TED演講者：Melodie Yashar / 麥樂迪·亞沙爾

演講標(biāo)題：How to build for human life on Mars / 如何為火星上的人類建設(shè)

內(nèi)容概要：We're going to be building on the Moon this decade -- and next will be Mars, says space architect Melodie Yashar. In a visionary talk, she introduces her work designing off-world shelters with autonomous robots and 3D printers and explores how it might help uncover radical solutions to some of the problems troubling humans on Earth today.

太空建筑師麥樂迪·亞沙爾（Melodie Yashar）認(rèn)為，最近十年，我們將在月球上開始建設(shè)，下一個就是火星。在這個目光長遠(yuǎn)的演講中，她介紹了她利用自主機(jī)器人和 3D 打印機(jī)建設(shè)外太空棲息地的工作，探索了這將如何為我們帶來如今困擾地球上的人類的問題的大膽解決方案。

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【1】Let's imagine together we've gone on an eight-month journey and arrived to the planet Mars.

我們一起來想象一下, 我們踏上了長達(dá)八個月的旅途, 來到了火星。 沒錯,就是火星。

【2】Yes, Mars.

【3】Somehow we'll have to figure out how to build protective and durable structures to shield us against solar radiation, galactic cosmic rays and extreme temperatures swings.

我們得搞明白 如何建造耐久的防護(hù)建筑, 保護(hù)我們免受太陽輻射、 宇宙射線和溫度劇變的傷害。

【4】On a Mars mission, there's only so much that we can bring with us from Earth.

探索火星之時, 我們能從地球帶走的東西十分有限。

【5】And it's prohibitively expensive to launch tons and tons of construction materials into space.

將成噸的建筑材料發(fā)射升空, 價格十分高昂。

【6】So to realize a pioneering habitat that progressively grows, adapts and expands into a permanent outpost, we have to think differently about how we build.

如果我們想要 找到一個全新的棲息地, 讓其逐漸發(fā)展、 調(diào)整、擴(kuò)張成一個永久基地, 我們需要在建造方式上 “不同凡想”。

【7】These habitats and the robots that build them will enable humanity to thrive off-world.

這些新家園和建造它們的機(jī)器人 可以讓人類的繁榮延伸至宇宙。

【8】I am a space architect.

我是一名太空建筑師。

【9】I design and conceive habitats supporting human exploration in deep space, like on the surface of Mars.

我設(shè)計規(guī)劃我們未來的棲息地, 讓人類可以探索外太空, 比如火星表面。

【10】Not only do I design spaces for optimal crew health and performance, but I also investigate what these habitats are and how they're going to be built.

我不僅會為乘組的健康 和狀態(tài)設(shè)計最佳空間, 還會研究這些棲息地是什么, 如何建造。

【11】Now, Mars is so far from us that communications delays can take up to 22 minutes one way to or from Earth.

火星與我們相隔“千”里, 與地球之間的單程 通信延遲可達(dá) 22 分鐘。

【12】And what that means is that we can't rely on real-time telerobotics controlled by people on Earth to supervise what happens in construction on Mars or for that matter, to supervise anything that happens when we're exploring the planet.

這就意味著, 我們無法使用實時遙控機(jī)器人, 由地球上的人員操控, 監(jiān)控火星上的施工進(jìn)程, 或者監(jiān)控我們探索火星時 發(fā)生的任何事。

【13】But if we leverage autonomous robotics, we'll send 3D printers and other construction robots to build protective habitats and shelters before the crew even arrives.

但是如果我們考慮使用自主機(jī)器人, 就可以把 3D 打印機(jī) 和其他工程機(jī)器人先送過去, 在人員抵達(dá)之前, 建造防護(hù)設(shè)施和住所。

【14】So how exactly would 3D printers build a habitat on Mars?

3D 打印機(jī) 如何在火星上創(chuàng)造家園呢？

【15】Well, first we have to figure out what these structures are made out of.

