TED演講者：Melissa J. Moore / 梅利莎·J·摩爾

演講標(biāo)題：How mRNA medicine will change the world / 信使RNA藥品會如何改變世界

內(nèi)容概要：The secret behind medicine that uses messenger RNA (or mRNA) is that it "teaches" our bodies how to fight diseases on our own, leading to groundbreaking treatments for COVID-19 and, potentially one day, cancer, the flu and other ailments that have haunted humanity for millennia. RNA researcher Melissa J. Moore -- Moderna's chief scientific officer and one of the many people responsible for the rapid creation and deployment of their COVID-19 vaccine -- takes us down to the molecular level, unraveling how mRNA helps our bodies' proteins maintain health, prevent disease and correct errors in our genetic code. "We have entered an entirely new era of medicine," Moore says.

信使RNA藥品的秘訣就是，它“訓(xùn)練”我們的身體自己對抗疾病，并成就了突破性的藥品來治愈新冠，甚至在未來可能治愈癌癥、流感和其他困擾了人類幾個世紀(jì)的病痛。RNA研究者：梅利莎·J·摩爾（Melissa J. Moore） —— 莫德納的首席科學(xué)官，和快速制造并生產(chǎn)出新冠疫苗的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員之一——帶我們來到分子層面，解密信使RNA如何幫助身體中的蛋白質(zhì)維持健康、預(yù)防疾病并糾正基因密碼中的錯誤?！拔覀円呀?jīng)進(jìn)入到了藥品的新時代?！蹦栠@樣說道。

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【1】Now, many of the people watching this talk by now will have had one, two, three or even four doses of a messenger RNA vaccine.

在這個演講的觀眾之中, 大多數(shù)一定已經(jīng)接受過 一、二、三,甚至四針的 信使RNA疫苗了。 （mRNA: 信使核糖核酸）

【2】With billions of these shots now in arms.

幾十億的接種量可以證明,

【3】it's clear that this new way of making vaccines is both remarkably safe and incredibly effective.

這種新型的疫苗制法 不僅十分安全 還很高效。

【4】But did you know it's not the vaccine itself that's keeping you safe?

但你知道嗎, 保障你健康的并不是疫苗本身,

【5】It's actually you.

而是你自己。

【6】Because the human body has amazing powers to both prevent and cure disease by making its own medicines.

這是因?yàn)槲覀兊娜梭w 有著神奇的力量, 可以自己制造藥品 來防御并治愈疾病。

【7】You just need to know what medicine to make.

你只要知道 所需的是什么藥品,

【8】And that's what your vaccine gave you.

你的疫苗就會給你所需

【9】Simply a set of instructions for how to protect yourself against SARS-CoV-2.

一些簡單的自我保護(hù)的指令, 來對抗新型冠狀病毒 SARS-CoV-2。

【10】Now vaccines are only the beginning.

但疫苗只是一個開始。

【11】As I said before, the advent of mRNA vaccines is heralding in an entirely new era of medicines.

像我之前說的, 信使RNA疫苗的到來 是一個藥品新時代的開端。

【12】mRNAs give us the ability to not only prevent disease but also treat previously intractable disorders.

信使RNA不僅給了我們 預(yù)防疾病的能力, 還能治療頑固性疾病。

【13】But before I get to that, let's talk about what is this new way of medicines really about?

但在我解釋這些之前, 我想先聊聊這個新型疫苗 到底是個什么道理。

【14】Well, it all comes down to proteins.

嗯,這就要聊到蛋白質(zhì)了。

【15】Now, you may think of protein as simply something that you need to eat, an important part of your diet, something that's important for you to build muscle.

說到蛋白質(zhì), 你可能會馬上想到食物, 作為日常飲食的重要一部分, 肌肉增長的必需品。

【16】But it's not just muscle that contains protein.

但包含蛋白質(zhì)的東西 不僅僅有肌肉。

【17】Protein makes up a huge fraction of the incredibly complicated ecosystem that's your entire body.

