TED演講者：Jan Wurzbacher / 詹·烏尓茲巴切

演講標(biāo)題：The massive machines removing carbon from Earth's atmosphere / 從地球大氣層除碳的巨型設(shè)備

內(nèi)容概要：To restrain global warming, we know we need to drastically reduce pollution. The very next step after that: using both natural and technological solutions to trap as much excess carbon dioxide from the air as possible. Enter Orca, the world's first large-scale direct air capture and storage plant, built in Iceland by the team at Climeworks, led by climate entrepreneur Jan Wurzbacher. This plant is capable of removing 4,000 tons of carbon dioxide from the air each year. With affordability and scalability in mind, Wurzbacher shares his vision for what comes after Orca, the future of carbon removal tech -- and why these innovations are crucial to stop climate change.

為了抑制全球變暖，我們知道人類(lèi)需要大幅減少污染。 那么接著下一步就是：使用自然和技術(shù)解決方案，盡可能多地捕獲空氣中多余的二氧化碳。Orca處理廠(chǎng)，這是世界上第一個(gè)大型直接空氣捕獲和儲(chǔ)存工廠(chǎng)，由氣候企業(yè)家詹·烏尓茲巴切（Jan Wurzbacher）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的Climeworks團(tuán)隊(duì)在冰島建造。該工廠(chǎng)每年能夠從空氣中去除4,000噸二氧化碳?？紤]到可負(fù)擔(dān)性和可擴(kuò)展性，烏尓茲巴切分享了他對(duì)Orca之后的未來(lái)，即碳去除技術(shù)的未來(lái)的愿景，以及為什么這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新對(duì)于阻止氣候變化至關(guān)重要。

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【1】Well today I'm really glad to get to share something with you that I've been working on for the past 15 years.

今天我很高興能夠跟大家分享 過(guò)去十五年間我所從事的事情。

【2】But more importantly, something that could become the first specimen of an entire new industry that we might find all around the planet over the next decades.

但更重要的是, 它可能會(huì)成為未來(lái)幾十年內(nèi) 一個(gè)遍布全球的全新行業(yè)的 第一個(gè)案例。

【3】Think of it as something like the very first smartphone.

可以把它想象成第一部智能手機(jī)。

【4】Still quite clumsy and quite expensive, but of transformative technology.

雖然笨拙且昂貴, 但代表著革新技術(shù)。

【5】Smartphones have changed the way how we communicate.

智能手機(jī)改變了大家交流的方式。

【6】This, I hope, could change the way we deal with global warming.

我希望這項(xiàng)技術(shù) 能夠改變我們應(yīng)對(duì)全球變暖的方式。

【7】This is Orca.

這是Orca虎鯨號(hào)收集裝置。

【8】This is the first worldwide commercial direct air capture and storage plant.

這是世界上第一個(gè)商業(yè)化 直接空氣捕獲和儲(chǔ)存技術(shù)工廠(chǎng)。

【9】It is in Iceland, and it is an industrial plant that extracts CO2 out of ambient air.

這個(gè)工廠(chǎng)位于冰島, 可以從環(huán)境空氣中提取二氧化碳。

【10】We have operated now for more than one year.

目前已經(jīng)運(yùn)營(yíng)超過(guò)一年。

【11】It costs more than 10 million dollars to build Orca.

建造Orca花費(fèi)了 超過(guò) 1000 萬(wàn)美元。

【12】And its modules, those eight boxes that we call CO2 collectors, they are designed to extract a bit more than 10 tons of carbon dioxide from the air every day.

它的模塊, 即八個(gè)二氧化碳收集器, 用于每天從空氣中提取 十多噸二氧化碳。

【13】It sounds quite expensive.

聽(tīng)起來(lái)很貴。

【14】However, when thinking about cost, we should keep in mind one thing.

但是,在考慮成本時(shí), 我們應(yīng)該清楚的是:

【15】There is one thing that we cannot buy, and that is time.

