要為行政和財(cái)務(wù)流程的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采取協(xié)調(diào)技術(shù)。這也可能意味著一個(gè)共同的架構(gòu)或他們的部分的發(fā)展;
3.智能交通系統(tǒng)在行人交通中的實(shí)現(xiàn)
通過使用先進(jìn)的技術(shù),代表了經(jīng)典的交通工程的升級,所有的行人的新的價(jià)值觀,特別是對那些有特殊需要的人必須提供無障礙運(yùn)動。歐洲聯(lián)盟的成員國頒布了人身法,如果有身體殘疾或老年癡呆,假設(shè)這些對日常社會生活造成障礙。將會對智能交通系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行改進(jìn),其使用通常通過以下指標(biāo)表示:
——縮短旅行時(shí)間
——減少旅行成本
——減少事故的數(shù)量
——減少對環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響
——增加行人的舒適和滿足感
——增加容量
——發(fā)展工業(yè)
一些所提到的指標(biāo)可以很容易地量化,而對于更復(fù)雜的基于模糊方法和人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種估計(jì)方法會被使用。
3.1行人的行為和要求
為了更好地了解用戶的要求,有必要收集有關(guān)他們的年齡,性別,大小,運(yùn)動的目的,醫(yī)療條件等。為了分析這些數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)研究方法,智能算法的預(yù)測(分析趨勢)和各種方法識別典型的樣本(支持向量的方法,人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等)的使用。由于行人流量也包括有特殊需要的人,他們的要求也必須考慮?;诿鞔_的要求可以定義數(shù)據(jù)流和功能進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程信息處理設(shè)備的正確選擇來解決用戶的要求。在交通上有一定困難的行人可以分為兩種:
——在廣義上指兒童,老年人,孕婦,拿重行李的人和推嬰兒車的人;
——在狹義上指身體殘疾,低視力的人,受損的聽力和精神障礙的人。
上述組中的每一個(gè)都有一個(gè)特定的行為,孩子們會有突然反常現(xiàn)象,因此除了由智能交通系統(tǒng)提供的解決方案外他們還需要一個(gè)成人看管。一些身體不靈活的老年人他們需要更多的時(shí)間來過馬路,他們反射弧緩慢并且視力和聽力弱,記憶力差。盲人會用棍子和導(dǎo)盲犬來引導(dǎo)自己,通過觸摸和聽覺定位自己。他們需要更多的時(shí)間來過馬路,他們可能在交叉路口迷失自己,在交通過程中聽力損失并不是唯一障礙,還有視力障礙。
這些用戶主要依靠視覺指標(biāo)的問題,他們需要大的可視性領(lǐng)域和一個(gè)沒有視覺障礙物的環(huán)境。那些有心理困難,如對信息的觀察、識別、理解、解釋和反應(yīng)的可能性有限的人。通常他們不認(rèn)識,因此推薦使用的圖片、符號和顏色為交通標(biāo)志。例如,使用一個(gè)行人動畫的信號指示器(信號控制交叉口)比寫一個(gè)“GO”字來的好。
基于對行人在交通中的行為和他們的要求的詳細(xì)分析,也是有可能找到合適的解決方案,從而滿足用戶。一方面,有效的連接用戶的要求并提供解決方案,在另一方面,在很大程度上取決于可用的信息的質(zhì)量。
3.2定位行人
對于一個(gè)更有效運(yùn)作的行人交通,連續(xù)收集和處理的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)的交通是必要的。因此,特別重要的是行人、車輛和道路的綜合連接成一個(gè)單一的信息和電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。基于當(dāng)前行人和車輛在道路上的位置,改善行人交通流的指導(dǎo)和安全是有可能的。它提供了三個(gè)重要的可能性,包括定位,映射(分配位置的地圖),系統(tǒng)和環(huán)境之間的組件不屬于系統(tǒng)本身的組件之間的通信。定位即精確測定在地球的任何對象的位置(陸地、海洋、空氣–空間接近地球)在任何時(shí)刻,以及對當(dāng)前位置和移動物體的衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)速度的測定,主要是GPS(全球定位系統(tǒng))。當(dāng)今除了軍事用途作為系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的原動力外,GPS接收機(jī)也用于日常生活,包括定位交通及交通運(yùn)輸手段控制、重裝機(jī)械化和物流單元(托盤、容器),對旅游線路的規(guī)劃、報(bào)告和交通事故分析等。利用GIS技術(shù)(地理信息系統(tǒng))對某網(wǎng)絡(luò)或區(qū)域的行人運(yùn)動進(jìn)行定位和監(jiān)測的成功應(yīng)用。將全球定位系統(tǒng)和地理信息系統(tǒng)技術(shù)相結(jié)合成為一個(gè)獨(dú)特的系統(tǒng),確保實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控的移動對象和主題,并顯示在一個(gè)足夠的地理地圖與除了許多地理參考數(shù)據(jù)的對象和受試者的準(zhǔn)確位置。
對行人或車輛的位置信息可同時(shí)通過安裝在車輛上的傳感器采集數(shù)據(jù),在道路上的行人設(shè)備(在日本有一個(gè)主動適應(yīng)的書包“跟蹤標(biāo)簽”讓父母知道他們的孩子在哪里;而英國女人在穿過危險(xiǎn)的城市區(qū)域時(shí)會安裝定位傳感器在戒指上來確保安全)。傳感器數(shù)據(jù)被傳送到控制中心,這些控制中心被處理并返回到驅(qū)動程序或行人。