蛋白質(zhì)其實(shí)是你身體, 一個相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的 重要組成部分。

【18】In many ways, your body functions like a large city, full of myriad buildings, interconnected buildings, with lots of different structures.

可以說,你的身體就像是一個大城市, 充滿了各種盤根錯節(jié)的建筑, 有著很多不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。

【19】Now, just as the word "building"

但就像“建筑”這個詞

【20】fails to capture the incredible variety of structures that make up any large city, the generic term "protein" gives no clue as to the incredible variety of molecular architectures at the molecular level.

很難表達(dá)出 城市的結(jié)構(gòu)多樣性一樣, “蛋白質(zhì)”這個通用詞 也沒法解釋分子結(jié)構(gòu) 在分子層級的多樣性。

【21】Like buildings, proteins are not monolithic.

就像建筑, 蛋白質(zhì)不是一個單一的龐大個體。

【22】Our body makes many proteins.

我們的身體生產(chǎn)很多種蛋白質(zhì)。

【23】Some, like the collagen in our skin that makes our skin tough but pliable.

有的蛋白質(zhì), 像我們皮膚中的膠原蛋白, 讓我們的皮膚堅(jiān)固又柔韌。

【24】Like the actin and myosin in our muscles that enable us to move.

而肌肉中的肌動蛋白 則讓我們可以行動。

【25】Or our blood is full of hemoglobin, ferrying oxygen around.

還有我們血液中滿滿的血紅蛋白, 則負(fù)責(zé)輸送氧氣。

【26】Antibodies protecting us from disease, and clotting factors that close up our wounds.

免疫球蛋白（抗體） 保護(hù)我們不生病, 而凝血因子則愈合傷口。

【27】And for any of you that have ever cracked a biochemistry textbook, this should look familiar.

如果你們有誰學(xué)過 生物化學(xué)的話, 應(yīng)該對這個不陌生。

【28】This is the metabolic chart of the human body.

這是人體的代謝圖。

【29】These are all of the reactions in your body that are keeping you alive and well right now.

這些就是你身體中 讓你現(xiàn)在健康活著的 一系列反應(yīng)。

【30】And each one of those reactions is catalyzed by a different protein whose names are shown here in blue.

而每一個反應(yīng)都是 由不同的蛋白質(zhì)催化的, 這里藍(lán)色字體 都是蛋白質(zhì)的名字。

【31】So proteins are not only what makes up the bulk of your body, they're also what make your body tick and keep you well.

所以蛋白質(zhì)不僅僅組成了 你身體的各個部分, 還保證你的身體正常運(yùn)行。

【32】Now, if we think again about buildings, the structures of buildings may look quite different in the end, but they're all made of a limited set of building materials and which of those building materials are used

所以再回到那個建筑的比喻, 建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)可能看起來形狀各異, 但它們都是由有限的 一系列建筑材料建成的, 而決定建筑最后形態(tài)的,

【33】and how they're arranged, and how they're attached to one another gives the buildings their final form.

是選用的材料組合、排列方式 以及如何彼此黏合。

【34】The same is true of proteins.

蛋白質(zhì)也是一樣。

【35】If we zoom down to the molecular level, we can see that proteins, if we unravel their three-dimensional architecture, are actually just long strings of building blocks.

如果我們把蛋白質(zhì) 放大到分子級別, 我們可以看到, 他們的三維結(jié)構(gòu)平鋪的樣子, 就類似于長條形的積木。

【36】And these building blocks have different shapes and different propensities to interact with one another.

這些積木有著不同的形狀 和互相發(fā)生反應(yīng)的特性。

【37】So it's which building blocks are used and the order in which they are in the chain that gives a protein is three-dimensional shape.

所以當(dāng)不同的積木組合 以不同的順序串起來, 就得到了立體的蛋白質(zhì)。

【38】Now here I'm only showing three proteins, but creating and maintaining a healthy human requires the combined action of over 100,000 different types of protein.

