鐘南山:端粒決定我們本可以活到120歲!沒達到,那是因為忽略了這些……

人類究竟能活多久?我們如何才能達到壽命極限?這些問題多年來讓人困惑,沒個確切回答。影響人類壽命長度的因素,一直以來也是鐘南山院士關注的話題,他曾在一次交流會上提出了自己的看法。
“一日壽,百二十歲也”,鐘老認為,根據端粒學說計算,人類的最長壽命可以達到120歲!端粒作為生物體的生命時鐘,伴隨細胞分裂不斷縮短。當端粒縮短到一定限度時(此時細胞分裂約50次),細胞便停止生長走向凋亡[1]。

圖注:鐘南山院士講述端粒學說
興許是較強抗衰意識加持,今年已近85歲高齡的鐘老,不似尋常耄耋老人佝僂蹣跚,卻更像個精神小伙:精神矍鑠、步履矯健。

圖注:鐘南山院士上臺接受“共和國勛章”榮譽授予
看到鐘老的狀態(tài),即便是身為抗衰達人的派派也羨慕不已。于是,筆者廣泛搜集、整理了鐘老的抗衰心得,以期能從中習得奧義一二。

規(guī)律作息:日出而作,日落而息
工作時間里,鐘老忙碌在臨床與研究一線,工作算不上輕松,但休息時間里,他幾乎從不熬夜,早睡早起。一般在晚間11點半入睡,固定在早晨7點起床,每晚約7個半小時睡眠,很符合當下研究提出的6-8小時最佳睡眠時間[2]。
此外,鐘老還常在午間“打個盹”,時間會在半小時左右。而早前的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),每天半小時內的午休,能顯著降低脂肪肝、中心性肥胖和血脂異常概率,但午睡超過一小時,不僅對健康無益,還可能讓脂肪肝、糖尿病等疾病有機可乘[3],甚至還大幅提升了死亡率[4]。

鐘老幾十年如一日、雷打不動的規(guī)律作息,或許是他能一直保持充沛精力的好方法。踐行適合自己的規(guī)律作息可能是走向長壽的第一步。

科學飲食:養(yǎng)生之道,莫先于食
良好的作息讓鐘老即使高齡也有個好胃口,他對健康飲食的看法是:每餐不過飽、飲食分配好、三少兩多更健康[1]。
#No.1
每餐不過飽
鐘老多年來極為推崇“腹八分目(吃飯八分飽)”的飲食習慣,從不會讓自己吃得過飽。
關于少吃一口延年益壽的熱量限制(CR)理論,派派在往期推文中可是花了大精力來介紹(文末點擊閱讀原文查看往期推文),它真能算上是當前最簡單、有效的抗衰手段。居住在日本長壽地沖繩的人們,其高壽便歸因于每日飲食減少11%左右的熱量攝入[5]。
“飲食勞倦則傷脾”,過飽會影響腦內纖維細胞生長因子活化,造成腸粘膜氧化應激損傷、脂質代謝異常及胰島素抵抗,進而全面加速衰老[6-8]??梢哉f是吃飽一時爽,爽完火葬場。

#No.2
飲食分配好
在有限總量的前提下,鐘老還會按照一定比例去合理分配一日三餐的攝入[1]。

圖注:鐘南山院士介紹每日三餐飲食分配,
并公布個人早餐
其中,我們尤其能感到鐘老對早餐的關注。一份營養(yǎng)豐富的早餐不僅讓你元氣滿滿開始全新一天,還能幫助降低動脈粥樣硬化風險[9]。并且,早餐吃不好,剩下兩餐也可能白吃,早餐錯失的營養(yǎng)素通常無法在隨后的膳食中得到補償[10]。
#No.3
三少兩多更健康
少吃紅肉、少吃高鹽食物、少食果糖漿
減少肉類中紅肉攝入比例,多食用鮭魚、鱈魚等優(yōu)質白肉,可及時補充omega-3不飽和脂肪酸,消炎、抗氧化、降血壓、調血脂、改善血管內皮功能豪華大禮包即刻輕松擁有[11]。
多吃魚肉,同樣也得到延壽經典地中海飲食[12]力薦,看來魚肉是真好!