確定行人的當(dāng)前位置對急救病例和需要緊急援助(心臟病發(fā)作、行人搶劫)的行人十分重要,而且在導(dǎo)航的情況下,以確定步行的原點(diǎn)等。服務(wù)請求是由簡單的推上移動設(shè)備按鈕,確定當(dāng)前位置,并轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)對警察的求助電話,緊急服務(wù)等。
3.3行人智能信息系統(tǒng)
交通是一個(gè)動態(tài)的過程,它在空間和時(shí)間上不斷變化。在這個(gè)過程中的實(shí)時(shí)信息的作用是不可避免的。實(shí)時(shí)信息通知用戶的車輛的到達(dá)和離開,改變的可能性,車輛的位置,擁堵和延誤的車輛,時(shí)間表,票價(jià),路線,以及其他信息,如時(shí)間,日期,天氣預(yù)報(bào)等?;诩皶r(shí)準(zhǔn)確的信息,用戶在最佳時(shí)間的出發(fā),旅行方法,選擇的旅行路線,選擇的旅行方式,改變目的地或取消旅行。
利用衛(wèi)星提供的數(shù)據(jù),GPS接收機(jī)在3米(10英尺-20英尺)位置計(jì)算車輛或行人。可以通過使用改進(jìn)的差分GPS–DGPS(差分全球定位系統(tǒng))來定位的車輛或行人的精度。讀取的數(shù)據(jù)通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或通過使用移動電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)的GPRS(通用分組無線業(yè)務(wù))發(fā)送給中心。處理后的信息通過交互式和非交互式媒體分發(fā)給用戶。
用戶可以在旅行之前獲取信息(旅行前的信息),在旅行期間(旅行信息)和旅行結(jié)束(結(jié)束旅行信息)。在火車或公共汽車、在辦公室或在家中的前旅行之前收到的信息可能被旅行者用于旅行或其他活動的準(zhǔn)備。
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注意:請將外文文獻(xiàn)原文復(fù)印件附在后面。
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附外文原文:
Lucia Janu?ová,? Silvia ?i?mancová. Improving Safety of Transportation by Using Intelligent Transport Systems[J].?Procedia Engineering, 2016, Vol.134
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND?PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
ABSTRACT
The paper gives an overview of the past development and implementation of Intelligent Transport Systems in pedestrian traffic. Starting from recent development projects and methodological approaches to the development of ITS, an overview of the existing technologies of implementing ITS in pedestrian traffic is given, and some solutions are proposed that would be feasible in the Republic of Croatia, as well as in other transition countries. As the most significant functions of integrated systems within ITS, the possibilities are presented of locating pedestrians in the network, pedestrian guidance (especially the blind and low-vision persons as well as persons in wheelchairs), provision of on-trip information, etc. Special focus is on the area of pedestrian protection in traffic (avoidance of accidents) using devices fitted onboard vehicles and embedded in road infrastructure. The significance of timely integration of the pedestrian traffic in designing the future ITS architecture has been indicated
KEY ?WORDS
intelligent transport systems (ITS), pedestrian traffic, pedestrian guidance, real-time information, traffic safety
1.?INTRODUCTION
Walking is the foundation of every movement, either as the main mode or as addition in the chain of?complex multi-modal movement. Any movement of?people starts and ends by walking which means that it?is included in every traffic mode.?
