1. Simile?明喻

明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對比。這種共性存在于人們的心里，而不是事物的自然屬性。

標(biāo)志詞常用?like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as?等。

例如：

1). He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.

2). I wandered lonely as a cloud.

3) . Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.

2. Metaphor?隱喻，暗喻

隱喻是簡縮了的明喻，是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物，通過比較形成。

例如：

1). Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

2). Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.

3. Metonymy?借喻，轉(zhuǎn)喻

借喻不直接說出所要說的事物，而使用另一個與之相關(guān)的事物名稱。

I、以容器代替內(nèi)容，例如：

1).The kettle boils.

水開了。

2).The room sat silent.

全屋人安靜地坐著。

II、以資料。工具代替事物的名稱，例如：

Lend me your ears, please.

請聽我說。

III、以作者代替作品，例如：

a complete Shakespeare?莎士比亞全集

VI、以具體事物代替抽象概念，例如：

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.

我有力氣，他們就用我的力氣賺錢。

4. Synecdoche?提喻

提喻用部分代替全體，或用全體代替部分，或特殊代替一般。

例如：

1). There are about 100 hands working in his factory.

(部分代整體)他的廠里約有?100?名工人。

2). He is the Newton of this century.

(特殊代一般)他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓。

3). The fox goes very well with your cap.

(整體代部分)這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配。

5. Synaesthesia?通感，聯(lián)覺，移覺

這種修辭法是以視。聽.觸。嗅.味等感覺直接描寫事物。通感就是把不同感官的感覺溝通起來，借聯(lián)想引起感覺轉(zhuǎn)移，“以感覺寫感覺”。

例如：

1）.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.

(用視覺形容聽覺，鳥落在樹上，由它發(fā)出的聲音聯(lián)想到百合花)

鳥兒落在樹上，傾瀉出百合花似的聲音。

2）.Taste the music of Mozart.

(用嗅覺形容聽覺)品嘗?Mozart?的音樂。

6. Personification?擬人

擬人是把生命賦予無生命的事物。

例如：

1）.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.

(把夜擬人化)

2）.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.

(把鳥擬人化)

7. Hyperbole?夸張

夸張是以言過其實的說法表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的。它可以加強(qiáng)語勢，增加表達(dá)效果。

例如：

1）.I beg a thousand pardons.

2）.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.

3）.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.

8. Parallelism?排比， 平行

這種修辭法是把兩個或兩個以上的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同或相似，意思相關(guān)，語氣一致的短語。句子排列成串，形成一個整體。

例如：

1）.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till allare moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.

2）.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours,to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things areto be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer forthem separately.

9. Euphemism?委婉，婉辭法

婉辭法指用委婉，文雅的方法表達(dá)粗惡，避諱的話。

例如：

1）.He is out visiting the necessary.?他出去方便一下。

2）.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.?他與妻子關(guān)系不融洽。

3）.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. (去世)

10. Allegory?諷喻，比方(原意“寓言”)

建立在假借過去或別處的事例與對象之上，傳達(dá)暗示，影射或者譏諷現(xiàn)世各種現(xiàn)象的含義。

例如：

1）. Make the hay while the sun shines.

表層含義：趁著出太陽的時候曬草

真正意味：趁熱打鐵

2）. It's time to turn plough into sword.

表層含義：是時候把犁變成劍

11. Irony?反語

反語指用相反意義的詞來表達(dá)意思的作文方式。如在指責(zé)過失。錯誤時，用贊同過失的說法，而在表揚(yáng)時，則近乎責(zé)難的說法。

例如：

1）. It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.

早上沒有時間觀念還真是一件好事啊(真實含義是應(yīng)該明確早上的時間觀念)

2）. "Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said tothe beggar.

12. Pun?雙關(guān)

雙關(guān)就是用一個詞在句子中的雙重含義，借題發(fā)揮。作出多種解釋，旁敲側(cè)擊，從而達(dá)到意想不到的幽默?；Ч?。它主要以相似的詞形。詞意和諧音的方式出現(xiàn)。

例如：

1）. She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a greatpraise.

2）. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.

3）. If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.

13. Parody?仿擬

這是一種模仿名言。警句.諺語，改動其中部分詞語，從而使其產(chǎn)生新意的修辭。

例如：

1）. Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.

2）. A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.

3）. If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.

14. Rhetorical question?修辭疑問(反問)

它與疑問句的不同在于它并不以得到答復(fù)為目的，而是以疑問為手段，取得修辭上的效果，其特點(diǎn)是：肯定問句表示強(qiáng)烈否定，而否定問句表示強(qiáng)烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。

例如：

1）. How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthof note?

2）. Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?

15. Antithesis?對照，對比，對偶

這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語句排在一起對比的一種修辭方法。

例如：

1）. Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.

2）. You are staying; I am going.

3）. Give me liberty, or give me death.

16. Paradox?雋語

這是一種貌似矛盾，但包含一定哲理的意味深長的說法，是一種矛盾修辭法。.

例如：

1）. More haste, less speed.

欲速則不達(dá)。

2）. The child is the father to the man.

(童年時代可決定人之未來)三歲看大，四歲看老。

17. Oxymoron?反意法，逆喻

這也是一種矛盾修辭法，用兩種不相調(diào)和的特征形容一個事物，以不協(xié)調(diào)的搭配使讀者領(lǐng)悟句中微妙的含義。例如：

1）. No light, but rather darkness visible.

沒有光亮，黑暗卻清晰可見。

2）. The state of this house is cheerless welcome.

18. Climax?漸進(jìn)法，層進(jìn)法

這種修辭是將一系列詞語按照意念的大小。輕重、深淺、高低等逐層漸進(jìn)，最后達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)?？梢栽鰪?qiáng)語勢，逐漸加深讀者印象。

例如：

1）. I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.

2）. Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.

19. Anticlimax?漸降法

與?climax?相反的一種修辭法，將一系列詞語由大到小，由強(qiáng)到弱地排列。

例如：

1）. On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair ofboots.

2）. The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.