Behavioural biometrics

基于行為的生物測定技術(shù)

Biometrics/生物統(tǒng)計學(xué)

The way you walk

你行走的姿態(tài)

Your phone uses your gait and sleep patterns, all in the name of security

你的手機以安全的名義使用你的步態(tài)和睡眠方式

詞匯

Gait/步法，步態(tài)

MOST ONLINE fraud involves identity theft, which is why businesses that operate on the web have a keen interest in distinguishing impersonators from genuine customers. Passwords help. But many can be guessed or are jotted down imprudently. Newer phones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers often have beefed-up security with fingerprint and facial recognition. But these can be spoofed. To overcome these shortcomings, the next level of security is likely to identify people using things which are harder to copy, such as the way they walk.

大多數(shù)在線欺詐都涉及身份盜竊，這就是為什么在網(wǎng)上經(jīng)營的企業(yè)對區(qū)分冒牌貨和真正的客戶非常感興趣。密碼對于反詐騙有一定的幫助。但是很多都是可以猜到的，或者是草率地記下來的。更新的手機、平板電腦、筆記本電腦和臺式電腦通常都加強了指紋和面部識別的安全性。但這些安全系統(tǒng)都是可以欺騙通過的。為了克服這些缺點，下一個安全級別很可能是識別使用難以復(fù)制的東西的人，比如他們走路的方式。

詞匯

Fraud/欺騙；騙子；詭計

Imprudently/魯莽地；不小心地???????

beef-up/加強

Spoof/滑稽地模仿；哄騙；戲弄

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Many online security services already use a system called device fingerprinting. This employs software to note things like the model type of a gadget employed by a particular user; its hardware configuration; its operating system; the apps which have been downloaded onto it; and other features, including sometimes the Wi-Fi networks it regularly connects through and devices like headsets it plugs into.

許多在線安全服務(wù)已經(jīng)使用了一種名為設(shè)備指紋識別的系統(tǒng)。它使用軟件來記錄特定用戶使用的小工具的模型類型;它的硬件配置;它的操作系統(tǒng);已下載的應(yīng)用程序;還有其他功能，包括它經(jīng)常連接的Wi-Fi網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及它插入的耳機等設(shè)備。

詞匯

Gadget/小器具；小配件

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The results are sufficient to build a profile of both the device and its user’s habits. If something unusual is then spotted—say, a bank detects access to an account from a phone with a different profile from that which a customer usually uses—it can take appropriate measures. For example, additional security questions can be posed.

這些數(shù)據(jù)，手段，足以勾勒出一個設(shè)備及其用戶習(xí)慣的簡況了。如果有什么異常的狀況被發(fā)現(xiàn)了——比如說，銀行檢測一筆賬目資金從手機上打往另一個和該用戶平常毫無關(guān)聯(lián)的賬戶時——它可以采取適當(dāng)安全的措施（來驗證這個操作為本人操作）。例如，可以提出其他安全問題來確保賬戶。

詞匯

Profile/側(cè)面；輪廓；外形；剖面；簡況

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LexisNexis Risk Solutions, an American analytics firm, has catalogued more than 4bn phones, tablets and other computers in this way for banks and other clients. Roughly 7% of them have been used for shenanigans of some sort. But device fingerprinting is becoming less useful. Apple, Google and other makers of equipment and operating systems have been steadily restricting the range of attributes that can be observed remotely. The reason for doing this is to limit the amount of personal information that could fall into unauthorised hands. But such restrictions also make it harder to distinguish illegitimate from legitimate users.