While performing movement the pedestrians and?the vehicles often share common surfaces, which?causes numerous problems to both. By moving along?the same surfaces the pedestrians are exposed to traffic incidents, noise, exhaust gases and substantial time?losses. In order to ensure equality of conditions all the?traffic participants should be treated in the same way.?Favouring of any traffic mode at the expense of another, results eventually in non-functional and non-efficient solutions of general mobility. The existing solutions of intelligent transport systems in the world include equally the user services for the pedestrians as?well. In this sense, the greatest improvement was?made in Japan, where ITS support for pedestrians has?been isolated as a separate development area.?
The improvements obtained by the application of?ITS approach can be quantitatively expressed through?the indicators of improving the quality of services, increase in the efficiency and general improvement of?pedestrian traffic safety. Here, special importance is?on the possibilities of ITS in pedestrian guidance and?avoidance of pedestrian-vehicle accidents. As the?most important functions of integrated sub-systems?within ITS, the focus is on the possibilities of locating?pedestrians in the network, provision of on-trip information especially to blind persons in order to make?them avoid dangerous spots, guidance of persons in?wheelchairs as well as protection of pedestrians using?the devices fitted onboard vehicles and embedded in?the road. The paper shows the basic principles and?technologies of this relatively new approach to raising?the quality of people mobility.
2.?BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND?DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENT?TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
Frequently, the misconception in the wider professional community is the opinion that the existing partially applied road telematic solutions represent ITS.?This is far from true, since it is the integration of individual telematic systems with the support of advanced?algorithms of information processing, that one may?speak about the ITS paradigm. Transportation systems upgraded by the information and telecommunication equipment have received the attribute “intelligent” since in the future solutions they are expected to?feature the capabilities of learning, reasoning and?adapting to traffic environment.
The initial step in ITS development is the building?of the respective architecture. The contribution of architecture is crucial in the initial phase of system design?when the users requirements and possible solutions?have to be defined and harmonized, the standards and?recommendations from the respective industries, construction, telecommunication, electronics, etc. defined. Since ITS architecture represents the structural hierarchy of the future system, it has to anticipate?the future development of diverse equipment that is?going to be used. The creation of national architecture?is estimated to require 1-2 years, and regional ones?6-12 months. The creation of national ITS architecture requires participation of all the stakeholders such?as government administrations, scientific institutions,?tourist agencies, local and financial communities, network operators, providers (owners) of transportation?services and other interested users. The participants in?the developing of the frames of the future ITS architecture are expected to be highly professional, creative?and have vision regarding ITS development.?
Due to the size and complexity of intervention in?the development and implementation, the introduction of ITS has to be methodically prepared and well?managed. The usual practice in transition countries?when introducing ITS is the work in phases, using the?step-by-step principle. The existing telematic equipment, which fits into the future required standards, is?kept and if necessary upgraded. The problems that?may occur are the incompatibility of the installed?equipment and impossibility of its upgrade. The special actual problem in these upgrades is the resistance?of the investors who are reluctant to change it before?the return of the previous investments is completed.?
The majority of the developed countries in the?world today have a built national architecture such as?America, Japan, Australia, etc. In the European Union there are significant problems in defining a unique?ITS architecture. Here, a special problem is that some?member countries have started their own developments. The following separate projects are known:?France - ACTIF (Architecture Cadre pour le Transport Intelligent en France), Norway - ARKTRANS,?Italy - ARTIS (Architettura Telematica Italiana per il?Sistema dei Trasporti), Finland – TelemArk, the?Czech Republic - TEAM PROJECT, Austria - TTS-A?(Transport Telematics System – Austria) and the Netherlands - AVB/STIS/Koepel. In Sweden, Spain,?Switzerland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, etc.?ITS architecture is in the phase of development and?studying. Great Britain has not yet defined a unique?national architecture, but there are initiatives to unify?its regional architectures. ????????
