在我的個人投稿中，標(biāo)題含有【史料】的專欄為歷史研究的第一手史料，僅供學(xué)習(xí)使用，不代表本人任何立場。雙語的內(nèi)容，漢語部分為個人自行翻譯，僅供參考。

戰(zhàn)斗到底

【背景】1940年5月，溫斯頓·丘吉爾在二戰(zhàn)中臨危受命成為英國首相。當(dāng)時盟軍正在西歐節(jié)節(jié)敗退，英國遠(yuǎn)征軍和一部分法軍被包圍在了法國北部的海岸上。在名為“發(fā)電機(jī)”的緊急行動持續(xù)實(shí)施9天后，33萬士兵被撤回到了不列顛島。撤退行動之后的6月4日，丘吉爾在議院發(fā)表了這篇著名演說《戰(zhàn)斗到底》，表達(dá)了英國面對納粹強(qiáng)敵決不妥協(xié)的意志。

When, a week ago today, Mr. Speaker, I asked the House to fix this afternoon as the occasion for a statement, I feared it would be my hard lot to announce the greatest military?disaster in our long history. I thought, and some good judges agreed with me, that perhaps 20,000 or 30,000 men might be re-embarked. But it certainly seemed that the whole of the French 1st?Army and the whole of the British Expeditionary Force north of the Amiens-Abbeville gap would be broken up in the open field or else would have to capitulate for lack of food and ammunition. These were the hard and heavy tidings for which I called upon the House and the nation to prepare themselves a week ago. The whole root and core and brain of the British Army, on which and around which we were to build, and are to build, the great British armies in the later years of the war, seemed about to perish upon the field or to be led into an ignominious and starving captivity.

在一周前的今天，議長先生，我要求下議院在今天下午的這里舉行一場說明會時，我擔(dān)心我將需要宣布我們歷史上最糟糕的軍事災(zāi)難。我認(rèn)為——一些好的法官也認(rèn)同——大約2至3萬人需要被運(yùn)回國內(nèi)。但是位于亞眠-阿比維爾缺口以北的整個法國第一軍和整個英國遠(yuǎn)征軍將在開闊地帶被擊潰或者由于缺乏食物和武器而投降似乎將成為事實(shí)。在一周前，我就呼吁議員和整個國家來為上述艱難而沉重的消息做好準(zhǔn)備。英國軍隊(duì)的整個核心和大腦——那是我們在戰(zhàn)爭后幾年中建立和將要建立偉大的英國軍隊(duì)的基礎(chǔ)——似乎即將在戰(zhàn)場上滅亡，或者在饑餓和恥辱中投降。

The enemy attacked on all sides with great strength and fierceness, and their main power, the power of their far more numerous air force, was thrown into the battle or else concentrated upon Dunkirk and the beaches. Pressing in upon the narrow exit, both from the east and from the west, the enemies began to fire with cannon upon the beaches by which alone the shipping could approach or depart. They sowed magnetic mines in the channels and seas. They sent repeated waves of hostile aircraft, sometimes more than a hundred strong in one formation, to cast their bombs upon the single pier that remained, and upon the sand dunes on which the troops had their eyes for shelter. Their U-boats, one of which was sunk, and their motor launches took their toll of the vast traffic which now began. For four or five days an intense struggle reigned. All their armored divisions, or what was left of them, together with great masses of infantry and artillery, hurled themselves in vain upon the ever-narrowing, ever-contracting appendix within which the British and French Armies fought.

敵人以強(qiáng)大的武力從各個方向發(fā)起猛烈的進(jìn)攻。他們的主力——他們占據(jù)數(shù)量優(yōu)勢的空中力量——被投入到戰(zhàn)斗中，或者集中于敦刻爾克港和海灘上的戰(zhàn)斗。敵人從東西兩個方向夾擊狹窄的口袋，并且開始用大炮朝船只停靠和啟航的海灘上開火。他們在海峽和海上布置了磁性水雷。他們派出一波又一波的飛機(jī)，有時一支編隊(duì)中就多達(dá)百余架，來把炸彈投擲在殘余的碼頭上，以及軍隊(duì)用作掩體的沙丘上。他們的U型艇——其中一艘被擊沉了——以及他們的摩托艇現(xiàn)在開始對我們的交通運(yùn)輸造成了巨大的損失。激烈的戰(zhàn)斗持續(xù)了四五天。敵人所有的裝甲師——或者所有剩下的師——連同大量的步兵和炮兵，在朝日漸縮小的包圍圈中的英法軍隊(duì)進(jìn)行徒勞的進(jìn)攻時自己受到傷害。

Meanwhile, the Royal Navy, with the willing help of countries merchant seamen, strained every nerve to embark the British and Allied troops. 220 light warships and 650 other vessels were engaged. They had to operate upon the difficult coast, often in adverse weather, under an almost ceaseless hail of bombs and an increasing concentration of artillery fire. Nor were the seas, as I have said, themselves free from mines and torpedoes. It was in conditions such as these that our men carried on, with little or no rest, for days and nights on end, making trip after trip across the dangerous waters, bringing with them always men whom they had rescued. The numbers they have brought back are the measure of their devotion and their courage. The hospital ships, which brought off many thousands of British and French wounded, being so plainly marked were a special target for Nazi bombs, but the men and women on board them never faltered in their duty.

