TED演講者：Ksenia Petrichenko / 柯賽妮亞· 佩特里琴科

演講標(biāo)題：What if buildings created energy instead of consuming it? / 要是建筑物不只消耗也會(huì)生產(chǎn)能源？

內(nèi)容概要：Buildings are bad news for the climate -- but they don't have to be. While our structures are currently responsible for a third of global energy consumption and emissions, a future where they create more energy than they consume is possible. Energy policy analyst Ksenia Petrichenko has a three-tiered strategy for thinking differently about buildings, transforming them from passive users to active players in the energy system and bringing us closer to our climate targets.

建筑物對(duì)氣候來說是個(gè)壞消息——但不一定如此。雖然建筑目前占全球能源消耗和排放量的三分之一，但未來建筑產(chǎn)生的能源可能超過消耗的能源。能源政策分析師柯賽妮亞· 佩特里琴科提出三層戰(zhàn)略，以不同的方式思考建筑物，讓建筑從被動(dòng)用戶轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟茉聪到y(tǒng)中的主動(dòng)參與者，從而幫助我們更接近氣候目標(biāo)。

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【1】Buildings are not only what they seem.

建筑物不僅是外表的樣子。

【2】They aren't just inert structures to live and work in.

它們不只是我們在其中 生活和工作的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)。

【3】They're connected to the energy system.

建筑物會(huì)連結(jié)能源系統(tǒng),

【4】And this makes buildings an essential element of the efforts to decarbonize our world.

因此建筑成為實(shí)現(xiàn) 脫碳目標(biāo)的重要因子。

【5】Today, I want to talk about changing our thinking around the role of buildings in the energy system and how they can transform to bring us closer to our climate targets.

今天,我想談?wù)劯淖冋J(rèn)知, 有關(guān)建筑在能源系統(tǒng)中的角色, 以及建筑如何轉(zhuǎn)變才能 幫助我們達(dá)成氣候目標(biāo)。

【6】But first, I want to take you to where I grew up, in this building in a mid-sized city in Russia.

但首先,我想帶你去我長大的地方, 在俄羅斯一個(gè)中等城市的這座大樓里。

【7】To me, it looked [like] just a great concrete box, like many others.

對(duì)我來說,它看起來 就像是個(gè)混凝土大箱子, 跟許多大樓一樣。

【8】There are indeed numerous buildings like this across Europe and Central Asia, inherited from Soviet times.

歐洲和中亞的確有很多這樣的建筑, 從蘇聯(lián)時(shí)代傳承下來的。

【9】They were built quickly to house as many people as possible, without much consideration for their design, comfort and energy usage.

它們的建造速度很快, 要容納盡可能多的人, 所以沒有考慮太多設(shè)計(jì)、 舒適度和能源使用。

【10】This is true of many, many buildings across the world.

世界上許多建筑都是如此。

【11】Nondescript housing and office boxes, built fast and cheap, and all connected to the energy system.

不起眼的住房和辦公室大樓, 建造得又快又便宜, 也都和能源系統(tǒng)相連。

【12】I live in Paris now, and though buildings there look much nicer, from the perspective of energy, issues are similar.

我現(xiàn)在住在巴黎, 雖然那里的建筑看起來好很多, 從能源的角度來看, 卻有相同的問題。

【13】High energy consumption, reliance on fossil fuels and high energy costs, driven even higher by the current energy crisis.

高耗能、依賴化石燃料 和高能源價(jià)格, 在當(dāng)前能源危機(jī)的推動(dòng)下 甚至更加上漲。

【14】In Paris, I work with International Energy Agency, and we advise governments across the world on various energy issues.

在巴黎,我在國際能源署工作, 我們就各種能源問題 向世界各國政府提供建議。

【15】And for that, we look at data a lot.

為此,我們經(jīng)常查看數(shù)據(jù)。

【16】And our data shows that at the global scale, buildings are responsible for about one third of total energy consumption and energy- and process-related carbon dioxide emissions.

我們的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在全球范圍內(nèi), 建筑物約占三分之一的總能源消耗 以及跟能源和過程相關(guān)的 二氧化碳排放量。

【17】In Europe, for example, 90 percent of buildings that exist today will still be standing and in use by 2050.