The European Commission has brought a number?of measures and recommendations for the building of?a unique European ITS architecture. Thus, in 1994 it?brought an ITS architecture programme entitled?SATIN (System Architecture and Traffic Control Integration)?suggesting a large number of measures?to improve the road infrastructure in order to increase?safety and transport efficiency. A new project entitled?CONVERGE in 1996 has revised the program?SATIN and is upgraded by the system architecture for?rail, water, and air traffic. The European Commission?has continued its research and in 1998 produced a?draft of the Pan-European system architecture?KAREN (Keystone Architecture Required for European Networks) based on the methods developed in SATIN and CONVERGE. During 2000/01?the KAREN project was updated several times, expanded and improved and it is considered the predecessor of the new project of the European ITS architecture “European ITS Framework Architecture”.?Today, two projects of the European ITS architecture?are active, known under the title FRAME-NET and?FRAME-S. A series of proposals are yet to be?expected from the European Commission regarding?the harmonization of the differences and incompatibilities of national architectures across Europe and?the world. Figure 1, in compliance with literature,?presents the basic components of ITS architecture.?
The focus on technical issues i. e. on the telematics?equipment without considering the functional connection can lead in the wrong direction. It may happen?that the installed equipment does not provide the expected services or the information is not given to those?who need them. Such technologies become then islands with no communication between them, and this?may multiply increase the costs and restrict their use.In order to minimize the risks of bad solutions attention should be paid to the following requirements.
– Compatibility, which means that software support,or the devices in the system can be modified or upgraded, with the system continuing to function and?not losing on the quality of service;
– Expansibility, which is very similar to compatibility, and means that the system, in case more?work?and new tasks are needed, can be successfully expanded (upgraded by new equipment, software?support);
– Interoperability is the capability of two or several?systems to exchange and use the exchanged ?information (IEEE definition). The issue of interoperability is especially studied when it is necessary to?connect different operators or systems from different regions or countries. Such examples are the?charging of toll, fares or parking in different countries, by using smart cards. In such cases it is necessary to adopt and harmonize the standard for technological, administrative and financial processes.?This may also mean the development of a common?architecture or their parts;
– Integrability is the possibility of connecting and?harmonizing the work of several systems into one.?A unique integrated system that is multiply feasible is more cost-efficient than the building of individual subsystems. The integration of the existing?applications is much more difficult and complex?than the building of a completely new integrated?system;
– Standardization is the necessary precondition to?achieve successful realization of ITS in the total?lifecycle of these systems.
Apart from the mentioned requirements, successful ITS should be purposeful, feasible, reliable, precise, safe and socially acceptable.
3.?IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS IN?PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
By using of the advanced ITS technologies that?represent the upgrade of the classical traffic engineering, new values for all the pedestrians are created, and?especially for those with special needs who have to be?provided smooth movement free of barriers. The legislation of the European Union member countries?defines a person as the person with special?needs, if there is certain threat to the body functions,?or mental capabilities over a period longer than 6?months from the state normal for the respective age,?assuming that this has created a real barrier for normal participation of that person in everyday social life.The improvements related to the usage of ITS are usually expressed through the following indicators :
????– shortening of the travel time,
????– reduction of the travel costs,
????– reduction in the number of incidents,
????– reduction of negative impact on the environment,
????– increase in the comfort and satisfaction of pedestrians,
????– increase of capacity,
????– development of industry.
Some of the mentioned indicators can be easily?quantified, whereas for the more complex ones various estimation methods are used, based on the fuzzy?approach and artificial neuron networks.
3.1?Behaviour and requirements of pedestrians
For better understanding of the users requests, it is?necessary to collect data on the behaviour of pedestrians in traffic regarding their age, gender, size, purpose?of movement, medical condition, etc. In order to analyze these data various methods of statistical studies,?intelligent algorithms of prediction (analysis trend)?and various methods of identifying typical samples?(method of support vectors, artificial neuron networks, etc.) are used. Since pedestrian flows include?also the persons with special needs, their requirements have to be considered as well. Based on the?clearly defined requirements it is possible to define?the functional flows of data and to make a decision on?the correct selection of the telematics equipment to?solve the users requests.
The pedestrians who have certain difficulties in?traffic can be divided into two groups:
– Pedestrians with difficulties in a wider sense (children, seniors, pregnant women, pedestrians with?luggage and baby carriages);
– Pedestrians with difficulties in a narrower sense(physically disabled, persons with low vision, impaired hearing and mental disorders).
