Why the Industrial Revolution didn’t happen in China

為什么工業(yè)革命沒有發(fā)生在中國？（評論）

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codenectar
Rather than crediting the differences inculture / society between Europe and China in their different outcomes, what ifwe looked at how explorer-friendly Europe opened up vast new continents full ofresources to exploit? My feeling is that the ability to export adventurers andentrepreneurs, bringing riches back to innovators, had more to do with thesuccess of Europe than particular customs and systems of government.
Also we should be wary of valuing progressover stability: we live on a finite planet with increasing population,dwindling easy-access energy, and no more continent-sized presents to open.
(also: by the way, the ancients did notjust study science and natural phenomena to satisfy curiosity, but also to makeus materially better off: see Archimedes)
Thanks for the article!

與其把歐洲和中國的不同發(fā)展結(jié)局歸因于它們在文化/社會上的差異，不如看看友好的歐洲是如何開辟了充滿資源可供開發(fā)的廣闊新大陸的呢？我的感覺是，出口冒險家和企業(yè)家，將財富帶回歐洲的能力，歐洲的成功，更多的是與特定的文化和政治制度有關(guān)。
同時，我們也應(yīng)該對未來的發(fā)展有一些警惕：：我們生活在一個人口不斷增加的有限星球上，能夠獲得的能源不斷減少，再也沒有新的大陸那樣的禮物了。
（還有：順便說一句，古人不僅為了滿足好奇心而學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)和自然現(xiàn)象，而且為了使我們物質(zhì)上更富裕：見阿基米德）
感謝你的文章！

Errorr
I do think this is true but incomplete. Itisn't the monolithic nature of China that matters but the path of sciencethought took when constrained by a unified traditionalist understanding.Progress in certain areas was great but limited to math and astronomy mostly.The Song dynasty was so inventive because certain neo-confucist ideologiesallowed science to develop in a way of exploring li. The influence Daoism(Taoism) and Bhudism was a counterweight to science to some extent. This is incontrast to Western Christianity and Islam which was heavily influenced byneo-platonism which allowed for a search of universal truths created by asingle god. Chinese science wasn't systematic in its search for universalaspects of nature but instead looked for relative principles that were neverguaranteed to work and must be tempered by wisdom and discretion.?
The counterfactual is still what would havehappened in the absence of the Mongol invasions and what would have continueddeveloping if the Song had continued.

我認(rèn)為這是真的，但不全面。重要的不是中國的整體性，而是在統(tǒng)一的傳統(tǒng)約束下，科學(xué)思考的方式。中國在某些領(lǐng)域取得了巨大的進展，但主要局限于數(shù)學(xué)和天文學(xué)。宋代之所以具有創(chuàng)造性，是因為某些新儒家思想允許科學(xué)以探索的方式發(fā)展。道教和佛教的影響在某種程度上是對科學(xué)的平衡。這與西方基督教和伊斯蘭教形成鮮明對比，西方基督教和伊斯蘭教深受柏拉圖主義的影響，柏拉圖主義允許尋找的是由一個單一的上帝創(chuàng)造的普遍真理。中國科學(xué)在尋找自然的普遍方面并不是系統(tǒng)的，而是尋找相對的原則，這些原則從未保證有效，必須由智慧加以總結(jié)。
另一個事實是，如果沒有蒙古的入侵，中國會發(fā)生什么，如果這種中國的這種繼續(xù)下去，繼續(xù)發(fā)展。

hhodges1
It appears that competition is the forcethat drives progress. Western Europe apparently nurtured that competition bydeveloping social structures that promoted competition. Knowledge seems to growexponentially which must arrive at limits. The future is quite exciting.