這里我只展示了三種蛋白質(zhì), 而構(gòu)建維持一個健康的人體 則需要超過十萬種不同的蛋白質(zhì) 共同作用。

【39】And our bodies make them all.

而我們的身體可以自給自足。

【40】Thus our bodies are remarkable protein factories.

由此可知,我們的身體 是出色的蛋白質(zhì)生產(chǎn)工廠。

【41】At the molecular level, the numbers are truly mind-blowing.

在分子級別看, 數(shù)據(jù)就更加驚人了。

【42】Each of the 30 trillion cells in your body - that's three with 13 zeros - contains between one and 10 billion protein molecules.

你身體中 30 萬億的細(xì)胞 3 后面有 13 個 0 每個都包含了 1 到 10 萬億個蛋白質(zhì)分子。

【43】That means that you have as many protein molecules in your body as there are stars in the known universe.

也就是說, 你身體里蛋白質(zhì)分子的數(shù)量 和已知宇宙中星星的數(shù)量一樣多。

【44】Now each different cell type in your body makes a different kind of protein, a different set of proteins, like the rods and cones in my eye that are detecting light right now

你身體中的每一種細(xì)胞, 會生產(chǎn)出一種不同的蛋白質(zhì), 一套不同的蛋白質(zhì), 比如我眼睛里的桿狀與錐狀視覺細(xì)胞 現(xiàn)在正感知著光線,

【45】and the neurons in my brain that are interpreting that light and enabling me to see you right now.

同時我腦中的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞 轉(zhuǎn)化了這個光信號 才讓我能看見你們。

【46】So they make a particular set of proteins unique to it.

所以這是一套專用的蛋白質(zhì)。

【47】And like any complex building project, you can imagine that the process of protein synthesis needs to be tightly regulated so that the right protein is made at the right time and in the right place.

就像任何復(fù)雜的建筑項(xiàng)目, 你能想象得出 這個蛋白質(zhì)合成的過程 需要有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定 才能讓正確的蛋白質(zhì) 在對的時間出現(xiàn)在對的地方。

【48】But of course, with anything so complicated, it's perhaps not surprising that there's an occasional mistake, a fault in the algorithm.

理所當(dāng)然地, 這么復(fù)雜的事 也偶爾會出差錯, 精密算法中的小錯誤。

【49】Let's go back to that metabolic chart.

我們再來看一下這個人體代謝圖。

【50】It's estimated that one in 1,000 newborns are born without the ability to make one of the proteins on this chart.

數(shù)據(jù)顯示, 大約每 1000 個新生兒中, 就有一個無法制造 這圖中的一種蛋白質(zhì)。

【51】Therefore, they have lifelong complications due to inborn metabolic errors.

所以這些人會因?yàn)橄忍斓拇x差錯 而受到終生困擾。

【52】Let's take just one of those.

讓我來舉一個例子

【53】Let's talk about von Gierke's disease or glycogen storage disease I.

馮吉爾克?。╲on Gierke）, 又稱肝糖儲存癥第一型。

【54】This is due to the lack of a protein circled here in red, whose job it is to release stored sugars so that you can maintain a healthy blood sugar level while you're fasting.

這個病是由于缺乏了 這里紅圈圈出的這種蛋白質(zhì), 這個蛋白質(zhì)是負(fù)責(zé) 釋放人體儲存的糖分的, 從而讓你的身體在挨餓的時候, 能保持一個健康的血糖濃度。

【55】So von Gierke's disease patients can't fast.

也就是說, 馮吉爾克病患者不能挨餓。

【56】They must constantly eat small amounts of carbohydrates, including getting up every one or two hours during the night to eat raw cornstarch.

他們必須不停地吃 少量的碳水化合物, 包括晚上睡覺的時候也要 每一到兩個小時就起身 吃一些生的淀粉。

【57】Now, imagine the toll that this takes on parents.