有一樣?xùn)|西是我們買(mǎi)不來(lái)的, 那就是時(shí)間。

【16】And we need to be quite fast here.

我們需要快速地響應(yīng)。

【17】So that is why Orca is not there to demonstrate costs.

這就是為什么 Orca存在的目的 不是展示它的高成本。

【18】Orca is there to show in the field, out there, in the weather, that the plant is operating, and Orca is working.

而是為了顯示在現(xiàn)場(chǎng),在空氣中, 工廠(chǎng)正在運(yùn)行, Orca正在起效。

【19】So the next step for us at Climeworks and for all the other companies in the field is now going forward, improving the technology, scaling it up from tens to hundreds to millions of tons capacity.

所以我們Climeworks 和該領(lǐng)域其他公司的下一步是 不斷前進(jìn),改進(jìn)技術(shù) 將其處理能力從數(shù)十噸擴(kuò)大到數(shù)百?lài)? 再到數(shù)百萬(wàn)噸。

【20】And as we go ahead and we scale it up, with every new plant going online, we'll have efficiencies going up and we'll have costs going down.

隨著技術(shù)不斷前進(jìn),規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大, 每個(gè)新工廠(chǎng)的建成, 我們的效率都會(huì)提高,成本也會(huì)下降。

【21】Now, how does it work?

那它是如何運(yùn)作的？

【22】In the case of Orca, we have fans mounted to the CO2 collectors that draw air through them.

Orca的運(yùn)作方式是, 我們?cè)诙趸际占魃习惭b了風(fēng)機(jī), 通過(guò)風(fēng)機(jī)吸入空氣。

【23】Inside there is a filter material that we call sorbent, a highly porous material.

里面有一種過(guò)濾材料, 我們稱(chēng)之為吸附劑, 是一種高度多孔的材料。

【24】And as the air pulls through it, the CO2 is bound at the surface of this material.

當(dāng)空氣通過(guò)它時(shí), 二氧化碳會(huì)吸附在 這種材料的表面上。

【25】Think of it as a sponge that sucks up water in its pores.

把它想象成一塊海綿, 它的毛孔在不斷吸水。

【26】We do that for a certain time until the material is filled with used CO2, it is saturated.

我們會(huì)一直運(yùn)行風(fēng)機(jī) 直到材料吸滿(mǎn)回收的二氧化碳, 直到它達(dá)到飽和狀態(tài)。

【27】And we close the modules, we heat them up to around 100 degrees Celsius, and we can extract concentrated CO2 from them.

然后我們關(guān)閉模塊, 將其加熱到大約 100 攝氏度, 從中提取濃縮的二氧化碳。

【28】The good thing is that the main energy input that we need for that process is low temperature heat at around 100 degrees Celsius.

好在該過(guò)程中所需的主要能量輸入 是低溫?zé)崮?溫度大約為 100 攝氏度。 溫度大約為 100 攝氏度。

【29】And it can entirely be powered by renewable energy.

它完全可以由可再生能源提供。

【30】Now that looks quite easy at first glance, right?

乍一看,這個(gè)系統(tǒng) 看起來(lái)很簡(jiǎn)單,對(duì)吧？

【31】And indeed, the process behind that is quite simple.

的確,工藝原理非常簡(jiǎn)單。

【32】However, when it comes to implementing that into reality in the field out there with the purpose of having a plant that is constantly operating, 24/7, reliably, then it becomes quite challenging.

然而,當(dāng)要將其付諸實(shí)踐, 讓工廠(chǎng)在現(xiàn)場(chǎng) 全天候可靠地 持續(xù)運(yùn)行, 這就變得非常有挑戰(zhàn)。

【33】Let me give you two examples why it is a challenge to capture and remove CO2 from the air.