競爭似乎是推動進步的力量。西歐顯然是通過發(fā)展促進競爭的社會結(jié)構(gòu)來培育這種競爭性?，F(xiàn)在的科技似乎呈指數(shù)增長，遠遠沒有極限，未來令人非常興奮。

Errorr
I think the Mongol invasion is aninteresting turning point. Chinese philosophy was moving towards morescientific methods during the Song. Islam had taken up the mantle of greek thoughtand was the leading culture at one time. The renaissance was spurred on bycontact with Islam and European science is a direct continuation of thattradition. I always wonder what would have happened if Ogedei Khan had livedanother decade.

我認(rèn)為蒙古入侵是一個有趣的轉(zhuǎn)折點。中國宋代的哲學(xué)正朝著科學(xué)進步的方向發(fā)展。而在歐洲，伊斯蘭教接替了希臘思想的衣缽，一度成為那里的主流文化。文藝復(fù)興是在與伊斯蘭教的接觸下推動的，歐洲科學(xué)是這個的直接延續(xù)。我一直想知道如果窩闊臺再活十年會發(fā)生什么。

Uselessboy
Every year a new way of saying whites aresuperior.
Actually the plagues killing half or moreof Europe's work force made the development of labor saving devices imperative.

每年都會有關(guān)于白種人優(yōu)越性的新的說法。
事實上，瘟疫奪去了歐洲一半或更多的勞動力，這使得開發(fā)節(jié)省勞動力的技術(shù)勢在必行。

scarecities
the main plague outbreak was in the1300s?
the industrial revolution didnt kick intill the 1800s

瘟疫主要爆發(fā)在13世紀(jì)，
而工業(yè)革命到19世紀(jì)才開始興起。

DaveoftheCoonties
The English were remarkably unhealthy circa1700s. A lot of it was tuberculosis. At the time of the American Revolution, itwas noted that American soldiers tended to be taller than their back-homeBritish counterparts, even though many Americans were ill-fed.

英國人在18世紀(jì)左右非常不健康，其中很多是肺結(jié)核。在美國大革命時期，有人指出，美國士兵往往比他們的老家英國士兵壽命久，盡管許多美國人吃不飽。

gsboy286
circumstances gave rise to Europe's riserather than China's, that's it.

種族特性導(dǎo)致了歐洲的崛起，而不是中國的崛起，這就是真相。

Bastille
The realm of science fiction typicallyprovides a template of sorts for invention and ideas.
Asimov's foundation series is a favoriteread, though probably boring for most folks, dabbled in quite a few bizarretechnological concepts well before time.

科幻小說通常為發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造提供了各種各樣的模板。
阿西莫夫的《Foundation》系列是最受歡迎的讀物，雖然對大多數(shù)人來說可能很枯燥，但超前于時代，涉獵了相當(dāng)多的奇異的科技概念。

gsboy286
You need that 'what if' imagination toinnovate, to think of practical new ideas, and science fiction (and comicbooks) are food for that mentality.

你需要那種“假設(shè)”的想象力去創(chuàng)新，去思考實用的新想法，而科幻小說（和漫畫書）就是這種心態(tài)的食物。

MENGER
We see advances in many of these fieldsbeginning to take shape in key industries like medicine and engineering, the'3d printer' a notable invention that will probably upend manufacturing at somepoint, a primitive precursor to more advanced replicator-type devices.

我們看到，很些研究的進展開始在醫(yī)藥和工程等關(guān)鍵行業(yè)實現(xiàn)，“3D打印機”是一項值得注意的發(fā)明，它可能會在某一時刻顛覆制造業(yè)，成為更先進的復(fù)制器類型設(shè)備的前身。

leochen24551
Once upon a time, America was known as theLand of Opportunity. We were the world's most powerful industrialized nation.And everything that we bought said Made In USA.
With the growth of Mass Production cameAmerica's growth in Mass Employment and the growth of our Working Class andMiddle Class.
No more.
Blame whom we wish, but for the pastseveral decades, American Big Business Owners have been firing their Americanemployees by the Millions. Then American Big Business Owners have shipped theirfactories -- along with our latest manufacturing technology -- to China, whereChinese Big Business Owners pay their Chinese peasant workers ten cents on thedollar.
So you know that those manufacturing jobsare never returning to our shores.
Everything that we now buy from WalMart,Target, BestBuy, Macy's, Autozone, etc. now says Made In China.
Blame whom we wish, but China has becomethe global manufacturer of choice.
With our Loss of Mass Production, we alsolost Mass Employment. In its place we now have Mass Unemployment and Mass
Underemployment. Over half of our collegegrads are either Unemployed or Underemployed.

