Crash Course Zoology

1. Taxonomy: a branch of science dedicated to naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
2. Binomial Nomenclature - Carl Linnaeus (but Scientific Racism)
3. Species 種 < Genus 屬 < Family 科 < Order 目 < Cl ass 綱 < Phylum 門(mén) < Kingdom 界
4. Homologous / analogous traits
5. Taxonomic sandwich
6. Molecular Clock approach
7. Animals: eaters, movers, sexual reproducers, multicellular-ers
8. Evolutionary history, first animal
9. Phylogenetics > phylogeny / phylogenetic tree (branch length, clades > Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood) > hypothesis

1. Global Species Richness
2. Diversity Ratio
3. Macroecological Patterns
4. Species-area Relationship
5. DNA Barcoding
6. 2021 1.5 million animal species counted. 8 to 10 million global species richness estimated.

1. Indeterminate / Periodic / Predetermined Growth
2. eutely
3. Maximal Indirect development
4. Colonial Growth
5. Convergent Evolution > Carcinazation
6. Bilateral / Radial Symmetry
7. Endo-, exo/ & hydro skeletons

1. Animals - ingestive heterotrophs
2. Carnivory (63%), Herbivory (32%), Omnivore (3%), Xylophagers (2%), Osteophager, Parasitism

1. Brain > Ganglia > Neuron > Cell Bodies & Axon
2. early diverging clades - early nervous systems
3. nervous system, neural net
4. EQ (Encephalization Quotient)
5. Brain size (80% determined by body size, 20% by sex, age, and genetics etc.)
6. Human- / Non-human Tasks
7. brain 2% of body weight, 20% of energy

1. 96% of animal species have eyes.
2. Requirements for an eye: photoreceptors, a nervous system. Extra: lenses (fine and faraway details), pupils, corneas.
3. Animal eyes: eyepatches (flat cluster, small cup) & image-forming eyes
4. Visual acuity: depends on lots of factors like how many photoreceptors are packed into the retina, eye size, and how the structures of the eye focus light into a picture.
5. Compound Eye (> ommatidia, poorer visual acuity, wider field of view, +movement detecting) & Camera-type Eye

1. Hearing is the ability to interpret your environment using vibrations that move through air, water, or even solid objects.
2. Ear Requirements: Sensor (turns vibrations into nerve signals. Hair cell & stereocilia) + Brainpower (interprets those signals into different sound qualities)
3. Pinna > mammal
4. (Internal) & (External ears)
5. Hearing range: 20-20000 hertz (human), <20 Hz infrasound, >20000 Hz ultrasound
6. Tympanal organ: vibrates - brain
7. earliest vertebrate ears - entirely internal (fish - low frequency sounds)

1. Chemosensation:the ability to recognize a chemical based on the molecule's shape and electric charge. (smell, taste senses)
2. Odors can slip through openings, spread out, and be detected at low levels. >> paired smelling structures (direction)
3. Pheromones (alarm cues, safe path, mark territories, influence animal physiology and behavior)
4. Electroreception - environmental electric fields
5. Electrolocation
6. Magnetoreception

1. sexual Reproduction: a process that happens when male and female gametes fuse to form offspring, combining the genetic material of both parents.
2. Biological sex: A combination of DNA, hormones, and physical characteristics.
3. Gender: Involves how people view themselves in the context of our society and culture.
4. Male: Animals that produce reproductive cells, or gametes, that don't take a lot of energy to make like sperm.
5. Female: Animals that produce high-energy-investment gametes like eggs.
6. Hermaphroditic animals: many non-human animals that can produce both types of gametes throughout their lives.
7. Genes < Allosomes
8. sex Determination System: XY (XX female, XY male), ZW (ZW female, ZZ male), X0 (X male, XX female/hermaphroditic). Chromosome Systems evolved independently multiple times from different non-sex chromosomes throughout animal evolution.
9. Temperature-dependent sex Determination
10. Serially Hermaphroditic
11. sexually Selected Traits
12. Same-sexual behavior has been observed in 1000 species and counting. (evolutionary adaptation?) (Red flour beetles, dolphins, bonobos)
13. Asexual Reproduction vs. sexual Reproduction (Hypotheses: increases the Genetic Diversity / Red Queen Hypothesis)

1. Social Behaviors: caring for our young, fighting off rivals, joining a pack etc.
2. Sociality is how much individual animals tend to associate with other individuals in groups where they cooperate together towards a shared goal, like raising young or hunting down food.
3. Eusocial Animals: many insects, a few crustaceans, two mammals
4. Eusocial Societies: many generations are alive at the same time; extreme division of labor where individuals focus on just one specialized task; older animals cooperatively raise younger ones.
5. Superorganism: Groups of individuals function more like different systems in the body that work together to keep the overall organism alive.
6. Presocial Animals: maintain close family relationships, and maybe live together or cooperate to raise young, but not as dramatically as truly eusocial animals.
7. Subsocial: parents take care of their young.
8. Parasocial: live together in a single place and take care of their kids.
9. Solitary: live alone except for times when they have to be around other animals to mate or raise their own young.
10. Altruism: An animal does something that benefits another at its own expense.
11. Reciprocal Altruism: animals do something nice and expect something in return.
12. Inclusive Fitness: is when an individual can increase its evolutionary fitness by supporting its non-offspring relatives.
13. Colonial Organisms >> single-ish life: wasn't beneficial enough (some hard corals, bryozoans)
14. Culture is the collection of behaviors, customs, and knowledge of a group that has something in common, like an ethnic origin or location where they live. (Orcas speak different dialects and use different hunting techniques depending on that part of the world they're from.)

1. An ecosystem is a community of organism interacting with their physical environment.
2. Parasite Load
3. Parasitism: a symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm.
4. Parasites Categories: where they live (ecto- & endo-); how they find their host (directly-, trophically- or vector- transmitted parasites); how they get energy (micropredation)
5. Parasitoid: ends the actual life of their host.
6. Hyperparasitism: Parasitoids attack the larvae of other parasites.
7. Adelphoparasites: which target animals that are very closely related to themselves. (same family or genus)
8. Conservation-induced Extinction

1. Phylogenetic Mysteries: within lifetime; across sexes
2. sexual Dimorphism: different sexes of the same species have physical differences beyond what gametes they make or sex organs they have.
3. Convergent Evolution: Distantly related animals evolving similar traits independently.

1. A species is a group of all the animals of the same type that can breed together over multiple generations.
2. Microtaxonomy
3. Morphological Species Concept: Members of the same species look the same as each other, but different from members of another species.
4. Biological Species Concept: A species is a group of naturally or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups.
5. Cohesion Species Concept: A population, or series of populations, which genetic or demographic cohesion, meaning they all have pretty similar genes and traits.
6. Phylogenetic Species Concept: A group with shared and unique evolutionary history. (same common ancestor)
7. Genetic Similarity
8. Gene Flow (gene pool - introgression)
9. Ring Species: a series of neighboring populations that can interbreed with the groups close to them.

1. The original animal group: Ctenophora / Porifera?
2. Differ animals and cancers?
3. Biomedical Research
4. Nematode / C. elegans - the first multicellular organism to have its entire genetic code (genome sequences; nerve system mapped; 302 neurons; 959 or1033 body cells)
5. Ethical issues
6. Zoologists Workplaces: universities, government departments, private companies, museums, zoos and elsewhere.