讓我舉兩個(gè)例子說(shuō)明為什么 從空氣中捕獲和去除 二氧化碳是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)。

【34】First of all, there is not a lot of CO2 in the air.

首先, 空氣中的二氧化碳濃度并不高。

【35】We're currently at around 420 ppm.

目前（空氣中的）二氧化碳濃度 約為420ppm。

【36】That means one molecule out of 2,500 molecules in the air around us is CO2.

這意味著我們周?chē)諝饫锏?2,500 個(gè)分子中, 有一個(gè)分子是二氧化碳。

【37】That's not a lot.

這不是很多。

【38】And that means to extract only one ton of CO2 from the air, we need to filter around two million cubic meters of air.

這意味著從空氣中 提取一噸二氧化碳, 我們需要過(guò)濾大約 200 萬(wàn)立方米的空氣。

【39】That's about 800 Olympic swimming pools.

這約等于 800 個(gè) 奧林匹克游泳池（的體積）。

【40】And there's another way of picturing that, which I personally find quite puzzling.

還有另一種描述方式, 我個(gè)人覺(jué)得這很令人費(fèi)解。

【41】Imagine one of these filters with an inlet area of one meter by one meter.

想象一下其中一個(gè)過(guò)濾器, 它的入口面積為一米乘一米。

【42】And the amount of air, like, think of it as a block of air that you have to push through that filter inlet to take just one ton of CO2 out of the air, is 2,000 kilometers long.

待處理空氣量, 可以把它想象成一個(gè)空氣塊, 你必須把它推過(guò)過(guò)濾器入口, 目的是從空氣中去除一噸二氧化碳, 但這個(gè)空氣塊有兩千米長(zhǎng)。

【43】Another example why this is a challenge is that it is not so easy to find good, actually, the best sorbent materials, which are both high-performing and which can prevail outside there in the field with a long life.

另一個(gè)讓這成為挑戰(zhàn)的原因是 找到好的的吸附劑材料 或者說(shuō)最好的吸附劑材料并不容易, 這些吸附劑材料既要具有高性能, 又可以在戶(hù)外使用 并具有很長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。

【44】Now, in this next picture, you see Christoph and myself, cofounders of Climeworks, in the very early days of Climeworks, working on that.

在下一張圖片中, 您可以看到克里斯托弗和我本人 Climeworks的兩位聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人, 在Climeworks的早期階段, 正在為此努力。

【45】The very first sorbents, we produced them with our own hands, such as you would do your laundry if you didn't have a washing machine.

最初的吸附劑是我們親手生產(chǎn)的, 就像你在沒(méi)有洗衣機(jī)的情況下 洗衣服一樣。

【46】We set some sorbents on fire, and we produced hundreds of samples in the past 10 years.

我們燒制了一些吸附劑, 并在過(guò)去十年間制作了數(shù)百個(gè)樣品。

【47】Looking forward, thousands of more will come, very likely.

展望未來(lái), 很可能還會(huì)有成千上萬(wàn)的新樣品。

【48】Now, this is one way of doing it.

這是一種方法。

【49】We are doing that in our company, but many others are doing it.

我們公司是這么做的, 還有很多其他公司也是這么做的。

【50】There are companies out there, start-ups, more established companies and researchers and scientists.

也有更多初創(chuàng)公司, 更成熟的公司以及 更多研究人員和科學(xué)家。

【51】And that is a good thing because the challenge ahead of us is immense.

這是一件好事, 因?yàn)閿[在我們面前的挑戰(zhàn)是巨大的。

【52】Now let's step back and look at the big picture.

現(xiàn)在讓我們退后一步,宏觀地看。

【53】So where does this kind of technology fit into our overall fight against climate change?

這項(xiàng)技術(shù)在我們 應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的斗爭(zhēng)中 有什么用處呢？

【54】And it's important that first and foremost, the most important thing we need to do is, and will always stay, the drastic reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases.