從前，美國被稱為機遇之地。我們是世界上最強大的工業(yè)化國家。我們買的任何東西都是美國制造的。
隨著大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，美國大規(guī)模就業(yè)的增長，以及工人階級和中產(chǎn)階級的增長。
現(xiàn)在這種情況再也見不到了。
我們能怪誰?在過去幾十年里，美國大企業(yè)主解雇了數(shù)百萬的美國員工。然后，美國大企業(yè)主把他們的工廠連同我們最新的制造技術(shù)一起運往中國，中國大企業(yè)主在中國以10美分的價格支付中國的農(nóng)民工人。
所以你知道那些制造業(yè)工作永遠回不到我們海岸來了。
我們現(xiàn)在從沃爾瑪、百思買、梅西百貨等公司購買的所有產(chǎn)品都是中國制造的。
我們能責(zé)怪誰，中國現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為了全球首選的制造商。
隨著我們不再生產(chǎn)，我們也失去了大量的就業(yè)機會。我們現(xiàn)在有大量的失業(yè)人口，就業(yè)不足。我們半數(shù)以上的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生要么失業(yè)，要么未充分就業(yè)。

Maruchi
No one has forced American Big Business tochoose cheap overseas labor. They do it on their own preferring greed overcountry loyalty. It's all about the Big Bucks and there is no one to blame butthe user himself.

沒有人強迫美國大企業(yè)選擇廉價的海外勞動力。他們這樣做是因為他們更喜歡貪婪而不是國家忠誠。一切都是為了賺大錢，除了用戶自己，沒有人可以責(zé)怪。

gsboy286
True perhaps but you can't just blamegovernment policies, some of it is unavoidable, the natural evolution ofeconomies. After WWII we were the only industrial power left or at least notbadly damaged, so we enjoyed perhaps thirty years before the others got back ontheir feet. With unions, factories and high demand we flourished. With advancesin automation, communications and transportation things changed. Since theautomation has advanced so far that skilled craftsmen are not needed as much,now they can set up a turn-key factory to produce cars in China and ship them.

也許是真的，但你不能只怪政府的政策，有些是不可避免的，經(jīng)濟的自然演變。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，我們是唯一的工業(yè)強國，至少我們沒有受到戰(zhàn)爭的嚴(yán)重破壞，所以我們享受了大約三十年的黃金時間，其他國家才重新恢復(fù)過來。在工業(yè)和高需求下，我們越發(fā)興旺發(fā)達。但是隨著自動化、通信和運輸方式的進步，情況發(fā)生了變化。由于自動化技術(shù)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了不需要技術(shù)工人的程度，現(xiàn)在他們可以在中國建立一個工廠來生產(chǎn)和運輸汽車。

peterjohn936
The answer is Protestantism and its lead touniversal education. Once most of the public was educated innovation increased.

答案是新教，這讓教育被普及。一旦大多數(shù)公眾接受了教育，創(chuàng)新就增加了。

Uselessboy
Protestants are leading the destruction ofuniversal education here.
The real reason was the plagues killinghalf the work force. Protestantism was to a large degree a reaction to that aswell.