首先,我們得搞清楚 這些建筑都由什么材料構(gòu)成。

【16】Just like early civilizations, will use in situ regolith, commonly known as dirt, and other resources that are local and indigenous to the planet, including water,

如同早期文明會 利用原有的風(fēng)化層, 即我們熟知的“泥土”, 以及該星球其他的本地原生資源, 包括水,

【17】and possibly combine them with additives and binders that we bring from Earth to engineer high-performance construction materials.

也許加上一些從地球帶來的 添加劑和粘合劑, 由此制造出高性能建筑材料。

【18】Our goal when we're designing these habitats is to introduce an airtight structure that can withstand internal pressurization, which is what will allow people to live in a breathable and temperate environment on the inside.

我們設(shè)計棲息地的目標(biāo)是 設(shè)計出一種可以承受 內(nèi)部增壓的密閉結(jié)構(gòu), 讓人類可以在可呼吸、 溫和的內(nèi)部環(huán)境中生存。

【19】The robots that we deploy on Mars will need to perceive and interpret the complexity of a construction site in order to sequence and choreograph different types of tasks.

我們部署在火星上的機(jī)器人 必須監(jiān)測、解析 建筑工地上的復(fù)雜情況, 然后進(jìn)行不同任務(wù)的排序和協(xié)調(diào)。

【20】These tasks will include prospecting Mars and surveying for a site to build, collecting raw materials, processing those materials and maneuvering them around.

這些任務(wù)包括勘探火星、 選擇建設(shè)地點、 收集原材料、 處理材料、運(yùn)輸材料。

【21】Some of these bots might resemble the character Wall-E, except, you know, not so cute.

有些機(jī)器人可能會 長得像瓦力（Wall-E）, 但是沒有那么可愛。

【22】Once the site has been excavated and foundations are printed, these structures are manufactured layer by layer by layer.

工地動工、地基設(shè)計完成之后, 這些結(jié)構(gòu)就會被 一層一層地搭建起來。

【23】And as construction progresses, prebuilt and preintegrated hardware like airlocks or life support equipment brought from Earth are inserted into the print until finally they're sealed at various connection points.

隨著項目進(jìn)展, 預(yù)先建造和組裝的硬件, 如從地球帶來的 氣密艙和救生設(shè)備, 會被納入建筑設(shè)計, 直至被安裝固定在 不同的連接點上。

【24】To do more than just survive in space, we need to create environments that positively contribute to well-being for months and years into the future.

我們要做的不僅僅是 在太空中活下來, 還要創(chuàng)造在未來歲月中 對健康有益的環(huán)境。

【25】And as more civilian astronauts travel to space, it's important that our environments are more than the tightly packed mechanical interiors of the International Space Station, which today represents the state of the art for long-duration human life in space.

越來越多的平民航天員 會進(jìn)入太空, 意味著我們的環(huán)境必須 達(dá)到比國際空間站的 緊湊機(jī)械內(nèi)設(shè) 更高的水準(zhǔn), 如今,國際空間站代表著 人類在太空中 長時間生活的最佳環(huán)境。

【26】We also want to incorporate practical architectural elements such as access to natural light through windows and greenery.

我們還想加入一些實用建筑元素, 比如透過窗戶的自然光源和綠化。

【27】These were features that were missing aboard the space station when it was first commissioned, but which we know are critical to positive psychological functioning and well-being.

這些都是空間站在首次發(fā)射時 沒有設(shè)計的功能, 但是我們都知道它們 對人類積極的心理功能 和健康都是至關(guān)重要的。

【28】For long duration missions in deep space, it's important that crew members feel less like they're living in a machine and more like they're living in a home.

航天員在外太空執(zhí)行 長時間的太空任務(wù), 我們不能讓他們感覺 生活在一個機(jī)器里, 而是應(yīng)該讓他們有家的感覺。

【29】There are other ways of approaching habitat construction on Mars.

我們還有其他辦法 解決火星上的家園建設(shè)問題。

【30】Hard-shell or inflatable structures may not provide the radiation protection that we need, and living underground in lava tubes doesn't quite support direct surface exploration on the planet.