例如,在歐洲,現(xiàn)存 90% 的建筑物 到 2050 年仍將在使用中。

【18】We are also building more new buildings.

我們也會(huì)建造更多的新建筑物。

【19】Our data shows that the global floor area is expected to increase by 75 percent by mid-century.

我們的數(shù)據(jù)顯示, 到本世紀(jì)中葉,全球建筑面積 預(yù)計(jì)將增加 75%。

【20】This is equivalent to adding an area the size of Paris every week for the next 30 years.

這相當(dāng)于在接下來的 30 年里 每周增加一個(gè)巴黎大小的區(qū)域。

【21】If this happens with energy consumption patterns of today, this alone will make it very difficult to achieve our climate targets.

如果這種情況伴隨著 當(dāng)今能源消費(fèi)模式, 光這點(diǎn)就很難達(dá)成我們的氣候目標(biāo)。

【22】Fortunately, we do have solutions available to reduce direct emissions from buildings by more than 95 percent by 2050.

幸運(yùn)的是,我們確實(shí)有方法 可以在 2050 年前, 將建筑物的直接排放量 減少 95% 以上。

【23】And for this, we need three things: efficiency, electrification and decarbonization.

為此,我們需要三件事: 效率、電氣化和脫碳。

【24】Energy efficiency must come first.

能源效率必須放在第一位。

【25】And in buildings, it should be improved in two ways.

在建筑方面,應(yīng)該 從兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行改善。

【26】First, through improving energy efficiency of the building envelope with better materials, design solutions, insulation of walls, roofs, basements, energy-efficient windows.

首先,提高建筑外殼的能源效率, 使用更好的材料、設(shè)計(jì)方案、 改善墻壁、屋頂、地下室 和節(jié)能窗戶的隔熱。

【27】Second, through improving energy efficiency of all appliances and equipment used in building -- for space heating and cooling, water heating, lighting, cooking, working and entertainment.

其次,提高建筑裏使用的 所有電器和設(shè)備的能源效率— 暖氣和冷氣、熱水、 照明、 烹飪、工作和娛樂。

【28】However, energy efficiency, as they say, takes a village.

然而,正如人們所知, 能源效率需要齊力而為。

【29】Many forces and interests interact during construction and renovation of a building.

在建筑物建造和整修過程中, 多方力量和利益相互影響。

【30】The developers, the owners, the regulators, the architects, the suppliers of technologies, the market itself exerting price pressure.

開發(fā)商、業(yè)主、監(jiān)管者、 建筑師、 技術(shù)供應(yīng)商、 加上市場本身施加價(jià)格壓力。

【31】All these need to be aligned.

所有方面都需要同步齊心。

【32】And it all starts with the governments mandating minimum energy efficiency requirements through their regulation, putting the right incentives in place and providing clear information tools.

這一切始于政府,通過監(jiān)管, 強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行最低能源效率要求, 制定正確的激勵(lì)措施 并提供清晰的資訊工具。

【33】Building energy codes, standards and labeling for appliances and equipment, as well as buildings, are among the most effective instruments at our disposal -- if they're enforced well and together with other supporting mechanisms.

建筑能源法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和 電器、設(shè)備及建筑物的標(biāo)示 都是我們可以使用的最有效工具—— 如果妥善實(shí)施,并與 其他支持機(jī)制并行。

【34】Energy efficiency in buildings also depends on us as consumers, the choices we make, buildings we decide to live in, appliances and devices we buy and the way we use them at home or our workplaces.

建筑物的能源效率 還取決于我們消費(fèi)者、 我們做出的選擇、 我們決定居住的建筑物、 我們購買的電器和設(shè)備、 以及我們在家裏或工作場所 使用它們的方式。

【35】So what is the result of improving energy efficiency?

那么,提高能源效率會(huì)有什么效果？

【36】Significant energy savings, reduced CO2 emissions, lower energy bills and improved comfort, productivity and health of people living in them.

顯著的能源節(jié)約, 二氧化碳排放減少, 電費(fèi)支出降低, 居民的舒適度、生產(chǎn)力和健康改善。

【37】The second thing we need is a massive shift towards electricity.