新教徒正在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)破壞這里的教育普及。
真正的原因是瘟疫殺死了一半的勞動力。新教在很大程度上也是對這一點的反應(yīng)。

gsboy286
Protestantism was indeed a huge step, after1000 years it defied the monolithic belief system of the governing Catholicchurch, a fetal liberty of thought. The church, at the time of Martin Luther,was corrupt and had been taken over for wealth and power. Probably the firststep towards educating the masses was translating the Bible from Latin so thecommon man could read it rather than having priests tell them what it meant andthe "proper interpretation"

.新教確實是一個巨大的進步，在1000年后，它挑戰(zhàn)了單一信仰體系的天主教會，一個新生的思想自由。在馬丁路德（宗教改革者，1483 -1546年），教會是腐敗的，只是為了財富和權(quán)力。也許教育大眾的第一步是把圣經(jīng)從拉丁語翻譯過來，這樣普通人就可以閱讀它，而不是讓牧師告訴人們它的意思和它“正確的解釋”。

Luka Raun
First off, the article presents far toorosy a picture of the Industrial Revolution, which in addition to its benefitscreated horrendous problems.?

首先，這篇文章對工業(yè)革命的描述過于樂觀，工業(yè)革命有好處但也造成了可怕的問題。

term_limits_please
The answer to the question at hand may befound in the answer to the following question: "Why did the UK lose worlddominance in the late 1800s onward?" The industrial revolution flourishedin the US, while stagnating in the UK. UK went from #1 world power to what itis today.

現(xiàn)在問題的答案可以在以下問題的答案中找到：“為什么英國在19世紀(jì)末以后失去了世界主導(dǎo)地位？”工業(yè)革命在美國蓬勃發(fā)展，而在英國卻停滯不前。英國從世界第一大國走向今天。

I-270Exit1
I think I read this in The Rise and Fall ofthe Great Powers (1987).

我想我是在《大國的興衰》（1987）中讀到的。

Tungbo
It's certainly true that 'progress' doesnot equal happiness. OTOH, you cannot deny that most people today includingmost of the 'poor' have longer and healthier lives and that that we have themeans to feed ALL the population. (That some are still hungry are due topolitical and social factors.)

“進步”當(dāng)然不等于幸福，OTOH，你不能否認(rèn)，今天大多數(shù)人，包括大多數(shù)“窮人”，都有更長更健康的生活，我們有辦法養(yǎng)活所有的人口。（有些人仍然生活在饑餓中是由于政治和社會的原因。）

brucehiggins1253
The author mentions Confucius but thendismisses his importance.

作者提到孔子，但卻忽略了他的重要性。

Tungbo
Confucius developed his ideas during theWarring Period. In other words, it was before China was unified and manycountries were vying for power. At the same time, there were many other schoolscompeting for dominance in the Chinese culture at the time: legalists, taoist,etc. In fact, it was time of great foment and revolution in thoughts. Onlylater on under the patronage of a centralized emperor, did Confucius become thedominant cultural pattern.
We have a similar foment in thoughts duringthe turn of last century. With the challenge of western thoughts and the riseor Japan, China had many intellectuals calling for various modernizationstrategies. So this evolution of cultures and thoughts had ALREADY beenunderway for more than 100 years.

孔子在戰(zhàn)國時期發(fā)展了他的思想。換句話說，這是在中國統(tǒng)一之前，許多國家在爭奪權(quán)力。同時，當(dāng)時中國文化中還有許多其他的流派在爭奪統(tǒng)治地位：法家、道家等，事實上，這是思想百家爭鳴的時期。后來，在皇帝的推崇下，儒家文化才成為主流的文化。
在上個世紀(jì)初，我們的思想也有類似的萌芽。隨著西方思想的挑戰(zhàn)和日本的崛起，中國有許多知識分子呼吁采取各種現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)略。因此，這種文化和思想的進化已經(jīng)進行了100多年。

minstrelmike
Culture might be a driving facto. And I doagree that competition with other tribes and countries is a cultural driver.

文化可能是一個驅(qū)動因素。我也同意與其他國家的競爭會是一種驅(qū)動力。

klinger1
One development not mentioned here was themovable press invented around 1450. Much harder to make that work for theChinese writing system then for the Latin alphabet. Therefore the Chinesemissed out on vast dissemination of knowledge Europe gained with printing, whenthe number of books in circulation increased by over a factor of 10 within acentury.