硬殼或充氣結(jié)構(gòu) 可能無法提供我們所需的 防輻射保護(hù)層, 住在地下的熔巖管道里 不太利于我們對 星球表面的直接探索。

【31】And also, why would you travel for eight months to live underground?

而且你花了八個月來到這里, 難道還要住在地下嗎？

【32】Designing structures in space is all about mitigating risks and the habitats that we create will need to be the most durable and the most resilient structures ever conceived.

設(shè)計太空中的結(jié)構(gòu) 關(guān)鍵在于減少風(fēng)險, 我們建設(shè)的棲息地必須是 有史以來最耐久、 最堅韌的建筑。

【33】Future off-world surface habitats will be self-regulating and self-maintained structures to support the crew members while they're there, but also to operate autonomously when they are not.

未來外太空表面上的建筑 一定會有自我調(diào)節(jié)、 自主修復(fù)的功能, 在人員到來時提供支持, 在人員離開時自主運(yùn)行。

【34】Before we send anyone to Mars, we need data to answer some very key questions about human health, safety, and to validate each of these construction activities.

在我們把人送上火星之前, 我們需要一些數(shù)據(jù)來 回答幾個關(guān)于 人類健康和安全的關(guān)鍵問題, 還要驗證每一個建設(shè)項目。

【35】Fortunately for us, we have a testbed and a proving ground much, much closer to Earth.

幸運(yùn)的是, 我們有一個離地球近得多的 試驗臺和試驗場。

【36】That's our own Moon.

那就是我們的月球。

【37】Today we're working with NASA to demonstrate how we'll 3D-print infrastructure like landing pads, roadways and eventually habitats directly on the lunar surface.

我們現(xiàn)在正與美國國家 航空航天局（NASA）合作, 證明如何 3D 打印出基建, 如停機(jī)坪、道路和直接建在 月球表面的住所。

【38】The Moon is a critical pit stop to refuel, resupply and serve as a general platform for vehicles traveling to deep space, and we'll use the technologies establishing a permanent human presence on the Moon to travel to, from and operate on the surface of Mars.

月球是一個關(guān)鍵的?？空? 提供燃料補(bǔ)給,補(bǔ)充供給, 為飛向外太空的航天器 提供一個通用平臺, 我們將利用科技讓人類 永久存續(xù)于月球表面之上, 穿梭于月球和火星之間, 并在火星表面進(jìn)行工程。

【39】What else are we doing to advance the viability of 3D printing for building in space?

我們還做了一些什么, 提高在太空中

【40】Well, for one thing, we can demonstrate that 3D-printed structures can support people in a mission-like environment right here on Earth, and use data from those experiments to set standards and requirements for future Mars missions.

首先, 我們可以證明 3D 打印的建筑 可以支持人類在地球上的 類似環(huán)境中執(zhí)行任務(wù), 利用這些實驗的數(shù)據(jù) 為未來的火星任務(wù) 設(shè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求。

【41】This is what we did in designing and building Mars Dune Alpha, a 3D-printed analog habitat at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, referred to as the Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog -- that's a really long name, I know --

我們在設(shè)計建造阿爾法火星山丘 （Mars Dune Alpha）時 阿爾法火星山丘是一個 3D 打印的模擬棲息地, 項目名為 “乘員健康和性能探索模擬” 這名字太長了,沒錯,

【42】this structure will house four volunteer crew members simulating a one-year mission to Mars, including a 20-minute communications delay.

這個設(shè)施將容納四名乘員志愿者, 模擬為期一年的火星任務(wù), 包括 20 分鐘的通信時延。

【43】The first mission is kicking off later this year, but you could actually apply to be a crew member in this habitat sometime in the future.

第一個任務(wù)將于今年稍晚時啟動, 但是有朝一日, 你真的可以申請成為 這個棲息地的一位乘員。

【44】Or if you're not so inclined, you can suggest it to someone else in the name of research.

