正文翻譯
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Why didn't any of the four ancient civilizations originate from Europe?

為何四大古代文明都不是起源于歐洲？

評(píng)論翻譯
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：翻譯熊 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Joshua Moshiach, Executive Assistant (2013-present)
…because of this little guy, and itsevolution.
Wheat was a wild plant native tohighlands of the Anatolian Plateau. It took the hunter-gatherers of Anatolia afew thousand years to domesticate wheat.
At first, wheat was another wild plantthat people could eat. Then, people started to cultivate wheat, and the processof sextive breeding started.
Wild wheatwas a mountain plant that liked cold snowy winters and hot dry summer. It tookquite some time to grow this plant in Mesopotamia, where winters are warmer.Once a suitable breed was achieved, everything changed. Mesopotamia, Egypt andthe Indus Valley thrived with abundance of food, and the first civilizationswere born.
NorthernEurope wasn't suitable for wheat cultivation. European summers were wetter andcooler. The landscape was filled with forest. It took thousands of years forthe Northern Europeans to develop a breed of wheat good enough to compete withthe Mesopotamian wheat, and to cut all the forests for fields.

Joshua Moshiach, 執(zhí)行助理 (2013至今)
因?yàn)檫@個(gè)小家伙，以及關(guān)于它的革命。

小麥原產(chǎn)于安納托利亞高原的一種野生植物。安納托利亞的狩獵采集者花了幾千年才馴化了小麥。
起初，小麥?zhǔn)橇硪环N人們可以食用的野生植物。然后，人們開(kāi)始種植小麥，選擇性育種的過(guò)程也開(kāi)始了。
野生小麥?zhǔn)且环N山地植物，喜歡寒冷多雪的冬天和炎熱干燥的夏天。這種植物在美索不達(dá)米亞生長(zhǎng)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，那里的冬天比較暖和。一旦找到合適的品種，一切都改變了。美索不達(dá)米亞、埃及和印度河流域因食物豐富而興旺發(fā)達(dá)，第一批文明由此誕生。

（歐洲的森林采伐：左為公元前1000年，右為公園1500年，其中英格蘭和威爾士的森林覆蓋率從90%下降至17%）
而北歐不適合種植小麥。歐洲的夏天更加潮濕和涼爽。這里到處都是森林。北歐人花了數(shù)千年的時(shí)間才培育出一種足以與美索不達(dá)米亞小麥競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的優(yōu)質(zhì)小麥品種，并將所有森林砍伐成農(nóng)田。

Derek Kent, former Support Worker (2005-2016)
The oldest civilizations that I am aware ofare in order from the oldest : Mesopotamia, The Indus Valley, Egypt and TheMayan’s. Basically it boils down to climate, river systems and the fertility ofthe land. There are many others. At that time Europe was mostly forest. Youwill note that none of these civilizations was started in a forest. Europedoesn’t have a stable climate. It has seasons that are far more extreme. Theland was nowhere near as fertile. Plenty of game to hunt but not much free landon which to plant the crops necessary to feed a city.
You need an urban center, because thensome population can do things other than work to feed themselves. You get alarger leisured class with more free time to think. Elsewhere people are toobusy surviving to work out a writing system and civil code.
Derek Kent, 前護(hù)工(2005-2016)

我所知道的最古老的文明來(lái)自最古老的文明:美索不達(dá)米亞文明、印度河流域文明、埃及文明和瑪雅文明?；旧峡梢詺w結(jié)為氣候、河流系統(tǒng)和土地的肥沃程度。
還有很多其他的。那時(shí)歐洲大部分是森林。你會(huì)注意到這些文明都不是起源于森林。歐洲的氣候并不穩(wěn)定。它的季節(jié)要極端得多。而且這片土地遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有那么肥沃?？晒┽鳙C的獵物很多，但可供種植農(nóng)作物以養(yǎng)活城市自由土地卻不多。
你需要一個(gè)城市中心，因?yàn)檫@樣一些人就可以做一些工作以外的事情來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己。你會(huì)有更多的空閑時(shí)間去思考。在其他地方，人們忙于生存，無(wú)暇制定一套書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)和民法典。