首先,也是最重要的, 我們需要做的最重要的事情是, 并將永遠(yuǎn)是, 大幅減少溫室氣體的排放。

【55】Without that, we will have no chance of ever meeting any of our climate goals.

否則, 我們將永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)任何氣候目標(biāo)。

【56】Then in a second step, it will be important that we can all ramp up the capacity of extracting and removing CO2 from the atmosphere.

其次, 重要的是我們都可以提高 從大氣中捕獲和去除二氧化碳的能力。

【57】Now, when thinking about the latter, so far I've spoken about technology, but we shouldn't forget that also, nature offers several solutions to extract carbon from the air, such as forests and oceans.

在考慮后者時(shí),截止目前 我談的主要是關(guān)于技術(shù), 但我們也不應(yīng)該忘記, 大自然提供了多種 從空氣中捕獲碳的解決方案, 例如森林和海洋。

【58】And one element that is very important will be doubling down on these methods offered by nature, enhancing them and protecting them.

一個(gè)非常重要的因素是 加倍利用大自然提供的這些方法, 增強(qiáng)和保護(hù)它們。

【59】That is important.

這尤為重要。

【60】However, will it be sufficient to rely only on nature-based carbon sinks?

然而,僅僅依靠 基于自然的碳匯就足夠了嗎？

【61】Very likely not.

很可能不夠。

【62】Trees need time to grow and forests need space, and there is simply just not enough area available to plant entire continents of new forests, which we would need in order to capture many billions of tons of CO2 from the atmosphere.

樹(shù)木需要時(shí)間才能生長(zhǎng), 森林需要空間, 但根本沒(méi)有足夠的可用面積來(lái)種植 覆蓋整個(gè)大陸的新森林, 而我們需要這些面積的森林 才能從大氣中捕獲 數(shù)十億噸二氧化碳。

【63】And therefore, besides preserving all these nature-based solutions and enhancing them, it will be very important to scale up technology-based solutions for large-scale carbon removal from the atmosphere.

因此, 除了保留并加強(qiáng) 這些自然的解決方案之外, 也需要推進(jìn)技術(shù)型解決方案, 從大氣中大規(guī)模地去除碳。

【64】Now, I often get asked if you build direct air capture plants like the one we saw before, is that a license to continue polluting?

我經(jīng)常被問(wèn)到 如果建造直接空氣捕獲廠(chǎng), 像我們剛剛看到的那樣, 這是繼續(xù)污染的通行證嗎？

【65】It is clearly not.

顯然不是。

【66】Direct air capture is not a silver bullet, but it is a must-have.

直接空氣捕獲技術(shù) 不是靈丹妙藥,而是必須的。

【67】Had we stopped emitting 20, 30 years ago, or at least substantially reduced our emissions, Climeworks and this whole emerging industry around us would likely not be here today.

如果我們?cè)缭?20 或 30 年前就停止排放了, 或者至少大幅減少了我們的排放, Climeworks和這個(gè)新興行業(yè) 如今可能就不會(huì)存在了。

【68】And for the climate, that would probably be the better solution.

對(duì)于氣候而言, 這可能是更好的解決方案。

【69】However, that's not where we are today.

然而,這早已不是我們目前的處境。

【70】Today, the IPCC has indicated in their last report that technology-based solutions to remove carbon from the air are a necessity, and they included it [in] their models.

如今,IPCC在最新的報(bào)告中指出, 從空氣中去除碳的技術(shù)型解決方案 是必要的, 并且將其納入了他們的模型之中。

【71】And that is why this entire industry that is currently emerging now needs to double down on moving from small-scale and relatively expensive to larger-scale and cheap.

這就是為什么 目前正在興起的整個(gè)行業(yè) 需要加倍努力, 從小規(guī)模、高成本轉(zhuǎn)向 大規(guī)模和低成本。

【72】Double down on developing, deploying, learning and adjusting in the field.