Each of the mentioned groups has a specific behaviour. Children have sudden and irregular reactions so?that, apart from the solutions offered by ITS, they?need an adult supervisor. Senior persons, however,?have reduced mobility and strength and they need?more time to cross the street, they have weaker reflexes, reduced eyesight and hearing, limited attention?and memory. The blind use a stick and guide dogs.?They orient themselves by touch or contact and sense?of hearing. They need more time to cross the street.?They also have difficulties in maintaining the direction?of path at the intersection. The loss of hearing is not a?significant barrier in traffic like the loss of sight. Theseusers rely mainly on visual indicators and they need?large visibility field and an environment free of visual?obstructions. The persons with mental difficulties?have limited possibilities of observation, identification, understanding, interpretation and reaction to information. Most often they cannot read and therefore?it is recommendable to use pictures, symbols and?colours as signs in traffic. For instance, it is better to?use a pedestrian animation on the signal indicator?(signal controlled intersection) than to write out the?message “GO”.
Based on a detailed analysis of the behaviour of pedestrians in traffic and their requirements, it is possible to find suitable solution within ITS and thus to satisfy the users. Efficient linking of the users requirements on the one hand and the offered solutions on?the other, depends to a large extent on the quality of?the available information.
3.2?Locating pedestrians
For a more efficient functioning of the pedestrian?traffic, continuous collecting and processing of real--time data on traffic are necessary. Therefore, special?importance lies on the comprehensive connection of?pedestrians, vehicles and road into a single information and telecommunication network. Based on the?current location of pedestrians and vehicles on the?road it is possible to improve the guidance and safety?of pedestrian traffic flows.
?Three important possibilities provided by ITS include locating, mapping (assigning position to the?map), and communication between the components?of the system and environment not belonging to the?system itself. For locating i. e. precise determination?of the position of any object on Earth (land, sea, and?air – space close to the Earth) at any moment, as well?as for determination of the current position and speed?of a moving object the satellite navigation systems are?used, mostly GPS (Global Positioning System). Today, apart from military purposes, which was the original incentive for developing the system, GPS receivers?are also used in everyday civil life, including traffic for?the positioning and controlling of traffic and transport?means, reloading mechanisation and logistics units?(pallets, containers), for planning of travelling routes,?reporting and analysis of traffic accidents, etc. Successful application of GPS technologies for the positioning and monitoring pedestrian movement on certain network or area is much improved by using GIS?technology (Geographic Information System). Combining GPS and GIS technology into a unique system?ensures monitoring of mobile objects / subjects in real?time and displaying of the accurate position of objects?/ subjects on an adequate geographic map with the addition to many geo-referenced data.?
The information on the position of pedestrians or?vehicles can be obtained also by collecting data by?means of sensors fitted onboard vehicles, in the roads?and on the pedestrian equipment (there is an initiative?in Japan to fit the school bags with “tracking tags” so?that the parents would know where their children are;?women in England who move through dangerous city?districts install locating sensors in their rings for security reasons). The sensor data are transferred to the?control centre where these are processed and returned back to the driver or the pedestrian.
?Determining of the current location of the pedestrian is especially important in emergency cases when?the pedestrian needs urgent assistance (heart attack,?pedestrian mugging), but also in cases of navigation in?order to determine the point of origin of walking, etc.?The service request is made by simple push on the mobile device button which determines the current location, and forwards the call for help towards the police,?emergency services, etc.
3.3 Intelligent information systems for?pedestrians
?????Traffic is a dynamic process which continuously?changes in space and time. The role of real-time information in this process is inevitable. The real-time information inform the users about the arrival and departure of vehicles, possibilities of changing, location?of vehicles, congestion and delays of vehicles, schedules, fares, routes, as well as other information such as?time, date, weather forecast, etc. Based on timely and?accurate information the users make decisions on optimal time of departure, travel method, selection of?the travel route, change of destination or cancel the?trip.?
Using the satellite-provided data the GPS receiver?calculates the location of the vehicle or pedestrian?within 3m to 6m (10ft - 20ft) [21]. The precision of locating the vehicle or pedestrian can be improved by?using differential GPS – DGPS (Differential Global?Positioning System). The read data are sent to the?centre via the Internet or by using the mobile telephony network - GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). The processed information is distributed to the?users by means of interactive and non-interactive media.?
The user may obtain information prior to the trip?(pre-trip information), during the trip (on-trip information) and at the end of the trip (end-trip information). The pre-trip information received before the?departure of the train or bus, at the office or at home?may be used by the traveller for good preparation of?the trip or for other activities.?