Jeff Verkouille, traveller, expat, student of the world,still learning...
If I remember correctly Jared Diamond hasa useful map in his text Guns Germs and Steel early on showing the spread ofdomesticated crops across Eurasia.
Given the starting point in the Tigrisand Euphrates river valleys the knowledge of agriculture and the crop varietiesnecessary for different local climates took awhile to spread outward.
Europeans were still largely herders whenSumeria, Egypt, and the Indus Valley civilizations were waxing and waning.China was, as always, its own unique civilization, creating its own path farfrom the other three who enjoyed robust trade among each other. China grew adifferent set of crops as well, with rice the principle grain, contrasting towheat in the Indus River Valley, Sumeria, and Egypt.
As the crops and the the knowledge ofagriculture expanded people began to settle down and build permanentstructures. Archeology digs reveal a predictable pattern of settlements, towns,and eventually cities radiating out from the Middle East over time anddistance, documenting the spread of civilization.
The eastern Mediterranean shoresprospered first, then islands across the sea, and finally colonies from theGreeks, Phoenicians and others appear in Africa and Italy and Spain. The reallatecomers were the northern Europeans, who would not be tamed until well intothe Middle Ages.
Now woven among the threads of thisconventional narrative are acknowledgements that various local exceptions cropup: Malta has ruins going back to the Neolithic and Stonehenge is but the mostfamous of northern European cultural remnants, not the oldest nor only. Soaspects of civilization did spread to Europe, and there is evidence forhomegrown local cultures with a fair degree of sophistication.
But if we’re talking written records andtechnology the big players are closer to the starting point in Iraq.

如果我沒(méi)記錯(cuò)的話，賈里德·戴蒙德在他的著作《槍炮、細(xì)菌和鋼鐵》中有一幅有用的地圖，顯示了馴化作物在歐亞大陸的傳播。
考慮到以底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河流域作為起點(diǎn)，以及農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)和不同地方氣候所需的作物品種的原因，向外傳播需要時(shí)間。
當(dāng)蘇美爾、埃及和印度河流域文明盛衰交替的時(shí)候，歐洲人基本上還是牧民。中國(guó)一如既往地?fù)碛凶约邯?dú)特的文明，創(chuàng)造了自己的道路，與其他三個(gè)享有強(qiáng)勁貿(mào)易往來(lái)的國(guó)家截然不同。

中國(guó)也種植了一套不同的農(nóng)作物，以大米為主要谷物，與印度河流域、蘇美爾和埃及的小麥形成鮮明對(duì)比。
隨著農(nóng)作物和農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展，人們開(kāi)始定居下來(lái)并建造永久性的建筑。考古發(fā)掘揭示了一個(gè)可預(yù)測(cè)的模式：定居點(diǎn)，城鎮(zhèn)，最終隨著時(shí)間推移從中東輻射開(kāi)來(lái)的城市，記錄了文明的傳播。

東地中海沿岸首先繁榮起來(lái)，然后是隔海相望的島嶼，最后來(lái)自希臘、腓尼基和其他國(guó)家的殖民地出現(xiàn)在非洲、意大利和西班牙。真正的后來(lái)者是北歐人，他們直到中世紀(jì)才被馴服。
如今，在這種傳統(tǒng)敘事的脈絡(luò)中，交織著對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)馗鞣N例外情況的承認(rèn):馬耳他有可以追溯到新石器時(shí)代的遺跡，而巨石陣也只是北歐最著名的文化遺存，它既不是最古老的，也不是唯一的。

所以文明的各個(gè)方面確實(shí)傳播到了歐洲，有證據(jù)表明本土文化具有相當(dāng)程度的復(fù)雜性。
但如果我們談?wù)摰氖菚?shū)面記錄和技術(shù)，那都是離伊拉克最近的那些大玩家們。

Irene Fuerst
Not true. The Minoans traded with theEgyptians.

不對(duì)。米諾斯人曾與埃及人做生意。

Bill William, BS, MA, All but Dissertat Economics& History, All But Dissertation University of Florida, Economics; BA NM...
And the Minoans lived where? Besides,Egypt was ‘a(chǎn)ncient’ even before the Minoans could write.

那米諾斯人生活在哪兒的？另外，甚至在米諾斯人能寫(xiě)字之前，埃及就很“古老”了。

Irene Fuerst
The Minoans lived on Crete. You knowthat. They were the first European Bronze Age civilization. Pictures of Cretansappear on Egyptian tombs. Egyptian civilization lasted for so long that othercultures could rise and fall and still be contemporaneous. In fact, the Induscivilization did that.

米諾斯人生活在克里特島。你知道的。
他們是歐洲第一個(gè)青銅時(shí)代的文明?？死锾厝说膱D畫(huà)出現(xiàn)在埃及的墳?zāi)股稀?br/>埃及文明持續(xù)了如此之久，以至其他文化可以起起落落，但仍然是同時(shí)代的。事實(shí)上，印度河文明就是這種情況。

Bill William, BS, MA, All but Dissertat Economics& History, All But Dissertation University of Florida, Economics; BA NM...
If you were living on a Swiss lake in2000 BC would have been very cold and very hungry. The Helveti that JuliusCaeser intercepted were not traveling south to get an early seat at the Monacotables.