如果你比較勉強(qiáng), 你也可以以研究的名義 把它推薦給別人。

【45】(Laughter) If you're one of the chosen few, you'll be sharing 1700 square feet of living and working areas with three others, and that includes an aeroponic garden for plant growth, a communications area, an exercise room,

（笑聲） 如果你成為了入選的天之驕子, 你將與另外三人共享 1700 平方英尺的生活和工作空間, 包括種植用的氣培花園、 交流空間、健身房、

【46】as well as individual crew cabins that are very cozy, just six by 12 feet.

非常舒適的獨(dú)立座艙, 面積為 6 × 12 英尺。

【47】Some of you may be thinking, "Well, building in space, this is a topic pretty far removed from our day-to-day lives.

有些人可能會想: “嗯,太空施工, 與我們的日常生活 風(fēng)馬牛不相及。

【48】How might it impact what we do on Earth today?

怎么會影響我們現(xiàn)在 在地球上做的事呢？”

【49】In my experience, designing for an extreme environment that is the most restrictive and that presents the most constraints, and which literally no human has ever gone before,

憑我的經(jīng)驗, 為極端環(huán)境做設(shè)計, 這種環(huán)境限制很多,條件嚴(yán)苛, 以前從未有任何人類涉足于此,

【50】is what gives us the best chances of creatively engineering solutions to problems here on Earth that seem completely beyond our grasp today.

但是,正是這樣的環(huán)境 給了我們一個絕佳機(jī)會, 讓我們可以巧妙地解決地球上 一些目前看似超出 我們能力范圍的問題。

【51】Problems like housing solutions for the chronically homeless or hurricane and disaster relief housing.

比如為長期流浪者提供住房問題, 颶風(fēng)、救災(zāi)臨時住所。

【52】Or rethinking sustainable practices within construction overall, which, according to the UN, is responsible for up to 30 percent of carbon emissions worldwide.

重新考慮施工過程中的 可持續(xù)實踐, 據(jù)聯(lián)合國, 占據(jù)了全球碳排放的近 30%。

【53】The autonomous technologies that we develop for building in space redound to us on Earth.

我們?yōu)樘帐┕ら_發(fā)的自主技術(shù) 也可以讓地球上的人們受益。

【54】They feed back and pay dividends to how we reimagine and reconceive construction happening today.

這些技術(shù)反饋、助益我們 重新構(gòu)建、設(shè)想當(dāng)今的施工過程。

【55】The fact of the matter is that the most habitable planet is the one we live on right now.

重要的是最適合居住的星球 就是我們現(xiàn)在身處的星球。

【56】I don't like treating space like it's a lifeboat for humanity from an ailing planet Earth.

我不想把太空看作人類的救生船, 逃離病危的地球。

【57】We can either solve for how to build smarter and more sustainably today, or we'll have to think about designing for survival on an Earth more extreme and more foreign than any of us have ever known.

我們現(xiàn)在得解決如何更智慧、 更可持續(xù)地進(jìn)行建設(shè), 或者思考如何在未來更極端、 陌生的地球上 為生存做計劃。

【58】And this to me cannot be the primary reason or driver why we explore and venture into deep space.

對我來說,這不應(yīng)該是我們 探索深入外太空的主要理由和驅(qū)動。

【59】It's been over 50 years since any human has traveled outside of Earth's orbit.

人類飛越地球軌道 已經(jīng)過去了超過 50 年的時間。

【60】Things are about to change.

該發(fā)生一些改變了。

【61】We will develop a permanent Moon base, and we will build autonomously on Mars.

我們將建設(shè)一個永久的月球基地, 并在火星上自主建設(shè)。

【62】We are on the cusp of seeing radical transformation and how we build on Earth and how we push past limits to a new frontier of human exploration in space.

巨變近在眼前, 我們將改變地球上的建設(shè)方式, 如何超越極限, 到達(dá)人類太空探索的新境界。

【63】Thank you so much.

謝謝大家。

【64】(Applause)