美國分析公司LexisNexis Risk Solutions以這種方式為銀行和其他客戶登記了逾40億部手機、平板電腦和其它電腦。其中大約7%被用于某些不當(dāng)用途。但是，設(shè)備指紋識別正變得越來越?jīng)]用。蘋果(Apple)、谷歌以及其他設(shè)備和操作系統(tǒng)制造商一直在穩(wěn)步限制遠程觀察的屬性范圍。這樣做的原因是為了限制可能落入未經(jīng)授權(quán)人士之手的個人信息的數(shù)量。但是這些限制也使得區(qū)分非法用戶和合法用戶變得更加困難。

詞匯

Catalogue/把…編入目錄

Shenanigan/惡作??；詭計

Illegitimate/私生的；非法的；不合理的

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That is why a new approach, behavioural biometrics, is gaining ground. It relies on the wealth of measurements made by today’s devices. These include data from accelerometers and gyroscopic sensors that reveal how people hold their phones when using them, how they carry them and even the way they walk. Touchscreens, keyboards and mice can be monitored to show the distinctive ways in which someone’s fingers and hands move. Sensors can detect whether a phone has been set down on a hard surface such as a table or dropped lightly on a soft one such as a bed. If the hour is appropriate, this action could be used to assume when a user has retired for the night. These traits can then be used to determine whether someone attempting to make a transaction is likely to be the device’s habitual user.

這就是為什么一種新的方法——行為生物測定學(xué)正在取得進展。它依賴于當(dāng)今設(shè)備所做的大量測量。這些數(shù)據(jù)包括來自加速度計和陀螺儀傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)揭示了人們在使用手機時是如何握著手機的，他們是如何攜帶手機的，甚至他們走路的方式。觸摸屏、鍵盤和鼠標(biāo)都可以被監(jiān)控，以顯示一個人的手指和手移動的獨特方式。傳感器可以檢測手機是放在堅硬的表面上，比如桌子上，還是輕輕地放在柔軟的表面上，比如床上。如果時間合適，此操作可以用于假設(shè)用戶在晚間已進入休息狀態(tài)。這些特征可以用來判斷試圖進行交易的人是否可能是習(xí)慣于用（差不多是“人機綁定”）該設(shè)備的用戶。

詞匯

Gyroscopic/回轉(zhuǎn)儀的；螺旋儀的

Behavioural biometrics make it possible to identify an individual’s “unique motion fingerprint”, says John Whaley, head of UnifyID, a firm in Silicon Valley that is involved in the field. With the right software, data from a phone’s sensors can reveal details as personal as which part of someone’s foot strikes the pavement first, and how hard; the length of a walker’s stride; the number of strides per minute; and the swing and spring in the walker’s hips and step. It can also work out whether the phone in question is in a handbag, a pocket or held in a hand.

行為生物識別技術(shù)使得識別一個人的“獨特的運動指紋（指紋在這有“一個人的專屬特征”的意思）”成為可能，John Whaley說，他是UnifyID公司的負責(zé)人，該公司位于硅谷，從事該領(lǐng)域的研究。有了正確的軟件，手機傳感器的數(shù)據(jù)可以顯示出個人的細節(jié)，比如某人腳的哪一部分先著地，以及有多用力;步行者步幅的長度;每分鐘的步數(shù);還有步行者臀部和步幅的擺動和跳躍度。它還能判斷出手機是放在手提包里、口袋里，還是放在手里。

詞匯

Hip/臀部

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Using these variables, UnifyID sorts gaits into about 50,000 distinct types. When coupled with information about a user’s finger pressure and speed on the touchscreen, as well as a device’s regular places of use—as revealed by its GPS unit—that user’s identity can be pretty well determined, Mr Whaley claims. UnifyID began offering behavioural biometrics to its clients (which include retail banks, online retailers, delivery companies and ride-sharing firms) in 2017. In time, advertisers will pay for the scoop on individuals’ lifestyle-revealing movements, reckons Mr Whaley, though his firm has no plans yet to expand in that direction.