我們需要的第二件事是 大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)向電力發(fā)電。

【38】And of course I mean clean, decarbonized electricity produced from solar, wind and other low-carbon sources.

當(dāng)然,我指的是清潔的低碳電力, 由太陽、風(fēng)和其他低碳能源生產(chǎn)。

【39】If we look at Europe, for instance, more than 40 percent of households rely on natural gas for space heating and cooking.

例如,在歐洲, 超過 40% 的家庭 依賴天然氣取暖和烹飪。

【40】To complicate matters, 40 percent of all gas consumed in Europe last year was imported from Russia.

讓事情復(fù)雜化的是, 去年歐洲消耗的所有天然氣中 有 40% 是從俄羅斯進(jìn)口的。

【41】So there is a climate imperative, but also a strong geopolitical and energy security imperative to electrify and decarbonize our buildings and make them as efficient as possible.

因此,面對(duì)迫切的氣候因素, 加上地緣政治和能源安全的重要性, 我們的建筑必須達(dá)成電氣化和脫碳, 并盡可能提高效率。

【42】This doesn't only mean replacing energy supply from a gas pipeline with energy supply from an electric line.

這不只是用電力線的能源供應(yīng) 取代天然氣管道的能源供應(yīng)。

【43】And here I reach back to my opening point.

在這里,我回到我的開場白。

【44】We need to look at buildings differently.

我們需要以不同的方式看待建筑物。

【45】Not only as great concrete boxes, as I used to do, but as potential active players in the energy system.

不再是我以前認(rèn)知的混凝土大箱子, 而是能源系統(tǒng)中潛在的主動(dòng)參與者。

【46】So how can we make buildings active?

那么我們怎樣才能讓建筑主動(dòng)參與呢？

【47】Through installing efficient and low-carbon technologies such as solar panels, heat pumps, energy storage, making use of smart and digital tools.

通過安裝高效低碳技術(shù), 如太陽能電板、 熱泵、儲(chǔ)能裝置等 同時(shí)利用智慧數(shù)位工具。

【48】All technologies we already have, and in many cases their costs are decreasing.

這些技術(shù)我們都有, 在多數(shù)情況下,它們的成本正在降低。

【49】Let me introduce a word we don't often hear: “prosumer.” Think of a building not only as a consumer of energy, but as prosumer, both consuming and producing.

容我介紹一個(gè)我們不常聽到的詞: 產(chǎn)消者（prosumer）。 將建筑物不僅視為能源消費(fèi)者, 也視為產(chǎn)消者, 既消費(fèi)又生產(chǎn)。

【50】Most buildings can produce at least part of the energy they need.

大多數(shù)建筑物至少可以 生產(chǎn)所需的部分能源。

【51】In many cases, they can produce more.

許多時(shí)候,他們可以生產(chǎn)更多。

【52】Such buildings already exist in many parts of the world.

這樣的建筑已經(jīng)存在于世界各地。

【53】In Switzerland, for example, there is even a single family house that produces 800 percent of the energy it needs.

例如,在瑞士, 甚至有個(gè)家庭住宅 可以生產(chǎn)其所需能源的八倍。

【54】But still, we have a long way to go to make them a common practice.

但要使這樣的建筑成為普遍, 我們還有很長的路要走。

【55】Besides challenges with improving energy efficiency and installing low-carbon technologies, another obstacle is that our electricity networks, or grids, as we call them, were designed to operate with large centralized sources of generation, like power plants.

除了提高能源效率和 安裝低碳技術(shù)設(shè)施的挑戰(zhàn)外, 另一個(gè)障礙是我們的電力網(wǎng)絡(luò), 或所謂的電網(wǎng), 原先是設(shè)計(jì)跟大型集中式發(fā)電源, 如發(fā)電廠,一起運(yùn)行。

【56】And their design hasn't changed much over the past century.

電網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)在近百年沒有太大變化。

【57】So increasing decentralized or distributed, smaller-scale generation, especially from variable renewable sources like solar and wind, can really put pressure on existing electricity grids and challenge their stability.