你可以想象 這給父母會帶來多大的負(fù)擔(dān)。

【58】If they are ever to miss a feeding of their child, their child could slip into severe hypoglycemia, seizures and possibly death.

只要他們有一次忘記 給孩子喂食, 他們的孩子就會產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的低血糖、 癲癇發(fā)作甚至死亡。

【59】But even if these patients can keep up this endless feeding cycle, they are plagued by lifelong complications, including delayed puberty, frequent infections, kidney disease and liver cancer.

然而即使這些患者可以保證 這永無止境的進(jìn)食循環(huán), 他們也會終生受到并發(fā)癥的困擾, 包括青春期延遲、 經(jīng)常性發(fā)炎, 還有腎病和肝癌。

【60】So von Gierke's disease is just one example of a disorder where we know what protein is missing.

所以馮吉爾克病是一種 我們知道缺失何種蛋白質(zhì)的疾病。

【61】What if we could give those patients back the ability to make that missing protein?

那要是我們可以重塑 患者制造缺失的蛋白質(zhì)的能力呢？

【62】Then we could actually treat their disease instead of just managing their symptoms.

那我們就可以真的治愈這種疾病, 而不是僅僅控制癥狀。

【63】And that's where mRNA comes in.

這就是信使RNA的用處了。

【64】That's also where I come in.

這也是我出馬的地方了。

【65】You see, I spent the better part of my career as an academic doing curiosity-based research into the fundamental principles of how proteins are made.

我的職業(yè)生涯大部分時間 都是做一個好奇心驅(qū)使的研究學(xué)者, 主要研究蛋白質(zhì)是如何形成的。

【66】And my specialty was messenger RNA.

而我的主攻方向就是信使RNA。

【67】Like proteins, messenger RNAs are long chainlike molecules composed of building blocks.

就像蛋白質(zhì), 信使RNA是由“積木”組成的 長鎖鏈狀分子。

【68】The four building blocks that make up messenger RNAs form what is known as the genetic code.

組成信使RNA的四大構(gòu)成要素 組成了我們所知的基因密碼。

【69】As their name implies, messenger RNAs carry messages: messages that are translated by your body in order to create proteins.

就像它們的名字, 信使RNA攜帶著信息: 是你身體所傳達(dá)的 有關(guān)如何制造蛋白質(zhì)的信息。

【70】Thus messenger RNAs are the language of life.

可以說,信使RNA是生命的語言。

【71】And the human body has a lot to say.

而人類的身體要說的可太多了。

【72】So, like proteins, your cells are chock-full of messenger RNA.

就比如說蛋白質(zhì)吧, 你的細(xì)胞里充滿著信使RNA。

【73】Every one of your 30 trillion cells has hundreds of thousands of messenger RNA molecules.

你身體里的 30 萬億個細(xì)胞中, 每一個都有成千上百個 信使RNA分子。

【74】Messenger RNAs are an essential component of all living organisms.

信使RNA是 所有生物體的必備成分。

【75】So when you are eating protein-rich foods, you're not only eating protein, you're also eating lots of messenger RNA.

所以當(dāng)你在吃富含蛋白質(zhì)的食物時, 你不僅僅在吃蛋白質(zhì), 你還在吃很多的信使RNA。

【76】Your body takes the messenger RNA in the food that you consumed, breaks it down into those component parts and then builds new messenger RNAs specific to your needs.

你的身體拿到你食物中的 信使RNA后, 把它們分解 再根據(jù)你的需要 造出新的信使RNA。

【77】Now this continual destruction and rebuilding is a feature true of almost all proteins and messenger RNAs in your body.

這個持續(xù)的拆解重建的過程 是你身體中幾乎所有 蛋白質(zhì)和信使RNA自帶的功能。

【78】Let's take, for example, the circadian clock.

舉個例子,生物鐘。

【79】This is the timer in your body that tells you when to be active and when to sleep.