加倍在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)、部署、 學(xué)習(xí)和調(diào)整。

【73】We have to develop markets, we have to develop policy.

我們必須開(kāi)發(fā)市場(chǎng), 我們必須制定政策。

【74】And we have to develop mechanisms to analyze the CO2 capture and other technical ways of removing CO2 that take care of the fact that by taking CO2 out of the air with machines and putting it down in the ground

我們必須開(kāi)發(fā)機(jī)制 來(lái)分析二氧化碳捕獲和 其他去除二氧化碳的技術(shù)方法, 這些方法考慮到這樣一個(gè)事實(shí), 即通過(guò)設(shè)備從空氣中提取二氧化碳 并將其封存入地下,

【75】we have one of the most permanent ways of storing the CO2 away for millions of years.

通過(guò)最長(zhǎng)久的方法之一 將二氧化碳儲(chǔ)存數(shù)百萬(wàn)年。

【76】Now let's get back one step, and let's get back to today where we are.

現(xiàn)在讓我們后退一步, 讓我們回到目前的情景。

【77】And let's get back to the present, to what is concrete.

讓我們回到當(dāng)下,回到具體的事情。

【78】Let's get back to Iceland and our Orca plant.

回到冰島,回到Orca工廠(chǎng)。

【79】I've told you before how these collectors extract CO2 from the air.

我已經(jīng)告知大家這些收集器 如何從空氣中捕獲二氧化碳。

【80】Now, how do we make sure that it really permanently stays locked away?

那么我們?cè)撊绾未_保它 真正永久地保持封存狀態(tài)？

【81】For that reason, in Iceland, we have partnered up with a company Carbfix and have developed a method for permanent carbon storage through mineralization.

因此我們?cè)诒鶏u, 與Carbfix公司合作, 開(kāi)發(fā)了一種技術(shù), 通過(guò)礦化永久儲(chǔ)存碳。

【82】What they do is they take the CO2, mix it with water, and inject it into underground volcanic, so-called basalt rock formations.

他們所做的是 將捕獲的二氧化碳與水混合, 然后注入地下火山, 即所謂的玄武巖巖層。

【83】That is one of the most abundant stone or stone material that you find on Earth.

這是人類(lèi)在地球上發(fā)現(xiàn)的 最豐富的巖石或石材之一。

【84】And by doing so, the CO2 binds with the rock, it mineralizes, and it literally turns into stone within two years, hundreds of meters underground.

通過(guò)這樣做, 二氧化碳與巖石結(jié)合并礦化, 在兩年內(nèi)在地下數(shù)百米處 真正地變成巖石。

【85】The good thing about that method is that it is very tangible, and it's very easy to understand.

這種方法的好處是效果非常直觀, 而且非常容易理解。

【86】And for that purpose, I've brought this rock sample here for you.

為此,我為大家?guī)?lái)了 這個(gè)巖石樣本。

【87】That is taken actually from a drill core of a basalt rock formation hundreds of meters underground.

這是取自地下數(shù)百米的 玄武巖巖層的鉆芯實(shí)物。

【88】And what you can see here, that's a black rock, which is the black basalt rock, containing some white crystals.

你眼前的是一塊黑色的巖石, 也就是黑色的玄武巖, 里面有一些白色的晶體。

【89】And these crystals are CO2 turned into stone underground and locked away.

這些晶體就是在地下變成巖石 并封存起來(lái)的二氧化碳。

【90】Now I explained to you one method of doing this.

現(xiàn)在我向大家解釋了 （碳封存的）一種方法。

【91】There are several other methods out there.

還有更多的方法。

【92】There are several other techniques, other technologies.

還有更多的技術(shù)和更多的科技。

【93】But the important thing about it is that this thing is out there.

但重要的是我們已經(jīng)有了這些技術(shù)。

【94】It's in practice, it's operating, and we are learning from it.