與此同時，皇家海軍在我國海洋商人的自愿協(xié)助下竭盡全力運(yùn)載英國軍隊(duì)和盟軍。220艘輕型戰(zhàn)船和650艘其他各類船只被投入到了這次行動中。他們不得不經(jīng)常在惡劣的天氣中，在如冰雹般傾瀉而下的炸彈和越來越密集的炮火中艱難地在海岸上行動。如我之前所說，沒有哪一片海是安全的。正是在這種情況下，我們的人們幾乎沒有休息過，持續(xù)日夜不停地一次又一次穿越危險的水域，并且總能將他們救出來的士兵安全帶回。他們所拯救的士兵數(shù)量是他們忠誠和勇氣的證明。那些帶走了成千上萬英法傷員的醫(yī)療船被標(biāo)記得過于明顯，以至于他們成了納粹分子投彈的特殊目標(biāo)，但船上的人們從未對自己的職責(zé)感到動搖。

Meanwhile, the Royal Air Force, which had already been intervening in the battle, so far as its range would allow, from home bases, now used part of its main metropolitan fighter strength, and struck at the German bombers and at the fighters which in large numbers protected them. This struggle was protracted and fierce. Suddenly the scene has cleared, the crash and thunder has for the moment-but only for the moment- died away. A miracle of deliverance, achieved by valor, by perseverance, by perfect discipline, by faultless service, by resource, by skill, by unconquerable fidelity, is manifest to us all.

與此同時，已經(jīng)介入戰(zhàn)局的皇家空軍在它們作戰(zhàn)半徑允許的范圍內(nèi)——現(xiàn)在它們已經(jīng)從大城市的空中戰(zhàn)斗力量中抽調(diào)一部分——來攔截德國轟炸機(jī)和為它們護(hù)航的戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。這是一場漫長又激烈的戰(zhàn)斗。突然間視野清楚了，撞擊聲和轟鳴聲暫時——也僅僅是暫時——消失了。顯而易見，這是一個通過勇氣、堅(jiān)持、嚴(yán)明的紀(jì)律、完美的服務(wù)、物力、技巧和不可征服的忠心造就的撤退的奇跡。

The enemy was hurled back by the retreating British troops. Hitler so roughly handled that he did not hurry their departure seriously.

敵人被撤退中的英軍擊退了。希特勒如此粗糙地處理戰(zhàn)事，以至于英軍有充足的時間撤退。

We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations. But there was a victory inside this deliverance, which should be noted. It was gained by the air force. Many of our soldiers coming back have not seen the air force at work, they saw only the bombers which escaped its protective attack. They underrate its achievements. I have heard much talk of this, that is why I go out of my way to say this. I will tell you about it. This was a great trial of strength between the British and German air forces. Can you conceive a greater objective for the Germans in the air than to make evacuation from these beaches impossible, and to sink all these ships which were displayed, almost to the extent of thousands? Could there have been an objective of greater military importance and significance for the whole purpose of the war than this? They tried hard, and they were beaten back. They were frustrated in their task. We got the army away, and they have paid fourfold for any losses which they have inflicted.

我們必須十分謹(jǐn)慎，不要把這次撤退定義成一場勝利。戰(zhàn)爭不是靠撤退贏得的。但應(yīng)該注意到，在這次撤退中隱含著勝利。這個勝利是空軍贏得的。許多返回的我軍士兵不曾看到空軍在崗，他們只看見了逃離空軍掩護(hù)性襲擊的敵軍轟炸機(jī)。他們低估了空軍的成就。我聽到了許多這方面的流言，因此我要特意在這里提及。我來告訴你們真實(shí)情況。這是對英德兩國空中力量的重大考驗(yàn)。你們能想象出德國空軍有比阻止我軍從海灘撤退、并擊沉?？吭谀抢锏某砂偕锨У拇桓蟮哪繕?biāo)嗎？對整個戰(zhàn)爭來說，難道還會有比這更具有軍事意義的目標(biāo)嗎？他們努力試著這么做，但被擊退了。他們的行動遭到了挫敗。我們撤回了軍隊(duì)，敵人付出的代價是他們造成我們損失的4倍之多。

When we consider how much greater would be our advantage in defending the air above this island against an overseas attack, I must say that I find in these facts a sure basis upon which practical and reassuring thoughts may rest. I will pay my tribute to these young airmen. The great French army was very largely, for the time being, cast back and disturbed by the onrush of a few thousands of armored vehicles. May it not also be that the cause of civilization itself will be defended by the skill and devotion of a few thousand airmen?