使用這些變量，UnifyID將步態(tài)分為大約50,000種不同的類型。Whaley先生聲稱，當(dāng)加上用戶在觸摸屏上的手指壓力和速度信息，以及設(shè)備的常規(guī)使用地點(GPS單元顯示了這一點)，用戶的身份可以很好地確定。UnifyID從2017年開始向客戶(包括零售銀行、在線零售商、快遞公司和拼車公司)提供行為生物識別技術(shù)。Whaley先生認為，隨著時間的推移，廣告商將因需要獲得每個個體的生活方式的信息而付費，盡管他的公司還沒有向這個方向擴張的計劃。

詞匯

Scoop/勺；鏟子；獨家新聞

The lidless eye

不斷注視的眼（有道翻譯有這個詞組對應(yīng)的翻譯——無臉之眼，但我覺得不恰當(dāng)）

Lidless/無蓋的；注視的；無眼瞼的

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Behavioural biometrics can, moreover, go beyond verifying a user’s identity. It can also detect circumstances in which it is likely that a fraud is being committed. On a device with a keyboard, for instance, a warning sign is when the typing takes on a staccato style, with a longer-than-usual finger “flight time” between keystrokes. This, according to Aleksander Kijek, head of product at Nethone, a firm in Warsaw that works out behavioural biometrics for companies that sell things online, is an indication that the device has been hijacked and is under the remote control of a computer program rather than a human typist.

此外，行為生物識別技術(shù)不僅可以驗證用戶的身份。它還可以檢測可能正在進行欺詐的情況。例如，在有鍵盤的設(shè)備上，一鐘警告信號是當(dāng)打字呈現(xiàn)斷奏風(fēng)格時，按鍵之間的“飛躍時間”比通常手指的“飛躍時間”更長。華沙Nethone公司的產(chǎn)品主管亞歷山大?基耶克(Aleksander Kijek)表示，這表明該設(shè)備已被劫持，并處于電腦程序的遠程控制之下，而不是人類打字員的控制之下。Nethone是一家為在線銷售產(chǎn)品的公司設(shè)計行為生物識別技術(shù)的公司。

詞匯

Staccato/斷奏的，斷音的

Hijack/攔路搶劫；搶劫

On a device with a touchscreen rather than a keyboard, however, the reverse is true. Most people type with their thumbs on touchscreens, so flight times between keystrokes are longer. In this case, therefore, it is short flight times which are a signal of something suspicious going on—for example, that a touchscreen device is actually being operated remotely, using the keyboard of a laptop.

然而，在帶有觸摸屏而非鍵盤的設(shè)備上，情況正好相反。大多數(shù)人用拇指在觸摸屏上打字，所以按鍵之間的飛躍時間更長。因此，在這種情況下，很短的飛躍時間是可疑事件發(fā)生的信號——例如，觸摸屏設(shè)備實際上是使用筆記本電腦的鍵盤遠程操作的。

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Used wisely, behavioural biometrics could be a boon. As Neil Costigan, the boss of BehavioSec, a behavioural-biometrics firm in San Francisco, observes, the software can toil quietly in the background, continuously authenticating account-holders without badgering them for additional passwords, their mother’s maiden name “and all that nonsense”. UnifyID and an unnamed car company are even developing a system that unlocks the doors of a vehicle once the gait of the driver, as measured by his phone, is recognised.

如果使用得當(dāng)，行為生物識別技術(shù)可能會是一個福音。正如舊金山行為生物識別公司BehavioSec的老板尼爾?科斯蒂根所觀察到的那樣，該軟件可以在后臺悄無聲息地工作，持續(xù)對賬戶持有人進行身份驗證，而無需麻煩他們提供額外的密碼、母親的娘家姓以及“所有那些廢話”。UnifyID和一家不知名的汽車公司甚至正在開發(fā)一種系統(tǒng)，一旦識別出司機的步態(tài)(通過他的手機測量)，就可以解鎖汽車的車門。

詞匯

Toil/辛苦工作；艱難地行進

Authenticate/鑒定；證明…是真實的

Maiden/未婚的

Used unwisely, however, the system could become yet another electronic spy on people’s privacy, permitting complete strangers to monitor your every action, from the moment you reach for your phone in the morning, to when you fling it on the floor at night.

然而，如果使用不當(dāng)，該系統(tǒng)可能會成為另一個監(jiān)視人們隱私的電子間諜，讓完全陌生的人監(jiān)視你的一舉一動，從早上你拿起手機的那一刻，到晚上你把手機扔在地板上的那一刻。