如果你生活在公元前2000年的瑞士湖邊，你會(huì)感到又冷又餓。
…………

Irene Fuerst
You would have been cold and hungry formuch of Europe’s history.

在歐洲大部分歷史里，你都會(huì)感到又冷又餓。

JasonAlmendra, Most Viewed WriterHistory 6Feb19/14May19 392k views
Europe north of the Alps has very toughclayey soil. There wasn't enough of a population to require writing. The easyto plow river valleys of the Huang basin, Mesopotamia, & Ancient Egyptgained larger populations to require a bureaucracy. Meso-America has freshwater cenotes. Europe's population only expanded when the horse collar wasintroduced from the Far East c.1000 AD.

阿爾卑斯山以北的歐洲有非常堅(jiān)硬的粘性土壤。
人口不足以到需要書(shū)面語(yǔ)的程度。
易于耕作的黃河流域、美索不達(dá)米亞和古埃及的河谷的人口增加，需要一個(gè)官僚機(jī)構(gòu)。
中美洲有淡水灰?guī)r坑。
直到馬項(xiàng)圈在公元1000年從遠(yuǎn)東傳入歐洲，歐洲人口才開(kāi)始增長(zhǎng)。

Plamen Galabov, Self Employed Video producer andPhotographer (1990-present)
The climate and the natural resources arethe logical answer to your question. However can we consider the questioncorrect? Look at this one;
“Bulgaria's Varna Gold Treasure isconsidered the oldest processed gold in the world dating back to thetime of the Chalcolithic (Aeneolithic, Copper Age) Varna Culture(usually dated to 4400-4100 BC). It was discovered in 1972 in the socalled Varna Chalcolithic Necropolis”.
A little is known about the civilizationaround and from the lands now under the Black sea. The human history stillkeeps secrets. What we read and learn is based on the discoveries and knowledgesystemised in the last few centuries. Even discovered and well studied theEgyptian pyramids or the amazing creations of the South American civilization areenigma for the modern science.

Plamen Galabov,視頻制作人和攝影師 (1990至今)
氣候和自然資源是你問(wèn)題的邏輯下的答案。然而，我們能正確地考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎?看看這個(gè)：
保加利亞的瓦爾納黃金寶藏被認(rèn)為是世界上最古老的加工黃金，可以追溯到銅器時(shí)代瓦爾納文化時(shí)期(通常可以追溯到公元前4400-4100年)。它于1972年在所謂的瓦爾納古石墓地被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
人們對(duì)周圍的文明以及現(xiàn)在黑海海底的陸地所知甚少。人類的歷史仍然是保密的。我們的閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)是基于過(guò)去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的發(fā)現(xiàn)和系統(tǒng)化的知識(shí)。
即使發(fā)現(xiàn)并研究了埃及金字塔或南美文明的驚人創(chuàng)造，對(duì)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)也是一個(gè)謎。

Sanjog Patel
Europe’s ancient civilisation wasdestroyed and usurped by the Romans. Etruscans are responsible for the progressof Rome. And Grimaldi culture was whitewashed over the years. Civilisationsflourish under polytheism and then history gets rewritten by invadingmonotheistic dictatorship

歐洲的古代文明被羅馬人摧毀和篡奪了。
伊特魯里亞人對(duì)羅馬的進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生了影響。
…………文明在多神教的統(tǒng)治下繁榮昌盛，隨后歷史被入侵的一神教獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治改寫(xiě)。

David Montaigne, Historian, author on controversialtopics like pole shifts
Though my first thought was climate, mynext was that civilization grew best at the mouths and deltas of major rivervalleys like the Nile, the Tigris/Euphrates, the Indus, and the Yangtze…
There are theories that assume the risingocean levels thousands of years ago suddenly flooded what is now theMediterranean Sea and then the Black Sea, as waters crested over and theneroded away what is now the Pillars of Hercules/Strait of Gibraltar, and thenthe Bosporus. Any ancient civilization at the low end of southern Europe’s riverslies under these seas.

雖然我的第一個(gè)想法是氣候的原因，但我隨后覺(jué)得文明在尼羅河、底格里斯河/幼發(fā)拉底河、印度河和長(zhǎng)江等主要河谷的河口和三角洲會(huì)發(fā)展得最好。
有理論認(rèn)為，數(shù)千年前不斷上升的海平面突然淹沒(méi)了現(xiàn)在的地中海，然后是黑海，海水先是沖過(guò)，然后侵蝕了現(xiàn)在大力神/直布羅陀海峽的支柱，然后是博斯普魯斯海峽。
任何位于南歐河流末端的古代文明都位于海洋之下。