這是你身體里的一個鬧鐘, 告訴你什么時候起床 什么時候睡覺。

【80】The proteins that make up this clock appear and disappear with remarkable regularity every day.

組成這個時鐘的蛋白質(zhì), 以一種驚人的準(zhǔn)時性出現(xiàn)和消失。

【81】The way that this is accomplished is that your body makes the messenger RNAs that encode those proteins appear and disappear every day.

這是因?yàn)?你的身體制造的信使RNA 帶有使這些蛋白質(zhì) 出現(xiàn)消失的信息。

【82】Every day for your entire life, you get your daily dose of clock messenger RNAs producing clock proteins.

你生命中的每一天, 你都會得到定量的時鐘信使RNA 生產(chǎn)著時鐘蛋白質(zhì)。

【83】Now three properties of proper medicines are that their effects are of limited duration, that their effects are dose-dependent and that they can be given over and over again to produce the same effect.

那么,對癥下藥的三個特征是: 藥效作用時間有限、 效果由劑量決定、 和重復(fù)給藥的效果不變。

【84】mRNA's are transient.

而信使RNA,它的效果是短暫的。

【85】The amount of protein produced is dependent on how much of that mRNA is present.

一個信使RNA 所產(chǎn)生的蛋白質(zhì)數(shù)量 取決于信使RNA的量。

【86】And they can be induced over and over again to produce the same effect.

它們也可以被多次觸發(fā) 并產(chǎn)生相同的效果。

【87】So wow, it seems so simple.

噢！聽起來很簡單嘛。

【88】If we could treat a disease, if there's a protein that's missing to treat a disease, then we could simply give a few copies of an mRNA to the body for it to produce that protein.

如果我們想治愈一種疾病, 如果治愈一種疾病 需要一種蛋白質(zhì), 那么我們就可以復(fù)制幾個信使RNA 然后放進(jìn)身體來生產(chǎn)所需蛋白質(zhì)。

【89】If that protein's only needed once, then maybe a single dose would suffice.

如果我們只需要用一次 那個蛋白質(zhì), 那么一劑就夠了。

【90】If a protein is needed multiple times, then we can dose mRNA over and over again.

如果我們需要多次使用 一種蛋白質(zhì), 那么我們也可以反復(fù)注射信使RNA。

【91】And that's exactly what's happening.

而這,就是時下正在進(jìn)行的事。

【92】So when I went on clinicaltrials.gov this morning, it turns out that there are over 175 clinical trials now open using mRNA-based medicines that are recruiting patients.

所以今早當(dāng)我查詢 臨床試驗(yàn)資料庫（clinicaltrials.gov）, 上面顯示現(xiàn)在有超過 175 個 正在進(jìn)行的臨床試驗(yàn) 在使用以信使RNA為基礎(chǔ)的藥品, 并在招募患者。

【93】Another 54 clinical trials are waiting in the [wings], ready to be opened.

另外有 54 個臨床試驗(yàn) 正蓄勢待發(fā), 隨時都可以開展。

【94】So there is a coming tsunami of mRNA medicines.

所以,信使RNA相關(guān)的藥品 即將蜂擁而至。

【95】Last year, Moderna and AstraZeneca reported positive results from a clinical trial where patients during open heart surgery were dosed with messenger RNA injected directly into their heart muscles,

去年,莫德納和阿斯利康 在一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中的合作就有了積極效果, 這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)中,研究人員 在體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)的過程中, 將一種刺激心肌 生成新生血管的信使RNA

【96】that told their heart muscles to grow new blood vessels in order to get around clogged arteries.

注射到患者的心肌中, 從而繞過堵塞的動脈。

【97】In other clinical trials we're repeatedly dosing patients with inborn metabolic errors to treat their metabolic disease.

在其他的臨床試驗(yàn)中, 我們給有先天代謝缺陷的患者反復(fù)注射（藥品）, 來治療他們的代謝疾病。

【98】In fact, one of those clinical trials that's currently recruiting patients is for von Gierke's disease.