因此,增加分散式 或分布式的小規(guī)模發(fā)電, 尤其是來自太陽能和風(fēng)能等 可變可再生能源的發(fā)電, 確實(shí)會(huì)給現(xiàn)有電網(wǎng)帶來壓力, 并考驗(yàn)其穩(wěn)定性。

【58】So we also need to rethink the way our entire electricity system is designed.

因此,我們還需要重新思考 整個(gè)電力系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方式。

【59】Smart grids can communicate to a building through software algorithms and smart controls, and, for example, send a signal to a connected device, such as your heating system, to temporarily stop or reduce energy use, or, if possible, shift it to the time when electricity is more available, cleaner or cheaper.

智慧電網(wǎng)可以通過軟體演算法 和智慧控制與建筑物溝通, 例如,向連接的設(shè)備 （如暖氣系統(tǒng)）發(fā)送信號(hào), 以暫時(shí)停止或減少能源使用, 或者,如果可以,將設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)移到 電力更多、更清潔或更便宜的時(shí)段。

【60】This can really improve the robustness of the electricity network and help to avoid, for example, rolling blackouts, which are becoming more common, while consumers can get paid for it.

這可以真正提高電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)的穩(wěn)健性, 并有助于避免越來越常見的輪流停電, 同時(shí)消費(fèi)者可以得到收益。

【61】If you have an electric car and you keep it plugged in for a prolonged period of time, a smart charger can help to find the best time to charge it, depending on the information from the grid.

如果你有一輛電動(dòng)汽車, 并且長時(shí)間插電, 智慧充電器可以幫忙 找到最佳充電時(shí)間, 依來自電網(wǎng)的資訊判斷。

【62】This can help save you money and support the electricity system.

這可以幫你省錢并支援電力系統(tǒng)。

【63】It gets even more interesting.

更有趣的是,

【64】Electric cars are essentially batteries on wheels, so they can also be used as energy storage and dispatch electricity to the home or to the grid at the time of need.

電動(dòng)汽車本質(zhì)上是裝在輪子上的電池, 因此它們也可以用來儲(chǔ)能, 并在需要時(shí),將電能 輸送到家庭或電網(wǎng)。

【65】A building itself can be used to store energy for some time, but you need to make it energy-efficient first.

建筑物本身可以用來 儲(chǔ)存一段時(shí)間的能源, 但你需要先讓它節(jié)能。

【66】Potentially you can also get paid for making your energy storage available for electricity system to store renewable electricity when there is too much of it,

當(dāng)可再生電力過多時(shí),你還可以 利用你的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)電, 再賣給電力系統(tǒng)而獲得報(bào)酬,

【67】for example, when there is a lot of sunshine or wind, but demand is not high enough to use it all.

例如,有大量陽光或風(fēng), 但需求不夠高,電力用不完。

【68】It's almost like renting your spare bedroom on Airbnb, just for hosting electricity.

這幾乎就像在愛彼迎上 租用你的空房, 不過是租給電力住。

【69】Now imagine a future with many, many buildings, solar panels, electric cars, energy storage, other distributed devices, drawing electricity from the grid and supplying electricity back to it.

現(xiàn)在想像一個(gè)未來,有很多很多建筑物、 太陽能電板、電動(dòng)汽車、 儲(chǔ)能裝置和其他分布設(shè)備, 從電網(wǎng)中汲取電力,也回供電力。

【70】Obviously we would need a way to manage all this data efficiently and in real time, make sure that devices interact well with each other and are able to communicate to the grid and optimize electricity demand and supply for the entire system.

顯然,我們需要一種方法來 高效、即時(shí)地管理所有數(shù)據(jù), 確保設(shè)備之間的良好配合, 并能夠與電網(wǎng)溝通, 從而優(yōu)化整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的電力需求和供應(yīng)。

【71】Virtual power plants, digital and intelligent platforms can do just that.

虛擬電廠、數(shù)位智慧平臺(tái) 可以做到這一點(diǎn)。

【72】They can aggregate electricity consumption and production from many distributed resources, make use of local storage and manage complex interactions.