這里沒有提到的一個發(fā)展是1450年左右發(fā)明的活動印刷術(shù)。在漢語系統(tǒng)和拉丁字母表中，要做到這一點就要困難得多。因此，相比歐洲，中國錯過了通過印刷讓知識廣泛傳播的機會，一個世紀(jì)的時間，歐洲的圖書流通量增長了10多倍。

Glenn Galen
The fact that the industrial revolutionoccurred in England was due to fortunate geographic circumstances (theavailability of cheap coal in the right places) and the fact that Europeancountries had access to colonies, which China lacked.

英國發(fā)生工業(yè)革命的原因是因為優(yōu)越的地理環(huán)境（在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤娇梢再I到廉價的煤炭），以及歐洲國家可以獲得中國所缺少的殖民地來獲取財富。

DaveoftheCoonties
Perhaps the different choice of techniquein printing. Although the Chinese had invented the printing press, commercialprinters preferred to use a more labour-intensive technology, woodblockprinting. Since the middle of the 15th century, Western Europe concentrated onmoveable type printing as the most important technology, which was a verycapital-intensive process, with high levels of labour productivity.

也許是因為印刷技術(shù)的不同。盡管中國人發(fā)明了印刷機，但商業(yè)印刷商更喜歡使用更勞動密集型的技術(shù)，木版印刷。自15世紀(jì)中葉以來，西歐把活字印刷作為最重要的技術(shù)，這是一個資本密集型的過程，勞動生產(chǎn)率高。

Ha Luu
Perhaps Chinese and European producers had,as in the case of the printing press, in principle access to the same relativelyadvanced technologies, but radically different relative prices induced them toselect different modes of production, resulting in the big gap in labourproductivity that can be observed in the 1820s.

也許中國和歐洲的生產(chǎn)商，就像印刷術(shù)一樣，原則上獲得了同樣的相對先進的技術(shù)，但相對成本根本不同，促使他們選擇了不同的生產(chǎn)方式，從而導(dǎo)致了19世紀(jì)20年代可以觀察到的勞動生產(chǎn)率的巨大差距。

econundertow
The industrial revolution was a process ofmechanisation in which expensive labour was substituted for by machines drivenby coal – as Bob Allen (2009) has demonstrated. Chinese factor costs were notat all conducive to such a change.

工業(yè)革命是一個機械化的過程，在這個過程中，昂貴的勞動力被煤驅(qū)動的機器所取代——正如鮑勃?艾倫（2009）所說的那樣。中國的成本因素不利于這種變化。

Thomas J Costagliola
Whereas entrepreneurs in Europe were veryeager to develop new technologies that increased labour productivity via thecapital-labour ratio, Chinese businesses barely had any incentive to do so.That the industrial revolution emerged in England was therefore not accidentalor the result of luck, but the long-run effect of its fundamentally differentfactor prices, reflecting its different economic and institutional trajectory.

盡管歐洲的企業(yè)家們非?？释ㄟ^資本勞動率來開發(fā)提高勞動生產(chǎn)率的新技術(shù)，但中國幾乎沒有動力這么做。因此，英國發(fā)生工業(yè)革命不是偶然的，也不是運氣使然的結(jié)果，而是其根本不同的成本關(guān)系的長期結(jié)果，反映了不同的經(jīng)濟和制度軌跡。

Victoria Stellar
British Emprie destroyed millions ofChinese... Horror and suffer for 100 years under anglo-saxon rule froze anyprogress.... And yes China invented all things 3000 years ago... the realproblem of Chinese, they are soft, kind and trust every monster from thewest...

英帝國毀滅了數(shù)百萬的中國人…在盎格魯-撒克遜的統(tǒng)治下，中國人的恐懼和痛苦長達100年，這期間所有的發(fā)展都被凍結(jié)了……是的，中國在3000年前發(fā)明了所有的東西…中國人真正的問題是，他們軟弱、善良、信任來自西方的每一個怪物…

Arshyn Amantay
chinese is soft,but they aren't kind ortrust....