事實(shí)上, 有一項(xiàng)正在招募患者的臨床試驗(yàn) 就是為了治愈馮吉爾克病。

【99】And for cancer patients, we're creating personalized cancer vaccines.

對于癌癥患者, 我們也在制造定制的癌癥疫苗。

【100】These vaccines are meant to train their bodies, their immune systems, to attack their cancers.

這些疫苗會訓(xùn)練身體中的 免疫系統(tǒng)來攻擊癌癥細(xì)胞。

【101】These are truly personalized medicines, one vaccine for one person.

這些是真正定制的藥品, 一人一種。

【102】Now for personalized cancer vaccines to be the most effective, we need to get them made and back to the patient as quickly as possible.

為了讓這些私人定制的癌癥疫苗 發(fā)揮最大作用, 我們需要一完成制作 就馬上給患者。

【103】We aim for a turnaround time of 45 days.

整個周期的目標(biāo)時間, 是 45 天。

【104】By January of 2020, we had already manufactured, quality-controlled and delivered to several dozen patients personalized cancer vaccines.

在 2020 年的 1 月之前, 我們已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出了 有質(zhì)量保證的癌癥疫苗, 并給到了幾十個患者。

【105】So we had the know-how and the capacity to manufacture vaccines quickly.

所以我們不僅知道 如何制作這些疫苗, 也有能力快速生產(chǎn)。

【106】Thus, when the sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was posted to a public web server on January 10, 2020, we got immediately to work.

所以 2020 年 1 月 10 日那天, 當(dāng)新冠病毒 SARS-COV-2 的序列 在一個公共網(wǎng)站上公布, 我們馬上就開始了行動。

【107】Within two days, we had agreed with our collaborators at NIH on exactly which form of the spike protein to put in our vaccine.

在兩天之內(nèi),我們就與 合作的國立衛(wèi)生研究院 （NIH） 對需要在疫苗里放哪種形態(tài)的 刺突蛋白達(dá)成了共識。

【108】Because we had done so so many times before, it then took our mRNA design team just one hour to design the mRNA that we immediately -

因?yàn)槲覀冎白鲞^太多次了, 我們負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)信使RNA的團(tuán)隊(duì) 只用了一個小時就設(shè)計(jì)出了 所需的信使RNA 隨后我們馬上

【109】That we immediately put on to our manufacturing equipment.

隨后我們馬上就開始了生產(chǎn)。

【110】We were then able to make that RNA, get it quality-controlled, fill-finished and shipped off to NIH for the clinical trial in 45 days.

45 天之內(nèi),我們生產(chǎn)了那種RNA、 進(jìn)行了品質(zhì)管制、 灌裝、包裝, 并運(yùn)輸?shù)搅?國立衛(wèi)生研究院進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)。

【111】Now what I find - What I find truly remarkable is that that mRNA sequence that took us one hour to design is the same mRNA sequence that went into your arms, that ended up in Spikevax, our now fully approved vaccine.

我覺得 我覺得最了不起的地方在于 那個我們只花了一個小時設(shè)計(jì)的 信使RNA序列 和已全面批準(zhǔn)并 注射進(jìn)你們手臂里的 莫德納疫苗里的信使RNA序列 是同一個。

【112】One hour to design a medicine that has saved countless lives.

一個小時就設(shè)計(jì)出來的藥品 拯救了數(shù)不清的生命。

【113】It still gives me goosebumps every time I talk about it.

每次我說這個的時候, 都會激動地起雞皮疙瘩。

【114】So what does the future hold?

所以這是怎樣的未來可期？

【115】Well, I've already told you about regenerative medicine and personalized cancer vaccines.