再說到低鹽飲食,頂級醫(yī)學雜志《柳葉刀》曾發(fā)表一項大型評估分析,綜合195個國家、長達27年的飲食數據后,發(fā)現(xiàn)高鹽攝入是影響人類健康的“最強飲食殺手”[13]。

圖注:2017年全球水平上飲食因素致死率排名
高鹽易導致血壓升高,且血壓的鹽敏感性還會隨著年齡的增長而增加[14]。也正是由于控制了鹽的攝入,”新秀“DASH飲食才能擁有全方位降三高、防癡呆、防癌的神奇抗衰功效[15]。
而最后一點“少食果糖漿”,更是由于糖分過量攝入,小到讓人長痘、發(fā)胖,大到會增加糖尿病、腸道腫瘤等多種疾病風險[16]。
多吃雜糧、全谷物,多吃水果蔬菜
年少不經事時,以為長輩們“多吃雜糧、水果蔬菜”的勸說只是嘮叨。但事實上,多項研究證實,攝入全谷物有助于補充膳食纖維、鎂、B族維生素等[17, 18],而多數水果與蔬菜由于含有多酚、黃酮等物質,對預防心血管疾病、癌癥好處多多[19]!
蠻多時候,咱們還需要:


正確運動:戶樞不蠹,流水不腐
正確運動有利于延年益壽。對于不同年齡階段,鐘老認為正確運動的方式有所差異。比如中青年階段,可以多嘗試競技類運動(如籃球、足球、馬拉松、游泳)[20]。
此類較高負荷運動能改善肌力與肌耐力[21],并可能通過影響多種信號通路(如AMPK[22]、mTORC1[23])最終對骨骼肌產生益處,還能改善心臟功能,延長預期壽命[24]。

而隨著年齡增長,進行體質與體能鍛煉更為重要,走路、慢跑與太極都是很好的選擇[20]。
如走進公園廣場(甚至高校校園)、走出國門的太極,其作為一種很好的有氧運動,能通過增加心肺適應性(如最大攝氧量和肌肉氧化能力)[25],改善身體機能(包括活動耐受性和心血管功能)、老年時期認知能力及免疫功能[26-28]。

圖注:太極的特點及對人類健康益處,
來源:漢化自[29]

積極心態(tài):莫道桑榆晚,為霞尚滿天
“最好的醫(yī)生是自己,健康的一半是心理健康,疾病的一半是心理疾病[30]”。鐘老還是個很注重日常心態(tài)調節(jié)、始終保持追求的人。
積極心態(tài)改善機體健康并非玄學,它有助于控制體內皮質醇激素水平,降低炎癥[31],并調節(jié)關聯(lián)基因(如ANK3[32])的表達。從而改善機體神經內分泌、心血管和免疫系統(tǒng)健康[33-34],降低衰老相關疾病的發(fā)病率與致死率[34]。

圖注:鐘南山院士談心態(tài)重要性
此外,鐘老還笑談到,當自己感受壓力時,會嘗試腹式呼吸,用深呼吸來調節(jié)心率[30]。深呼吸可以增強大腦和心理的靈活性,影響副交感神經及中樞神經系統(tǒng)活動[35],顯著降低皮質醇水平[36]。
如此簡單易行、還不花錢的方法,大家不妨也來試試看。
時光派點評
從規(guī)律作息到飲食運動再到心態(tài)調節(jié),鐘老的抗衰路徑可謂目的明確又環(huán)環(huán)相扣。近85歲高齡,還能擁有良好的精神狀態(tài)和健壯體魄,便是他踐行效果的最好證明。
同時,鐘老本人較強的健康預防意識也不得不提,他認為“不治已病,治未病“,只有及時關注自身健康狀況,定期體檢,才能做到疾病的早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療。
時光派一直認為,衰老和一些尋常疾病,像是感冒,極為相似,是可防可治的。只要及時援以適當的干預,我們完全可以延緩,甚至治愈這種疾病。
那么,衰老干預應從何時開始,又該從哪些層面切入,這將是長壽科技領域亟需思考、解決的難題,也歡迎讀者與我們交流見解與心得。
—— TIMEPIE ——

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