中國人很軟弱，但他們不善良，也不隨便信任……

Victoria Stellar
Cannibals in good costumes pretending theywere civilized were worst than stone age tribes...

穿著文明服裝的食人族假裝他們是文明人，但他們其實比石器時代的部落還要糟糕……

Commonsense25
What is not mentioned is the English gotthe idea of the corporation from others , put it into practice and used theresulting resources to make themselves rich first in trade and than inindustry. The idea of getting wealth from something other than land started alot early. That idea spread to everywhere else in europe and eventually aroundthe world as european power increased.

文章沒有提到的是，英國人是從其他人那里學(xué)到了公司的概念，將其付諸實踐，并利用由此產(chǎn)生的資源，使自己在貿(mào)易和工業(yè)上首先致富。從土地以外的地方獲得財富的想法很早就開始了，隨著歐洲實力的增強，這一想法傳遍了歐洲其他地方，最終傳遍了世界各地。

Zeyu
Manchu did change the structure of thestate, they did not dress like Chinese. They killed any Chinese who refused togive up their dressing style and hair style.
They weakened Chinese culture and Chinesepeople's cultural identity so much that most of modern Chinese do not know whattheir ancestors' life was like.?
And of course, you might argue that just apiece of dress or lost some hair no big problem.?
But please do not stop there and dig more,you will know how Manchu invasion and rule made it so difficult for Chinese toachieve what they could have achieved.?
And I do apologize that I did not read therest of this article after read "They learned to speak Chinese, dress likeChinese and eat like Chinese." which sounds to me a humiliation towardsChinese culture.

滿族確實改變了中國的國家結(jié)構(gòu)，他們的穿著并不像漢族人。他們殺死了任何拒絕放棄自己的著裝風(fēng)格和發(fā)型的中國人。
他們削弱了中國文化和中國人民的文化認(rèn)同，以至于大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代中國人不知道他們祖先的生活是什么樣的。
當(dāng)然，你可能會爭辯說僅僅是一件衣服或是掉了一些頭發(fā)沒什么大問題。
我很抱歉，我在讀了“他們學(xué)會了說漢語，穿得像漢族人，吃得像漢族人”之后就沒有繼續(xù)看了，這對我來說是對中國文化的恥辱。

Toan Luc
I totally agree with the author. It issomething that many others, myself included believe for years. Modern China forthe same reason will remain uncompetitive today and in the future. One historyfact, China's Ming dynasty had to hire a young chief architect Nguyen An fromanother country - Vietnam - as a much smaller country next door that China usedto look down as a vassal state to build its forbidden city: Why? probablybecause of new thinking brought in from this young chief architect. Thishistory was hidden for centuries until it was revealed by the Westernhistorians. The ancient Chinese did not like competition nor sharing knowledge:everything must be kept secret and the progress died with the inventors; and asa result, China could not progress like the West.

我完全同意作者的觀點。很多其他人，包括我自己，多年來都相信這一點。出于同樣的原因，現(xiàn)代中國在今天和未來仍將缺乏競爭力。一個歷史事實是，中國的明朝不得不從另一個國家——越南（一個小得多的鄰邦，中國曾經(jīng)視其為一個附庸國）——請一個年輕的首席建筑師阮安來建造紫禁城：為什么呢？可能是因為這位年輕的首席建筑師帶來了新的想法。這段歷史被隱藏了幾個世紀(jì)，直到西方歷史學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)這段歷史。古代中國人不喜歡競爭，也不喜歡分享知識：一切都必須保密，進步與發(fā)明者一起消亡；結(jié)果，中國不能像西方那樣進步。

istheotherjess
Nguyen An wasn't "hired from anothercountry"—he was a spoil of war, taken after the Ming conquest of Vietnam,and sent to Beijing to become a eunuch. Not the most glamourous start to life,but he ended up becoming a favourite of the Yongle Emperor, so I guess thatworked out for him, castration notwithstanding.