我們?cè)趯?shí)踐、運(yùn)行這些技術(shù), 也在從中學(xué)習(xí)。

【95】And that is so essential for this new industry.

這對(duì)于這個(gè)新興行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)尤為重要。

【96】And we have learned a lot, actually.

實(shí)際上,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)到了很多東西。

【97】We have learned how to operate on hot, dry summer days.

我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 如何在炎熱干燥的夏季運(yùn)行設(shè)備。

【98】We learned to operate them in pouring rain.

我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 如何在暴雨中運(yùn)行設(shè)備。

【99】And we even had to learn how to operate them on a just normal day.

我們甚至必須學(xué)習(xí) 如何在平常的一天運(yùn)行設(shè)備。

【100】We had to learn how to ramp up the Orca plant immediately after an Icelandic snowstorm.

我們必須學(xué)習(xí)在冰島暴風(fēng)雪過(guò)后, 如何快速地對(duì)Orca工廠(chǎng)升溫。

【101】And this all is what we need in order to deploy these plants all over the world.

這就是我們所需要的, 從而實(shí)現(xiàn)在世界各地 部署同類(lèi)型工廠(chǎng)。

【102】We should deploy them all over the world because we do need so many of them.

我們應(yīng)該在世界各地部署這些工廠(chǎng), 因?yàn)槲覀兇_實(shí)需要非常多的處理廠(chǎng)。

【103】We can deploy them all over the world because the air is everywhere around us and the CO2 is almost the same concentration everywhere where we are.

我們可以在世界各地部署工廠(chǎng), 因?yàn)槲覀冎車(chē)教幎际强諝? 而且我們所在的任何地方的 二氧化碳濃度幾乎相同。

【104】So it doesn't matter where we capture the CO2.

因此,我們?cè)谀睦?捕獲二氧化碳并不重要。

【105】And for that reason, and in the spirit of deploying more, in June of this year we have announced the next step on our Climeworks scale-up road map, which is named Mammoth, and that is what you see here.

因此, 為了部署更多的處理廠(chǎng), 在今年 6 月 我們宣布了Climeworks 下一步擴(kuò)展路線(xiàn)圖, 名為Mammoth（猛犸象號(hào)）, 就是大家現(xiàn)在看到的。

【106】That is a plant which is nine times larger than the Orca plant, that will be in Iceland as well.

這是一個(gè)比Orca 大九倍的處理廠(chǎng), 也建在冰島。

【107】And the first tons of CO2 will be captured by the end of 2023.

到 2023 年底 將捕獲到第一噸二氧化碳。

【108】This winter, we will finalize the first building before the snow starts.

今年冬天, 我們將在下雪前建成第一座建筑。

【109】Now there is a big challenge ahead of us.

現(xiàn)在擺在我們面前的 是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

【110】And actually, you can only really understand what this challenge is and really quantify it if you build these things out there, make mistakes and learn from them.

事實(shí)上,要真正地理解 面前的挑戰(zhàn) 并且去量化這個(gè)挑戰(zhàn), 需要在建設(shè)這些設(shè)備的同時(shí), 不斷犯錯(cuò)誤并從中吸取教訓(xùn)。

【111】So it's a hard problem.

所以這是一個(gè)難題。

【112】It's not a simple problem to solve, and there is no easy solution to it.

這不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題, 也沒(méi)有簡(jiǎn)單的解決方案。

【113】And without action like this, there is no solution at all.

如果不采取這樣的行動(dòng), 根本就不會(huì)有解決辦法。

【114】And so when I started looking back at the last 15 years, what we have been doing, I'm now looking forward to the next 15 years that are to come because that is what we need.

所以當(dāng)我開(kāi)始回顧過(guò)去的十五年間, 我們一直努力的事情時(shí), 我會(huì)翹首以盼未來(lái)十五年的到來(lái), 因?yàn)槟鞘俏覀兇蠹宜枰摹?/p>

【115】Thank you.

謝謝。