當(dāng)我們估計在我們的島嶼上空抵抗來自海外的侵襲時有多大勝算的時候，我必須說，實(shí)際和令人安心的想法可以依賴于我在上述事實(shí)中找到的一個可靠的基礎(chǔ)。我要向這些年輕的飛行員們致敬。強(qiáng)大的法國軍隊(duì)正在很大程度上被幾千輛裝甲車的猛烈攻擊擊潰擾亂。難道說，文明的事業(yè)本身不是由幾千名飛行員的技巧和奉獻(xiàn)來捍衛(wèi)的嗎?

There never has been, I suppose, in all the world, in all the history of war, such an opportunity for youth. The Knights of the Round Table, the Crusaders, all fall back into the past, not only distant but prosaic. These young men, going forth every morn to guard their native land and all that we stand for, holding in their hands these instruments of colossal and shattering power, of whom it may be said that: Every morn brought forth a noble chance, and every chance brought forth a noble knight, deserve our gratitude, as do all the brave men who, in so many ways and on so many occasions, are ready, and continue ready to give life and all for their native land.

我想，在全世界的戰(zhàn)爭史中，年輕人從未這樣有過表現(xiàn)的機(jī)會。圓桌騎士和十字軍全都消逝在了歷史長河中，不僅遙遠(yuǎn)而且平凡。而這些年輕人每天早晨都啟航去保衛(wèi)他們的祖國，掌握著那些強(qiáng)有力的武器，他們會被人這樣評論：每天早晨帶來一個高貴的機(jī)遇，每個機(jī)遇帶來一個高貴的騎士，他們值得我們感激，因?yàn)槟切┯赂业娜藗兺ㄟ^許多方式、在許多場合中都已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好、并時刻準(zhǔn)備著為祖國獻(xiàn)出他們的生命和一切。

Nevertheless, our thankfulness at the escape of our army and so many men, whose loved ones have passed through an agonizing week, must not blind us to the fact that what has happened in France and Belgium is a colossal military disaster. The French army has been weakened, the Belgian army as been lost, a large part of those fortified lines upon which so much faith had been reposed is gone, many valuable mining districts and factories have passed into the enemy’s possession, the whole of the Channel ports are in his hands, with all the tragic consequences that follow from that, and we must expect another blow to be struck almost immediately at us or at France.

然而，我們對撤回我們的軍隊(duì)和許多他們的親人度過了難熬的一周的人的感激不能讓我們對這個事實(shí)視而不見：在法國和比利時發(fā)生的是一場巨大的軍事災(zāi)難。法國軍隊(duì)被削弱，比利時軍隊(duì)被擊潰，那條為人們帶來巨大信心的堅(jiān)固防線如今已有大半失守。許多有價值的礦區(qū)和工廠落入了敵人手中，所有英吉利海峽的港口都已經(jīng)失陷，由此造成的最壞的后果是敵人很可能會立即對我們或法國發(fā)動又一場大規(guī)模攻勢。

We are told that Herr Hitler has a plan for invading the British Isles. This has often been thought of before. When Napoleon lay at Boulogne for a year with his flat-bottomed boats and his grand army, he was told by someone, “There are bitter weeds in England.”?There are certainly a great many more of them since the British Expeditionary Force returned.

我們被告知希特勒先生有一個入侵不列顛群島的計劃。以往也時常有人這么盤算。當(dāng)拿破侖帶著平底船和他的大軍在布倫港待了一年后，有人告訴他：“英國有苦的雜草。”在英國遠(yuǎn)征軍撤回之后，這樣的雜草當(dāng)然更多了。

I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once more able to defend our island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. At any state, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty’s government-every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength.

我自己有充足的信心，只要所有人各司其職，不忽視任何細(xì)節(jié)，做出最好的安排——就像已經(jīng)做出的安排那樣——我們就能再一次證明我們有能力保衛(wèi)我們的島嶼，安然度過戰(zhàn)爭的風(fēng)潮，并且幸存于暴政的威脅，即使這需要花費(fèi)數(shù)年，即使我們需要孤軍奮戰(zhàn)。這就是我們將不惜一切代價做到的。這是國王陛下的政府中每一個人的決心。這也是議院和國家的意志。大英帝國和法蘭西共和國在它們的事業(yè)和需求中聯(lián)合到了一起，它們將誓死保衛(wèi)各自的祖國，像好同志一樣盡最大努力給予對方幫助。

We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender! And if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on to struggle, until, in God’s good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

我們將戰(zhàn)斗到底。我們將在法蘭西戰(zhàn)斗。我們將在海上戰(zhàn)斗。我們將以越來越強(qiáng)的自信和力量在空中戰(zhàn)斗。我們將不惜一切代價保衛(wèi)我們的島嶼。我們將在海灘上戰(zhàn)斗。我們將在敵人的登陸場戰(zhàn)斗。我們將在鄉(xiāng)村和街巷上戰(zhàn)斗。我們將在山間戰(zhàn)斗。我們決不投降！哪怕——我從未相信——這座島嶼的全部或者大部分淪陷并陷入饑餓之中，我們帝國的海外領(lǐng)地也將在英國艦隊(duì)的武裝和保護(hù)下繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗，直到上帝認(rèn)為時機(jī)合適，并使新世界不遺余力地拯救和解放舊世界。