阮安不是“從另一個國家請來的”——他是戰(zhàn)利品，在明朝征服越南后被抓走的，并被派到北京成為了一名太監(jiān)。開局并不迷人，但他最終成為了永樂皇帝的寵兒，所以我想這對他來說也挺好，盡管他被閹割了。

Toan Luc
The fact that Nguyen An had been capturedduring a Ming invasion of VN does not change the fact that the Ming emperorcould not find other Chinese architects to handle this gigantic task despitethe vast population. Also I'm not surprised that the Chinese always bring upthe "eunuch" thing as something to be ashamed of. FYI, All theeunuchs were victims of tyrannical monarchs, emperors' cruelty in the ancienttime; no wonder the Chinese "moral" values are corrupted.

明朝入侵越南期間，阮安被俘虜，這一事實并沒有改變明朝皇帝找不到其他中國建筑師來建造這一龐大都城的事實，盡管明朝人口眾多。我也不奇怪中國人總是把“太監(jiān)”這件事當(dāng)作可恥的事來講。僅供參考，所有的太監(jiān)都是專z君主的犧牲品，古代帝王的殘暴，難怪中國的“道德”價值觀被破壞了。

Matthew Morgan
The industrial revolution didn't happen in'Europe', it happened in the United Kingdom. Failing to take any notice of thatsimple fact renders your whole article nonsense.

工業(yè)革命不是發(fā)生在“歐洲”，而是發(fā)生在英國。不注意這個簡單的事實會使你的文章變得一文不值。

Yiling Tan
It is due to neo-Confucianism,isolationism, a super sense of cultural superiority that prevented China fromprogressing more and adapting new ideas from others. Once it learnt to overcomethose mental hurtles, its progress is startling to say the least.

正是由于儒家思想、閉關(guān)鎖國主義和一種超然的文化優(yōu)越感，中國無法取得更大的進步，也無法適應(yīng)他人的新思想。一旦它克服了這些心理障礙，它的進步至少會是令人吃驚的。

RonnyRay
It's also startling how much technologythey steal from the West to get ahead...

同樣令人吃驚的是，他們從西方竊取了多少技術(shù)來取得進步……

finleyd
Then why was Japan able to undertake itsIndustrial Revolution? Shogunate Japan had many of the same faults as imperialChina. But Japan was able to industrialize rapidly under Meiji.

為什么日本能夠進行工業(yè)革命呢？幕府時期的日本和帝國時期的中國有許多相同的缺點。但日本在明治天皇統(tǒng)治下迅速實現(xiàn)了工業(yè)化。

justaguy22
Both Japan and China able to industrializerelatively rapidly, just at different points in time.
Is one factor in the relative timing thatthe US used weapons to open up Japan to westerners but not colonize the wayChina was partially colonized?

日本和中國在不同的時間點都實現(xiàn)相對快速的工業(yè)化。
是不是因為美國對日本的做法是使用武器強迫日本向西方開放，但是對中國卻采取不一樣的半殖民政策？

minstrelmike
Perhaps one of the differnces between Chinaand Japan is the competition the author was talking about. Japan never seemedunified the way China was (there are still important tribal differnces inJapan), and once they were unified, the national government was still worriedabout foreign invaders. They knew China was big enough to invade.

也許中國和日本的區(qū)別就是作者所說的競爭性。日本似乎從未像中國那樣統(tǒng)一過（日本仍然存在著極大的族群差異），就算他們統(tǒng)一了，當(dāng)權(quán)者仍然擔(dān)心外國的侵略者，他們知道中國強大到足以入侵日本。

Tungbo
Japan had unified language a commondominant culture except for some outer islands.

除一些外島外，日本有著統(tǒng)一的語言和共同的主導(dǎo)文化。