只做邏輯上的一步推導，做好邏輯收斂；

尋找邏輯上層，找信息服務(wù)的對象。

文章里主要有兩種信息：Statement和Inference。

前者是白紙黑字寫給你的，主要考事實信息題（定位+同義改寫），后者是字里行間讓你去推的，主要考推斷（定位+邏輯推理）。

推斷類題型有兩個：推斷題和修辭目的題。

推斷是內(nèi)容推斷；修辭目的是態(tài)度推斷。

先看推斷題：

ETS在推斷題上的出題設(shè)計思路，主要是兩個：

一個是正向推理，一個是反向推理。

主要的推理錯誤就是因為附加條件。

1. 加入新條件（因為愛，所以在一起×）

2. 關(guān)聯(lián)舊條件（刷墻的例子）

來，上栗子：

既然是定位+邏輯推理，先強調(diào)一下定位，TPO24P1?Lake Water：

3.?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?

C

○Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.

○Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.

○Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.

○Seepage has asmaller effect on water level than any other input

這一題要是定位不到原文中的地方，就特別容易選錯。

Paragraph 2: The questions become more complicatedwhen actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leavesby each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuringthe discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference betweenthe gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss.?For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded byforests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with?theatmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lakefrom the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word"net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into thelake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merelyinferring their difference.

找到?jīng)]？

在這里：

Paragraph 2: The questions become more complicatedwhen actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leavesby each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuringthe discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Thenexchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference betweenthe gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and thelosses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sourcesof water loss.?For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect.?Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with theatmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lakefrom the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word"net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into thelake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merelyinferring their difference.

能從這一句推出的，只有C：Overland flow?into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.?因為相關(guān)證據(jù)只有forests.

不要想太多。這是一個典型的正向因果推理。

來看個易錯題，TPO27P1：

11. Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significance of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?

B

○ They were designed more for home than for legal use.

○ They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.

○ They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.

○ They were the first example of carved seals.

先定位：

Paragraph 4: Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history:?the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience ( a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ...

其實這一題和修辭目的題的考法有一些交集。（雖然ETS不會用不同的題型考相同的題點，但是十大題型之間也是有千絲萬縷關(guān)系的。）第一句說到這些物體本身是有技術(shù)的專業(yè)人員的作品，后句就為這些物品舉了個例子cylinder seal，然后具體描述這個東西的大小、用途。

所以，這個東西就是專業(yè)人士的作品之一。答案就是對第一句的改寫。

其實后文也有再次提及：

... When rolled over a soft material---primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts---the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carve it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined,?indicating the work of specialist stonecutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief（浮雕）, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.

但是考場上真正做這一題，都是至少通讀完段落后再完成的。這個也是一個正向推理。

再加一個TPO22P1第7題：

Paragraph 4 suggests that where Spartina occurs naturally, an established stand of it will eventually? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

A

A.???create conditions in which it can no longer survive

B.???get washed away by water flowing through the deep channels that form around it

C.???become adapted to brackish water

D.???take over other grass species growing in the area

These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally. The plant functions as a stabilizer and a sediment trap and as a nursery area for estuarine fish and shellfish.?Once established, a stand of Spartina begins to trap sediment, changing the substrate elevation, and eventually the stand evolves into a high marsh system where Spartina is gradually displaced by higher-elevation, brackish-water species.?As elevation increases, narrow, deep channels of water form throughout the marsh. Along the east coast Spartina is considered valuable for its ability to prevent erosion and marshland deterioration; it is also used for coastal restoration projects and the creation of new wetland sites.

常錯C，但是定位句里的be displaced說明了A，所以不能只跟著關(guān)鍵詞走，要對意思負責。

反向推理的例子，課上說的夠多了，回溯一下講義里的例題吧~

再看修辭目的題。

先來看一下OG里對于修辭目的題型的描述：

修辭目的題主要考作者意圖和段落關(guān)系，考點在于態(tài)度推斷。

一般形式是這樣：

?The author discusses X in paragraph 2 inorder to…

?Why does the author mention X?

?The author uses X as an example of …

但是也不用太擔心，好在它只考目的，不考中文理解里的修辭。比SAT和GRE都要好一些。

（rhetoric:?the art of?speaking or writing effectively）

首先要看清題干問的是整個句子的功能還是句子內(nèi)部局部信息的目的。

前者考句間關(guān)系，后者考句內(nèi)關(guān)系。

也就是說，前者服務(wù)于其他句子，后者首先服務(wù)于句子主干。

舉個栗子：

TPO46P2 The Commercial revolution in Medieval Europe 第8題

對應(yīng)原文

These developments added up to what one modern scholar has called “a commercial revolution.” In the long run, the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages (A.D. 1000–1300) brought about radical change in European society.?One remarkable aspect of this change was that the commercial classes constituted a small part of the total population—never more than 10 percent. They exercised an influence far in excess of their numbers. The commercial revolution created a great deal of new wealth, which meant a higher standard of living. The existence of wealth did not escape the attention of kings and other rulers. Wealth could be taxed, and through taxation, kings could create strong and centralized states. In the years to come, alliances with the middle classes were to enable kings to weaken aristocratic interests and build the states that came to be called modern.