我已經(jīng)聊過了促進(jìn)細(xì)胞新生的藥品 和私人定制的癌癥疫苗。

【116】For cancer patients, we can send in -- by directly injecting messenger RNA into their tumors - we can send in instructions telling the tumor cells to self-destruct,

對于癌癥患者,我們還可以通過 直接把信使RNA注射進(jìn) 患者的腫瘤里, 來給出腫瘤自我銷毀的指令,

【117】Or having the tumor cells send out signals to the immune system, beckoning the immune system to attack.

或是讓腫瘤向免疫系統(tǒng) 發(fā)出進(jìn)攻指令。

【118】For patients with autoimmune disorders, we can send in signals that tamp down their overactive immune systems.

對于有自身免疫性疾病的患者, 我們可以發(fā)送讓過激的免疫系統(tǒng) 冷靜下來的信號。

【119】And we and others are rapidly making many more messenger RNA vaccines.

我們團(tuán)隊(duì)和很多其他研究者 都在快速制作更多信使RNA疫苗。

【120】Because messenger RNA vaccines can be produced so quickly and rapidly, they're really well suited for newly emerging diseases as well as other viruses, like the flu, where new variants come out every year, and the vaccines need to be updated.

因?yàn)樾攀筊NA疫苗可以 被快速生產(chǎn)的特性, 它們很適合對付一些新型疾病, 以及像流感這種, 每年都會有新變種出現(xiàn), 需要疫苗不斷更新的病毒。

【121】But one of the exciting things about mRNA medicines is we're not limited to sending in the instructions for one protein at a time.

但信使RNA疫苗的 另一激動人心之處在于, 我們每次傳遞指令的對象, 并不限于一種蛋白質(zhì)。

【122】mRNA medicines can be easily multiplexed.

信使RNA疫苗的復(fù)合效用 可以很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。

【123】Therefore, we're working on a combination vaccine for COVID, flu and respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV: all leading causes of hospitalization and death in the elderly.

所以我們正在努力 實(shí)現(xiàn)一種復(fù)合疫苗, 來針對新冠、流感, 和呼吸道合胞病毒 （RSV）的組合: 都是老年群體中 住院率和致死率的首要禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

【124】And we're hoping that this will then be an annual booster, that you will get, just like the flu vaccine.

我們希望這會成為 一種一年一度的加強(qiáng)針, 就像每年打的流感疫苗一樣。

【125】So finally, the very modest footprint of the manufacturing equipment for making messenger RNAs means that they can be made almost anywhere in the world.

最后一點(diǎn),制造信使RNA所需的 設(shè)備面積非常的小, 也就是說, 在任何地方都可以制造它們。

【126】And to take this to an extreme, the American Defense Department started a program in 2019, and we're working with them to miniaturize the entire process

為了把這個優(yōu)勢發(fā)揮到極致, 美國國防部在 2019 年 啟動了一個項(xiàng)目, 與我們合作 努力把制作過程縮得更小,

【127】so that it can be fit into a single shipping container for rapid deployment anywhere in the world.

致力于讓整個過程 可以塞進(jìn)一個集裝箱, 這樣可以保證在世界各地 都可以快速生產(chǎn)。

【128】So - So to finish, I hope I've convinced you that we have entered an entirely new era of medicine.

最后 最后,我希望我成功讓你們相信了, 我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了藥品新時代。

【129】Having learned to speak the language of mRNA, the language of life, we can now use it to create medicines that are just for one person, like a personalized cancer vaccine,

擁有了信使RNA的語言, 生命的語言, 我們可以為單獨(dú)個人制造藥品, 比如私人定制的癌癥疫苗,

【130】or can be rapidly produced and distributed to entire populations, like the COVID-19 vaccines.

或是快速制造藥品 并分發(fā)至全球, 就像新冠疫苗一樣。

【131】And the best part?

最酷的一點(diǎn)是什么呢？

【132】The best part is we're simply tapping into your body's own ability to make its own medicines.

那就是,這一切只是利用了 你身體自己的能力 來制造藥品。

【133】Thank you.

謝謝。