他們可以聚合來自許多 分布資源的電力消耗和生產(chǎn), 利用本地存儲(chǔ),并管理復(fù)雜的互動(dòng)。

【73】Virtual power plants can also facilitate peer-to-peer renewable electricity trading.

虛擬電廠還可以促進(jìn) 點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)可再生電力的交易。

【74】Imagine that electricity that your building produced, for example, from solar panels, but you don't need at the moment, you can sell directly to another building that needs it via an online platform.

想像一下,例如,你的房子生產(chǎn) 來自太陽能電板的電力, 但你目前用不上, 你可以通過線上平臺(tái)直接出售 給另一座需要電力的建筑物。

【75】A project like this has been running already for several years in one of the districts in Bangkok and is showing benefits to the consumers, the grid and the planet.

像這樣的項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)在曼谷的 一個(gè)地區(qū)運(yùn)行了數(shù)年, 也展現(xiàn)對(duì)消費(fèi)者、 電網(wǎng)和地球的好處。

【76】There are other pilot projects like this in different countries, but for them to scale, our policy frameworks and electricity market design need to undergo substantial changes.

在不同國家還有其他類似的實(shí)驗(yàn)計(jì)畫, 但如要擴(kuò)大規(guī)模, 我們的政策框架和電力市場設(shè)計(jì) 還需要進(jìn)行重大改革。

【77】Our buildings need to become more efficient and grids need to evolve into smarter managers of distributed energy resources.

我們的建筑需要變得更加高效, 電網(wǎng)需要進(jìn)化成為更具智慧的 分布式能源管理中心。

【78】It's a dramatic shift.

這是一個(gè)戲劇性的轉(zhuǎn)變。

【79】It's like going from all-television world with a single broadcaster to a new, connected world where everyone can generate and share their own content.

這就像從單一廣播公司的全電視時(shí)代 進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的互聯(lián)世界, 每個(gè)人都可以制作和分享自己的內(nèi)容。

【80】Remember that building I grew up in?

還記得我長大的那棟樓嗎？

【81】You might be surprised, but during winter, it would often get too hot inside the apartment, even if it was -30 outside.

您可能會(huì)感到驚訝, 在冬天,即使外面是 -30 度, 公寓內(nèi)的溫度經(jīng)常變得太熱。

【82】It was because of highly inefficient central heating system, which we couldn't control or do anything about.

這是因?yàn)橹醒肱瘹庀到y(tǒng)效率極低, 而且我們無法調(diào)控或采取任何措施。

【83】So we did this.

所以我們只好這么做。

【84】Yes. We had to open the windows to get some fresh air and more comfort.

是的。我們不得不打開窗戶 以獲得新鮮空氣和更舒適的環(huán)境。

【85】Now I want to take you to my current flat in Paris, where I have tiny but very smart boxes attached to my electric heaters, which can automatically turn them on and off, maintaining comfortable temperatures, lowering my energy bills and providing flexibility to the grid.

現(xiàn)在我想帶你去我目前在巴黎的公寓, 我的電熱器上裝有小巧的智慧控制盒, 它可以自動(dòng)開關(guān)電熱器, 保持舒適的溫度, 降低我的電費(fèi)支出并為電網(wǎng)提供彈性。

【86】And I can control all that on my smartphone.

這些我都可以在手機(jī)上控制。

【87】The technologies -- that we have.

我們已經(jīng)有這些技術(shù),

【88】Now we need the policies, the investments, the will -- and a new way to look at buildings not just passive users of energy, but as active players in the energy system.

現(xiàn)在我們需要政策、投資、意愿—— 以及一種新的方式來看待建筑,不再將建筑視為能源的被動(dòng)用戶, 而是能源系統(tǒng)中的積極參與者。

【89】Buildings that can consume and produce energy efficiently, interact with a smart grid and respond to its signals, providing flexibility and bringing us closer to our climate targets.

建筑能夠高效使用及生產(chǎn)能源、 與智慧電網(wǎng)互動(dòng)、回應(yīng) 其訊息,提供彈性, 并幫助我們更接近氣候目標(biāo)。

【90】Thank you.

謝謝。

【91】(Applause)