因為題干問的是個局部信息，首要服務(wù)于主干內(nèi)容：商業(yè)階層只占總?cè)丝诘囊恍〔糠帧Ｋ院竺娴男畔⒕褪窃谡f明怎么個小部分法兒。對應(yīng)D

所以就可以去選了。只是要避開A選項的干擾。wealth的信息來自句后，不是定位處信息所服務(wù)的對象。

強調(diào)你要的意思一定要和你選的意思保持一致。

TPO51P2 Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth 第11題

Why does the author point out that on Earth "gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds"?

A.?????To explain why scientists believe that few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water.

B.?????To identify one of several ways in which the movement of fluids can affect the surface of a planet.

C.?????To provide evidence that fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by the Sun.

D.?????To identify an effect of wind scouring fine particles away from large areas.

①Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. ②Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. ③Water is?thus?extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. ④Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. ⑤As a result, Earth’s surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys—a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate.?⑥Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. ⑦As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. ⑧Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). ⑨These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. ⑩Other geologic changes?occur?when the?gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds?with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earth’s carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth’s history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet’s oxygen and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures.

修辭目的題如果考整句，優(yōu)先考慮句間關(guān)系，為邏輯上一層服務(wù)；如果問的是句子局部內(nèi)容，優(yōu)先考慮句內(nèi)關(guān)系，為句子主干服務(wù)。對應(yīng)B。

看個難題：TPO23P3 Rock Art of the Australia Aborigines 第12題

In paragraph 5, the author indicates that "twentieth century art has shown that naturalism does not necessarily follow abstraction?in some kind of predetermined sequence" in order to?

定位到段落最后一句。

①In the 1970s, when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development, with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear,?Lesley Maynard, the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,”?suggested?that a sequence could be determined?for Australian rock art in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style (outlines of figures and animals), followed by a range of complex figurative styles that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition, tended to much greater regional diversity.?②While accepting?that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years, a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence—a development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalistic—obscures?the cultural continuities?in Aboriginal Australia in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important. ③In this context the simplicity of a geometric motif may be more apparent than real. ④Motifs of seeming simplicity can encode complex meanings in Aboriginal Australia.?⑤And has not twentieth-century art shown that naturalism does not necessarily follow abstraction in some kind of predetermined sequence?

修辭目的題不能過度關(guān)注信息本身，而要看信息與信息之間的關(guān)系。

信息的來源或者目的。

段落前文說到Maynard發(fā)現(xiàn)一個從簡單到復(fù)雜的sequence，但是a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequence ... obscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, 會有不好。所以提到后面的信息就是為了說明，不要過于簡單接受這個觀念。

對應(yīng)各個選項:

A. emphasize that it may not be possible to determine what the figures in ancient rock art represent 沒提到sequence

B. suggest a reply to those who have questioned Maynard’s interpretation of the sequence of Australian rock art 最干擾，對象錯，我要的是和a number of writers站在一邊去反駁Maynard的

C. provide a counterexample to Maynard’s interpretation of the sequence of Australian rock art 符合

D. indicate that twentieth century art is more advanced than ancient rock art 沒有比較的證據(jù)

還有大家一直覺得很坑的TPO52P1 Stream Deposits 的第6題

和問的最多的TPO46P1 The Origins of Writing 的第5題

在文章各自的解析里都有詳細解釋啦~

還有一些常錯的小題，比如

TPO34P2?Islamic Art and the Book 第5題問mosque

TPO43P2?The Origin of Petroleum 第12題問eastern Texas

都是沒搞清楚為啥舉例子。

可是，修辭目的題，還有另一種考法，

這也是大家一致比較怵的。。

看道考段內(nèi)關(guān)系的例題：

TPO21P2?The Origins of Agriculture?第4題

Which of the following best describes the way paragraph 2 is organized?

①Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. ②It was argued that once hunter-gatherers had occupied the whole world, the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce; agriculture would have been a solution to this problem.?③We know,?however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways. ④The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.

這個段落就是先說個觀點，然后又反駁。出現(xiàn)段內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)折，

答案就一目了然：

A

A. A possible explanation for a phenomenon is presented and then criticized.

B. Two similar ways of accounting for a puzzling fact are considered.

C. Early societies’ response to a problem is contrasted with contemporary societies’ response.

D. A prehistoric development is first explained in traditional terms and then in contemporary terms.

但前提是，需要對段落結(jié)構(gòu)有個清晰的認識。

同理還有

TPO42P2?Explaining Dinosaur Extinction?10

TPO23P1?Urban Climates?6

這種題目更多關(guān)注段間關(guān)系。結(jié)合段落大意，站在寫作者角度其實也是不難解的。關(guān)鍵在于，我們要去想，這篇文章如果是自己寫的，我們的寫作目的是什么。就好做了~