Fishing

Stopping some fishing would increase overall catches、

停止一些捕魚會增加總體捕獲量

You can have your hake and eat it

這樣能吃到更多的鱈魚

詞匯

Hake/鱈魚類

Oct 31st 2020 |?

IN 2018, THE?most recent year for which relevant data are available, people consumed more fish than they did either pork or beef or poultry. Humanity’s appetite for the sea’s bounty has more than doubled since 1990. Fish, whether wild caught or farmed, now make up nearly a fifth of the animal protein that human beings eat.

2018年，也就是有相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)可查的最近一年，人們消費的魚類超過了豬肉、牛肉或家禽。自1990年以來，人類對海洋資源的需求增加了一倍多。魚，無論是野生捕獲的還是養(yǎng)殖的，現(xiàn)在占了人類食用動物蛋白的近五分之一。

詞匯

Poultry/家禽；家禽肉

bounty /慷慨；豐富；獎勵金；贈款

In this context, running the world’s fisheries efficiently might seem a sensible idea. In practice, that rarely happens. Even well-governed coastal countries often pander to their fishing lobbies by setting quotas which give little respite to battered piscine populations. Those with weak or corrupt governments may not even bother with this. Deals abound that permit outsiders legal but often badly monitored access to such countries’ waters. And many rogue vessels simply enter other people’s fishing grounds and steal their contents.

在這種情況下，有效地管理世界漁業(yè)似乎是一個明智的想法。實際上，這種情況很少發(fā)生。即使是管理良好的沿海國家也經(jīng)常通過設(shè)定配額來迎合他們的漁業(yè)游說團體，而這些配額幾乎沒有給遭受重創(chuàng)的魚群數(shù)量提供喘息的機會。那些受軟弱或腐敗政府監(jiān)管的人甚至不會為此煩惱。大量交易允許外來者合法進入這些國家的水域，但往往受到嚴格的監(jiān)控。許多流氓船直接進入別人的漁場，偷走里面的東西。

詞匯

pander /迎合；勾引

?piscine /魚的

Abound/大量存在，有許多

rogue /流氓；小淘氣

Vessel/船，艦；[組織] 脈管，血管

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The demand side of the equation, then, has many problems. But there may be a way to improve the supply side: increase the area where fishing is forbidden altogether.

因此，這個等式的需求方存在許多問題。但是有一種方法可以改善供給:增加完全禁止捕魚的區(qū)域。

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This paradoxical approach, which involves the creation of so-called marine protected areas (MPAs), has already been demonstrated on several occasions to work locally. Valuable fish stocks off Apo island in the Philippines increased significantly after a no-take reserve was created in 1982, and similar results have been forthcoming off the coasts of Florida, South Africa and St Lucia. Extrapolating from these examples, Reniel Cabral of the University of California, Santa Barbara and his colleagues have, as they describe in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, built a model which explores the idea of extending MPAs elsewhere. If the right extensions are picked, their model suggests, designating a mere 5% more of the world’s oceans as MPAs—which would triple the area protected—could increase the future global catch of the 811 species they looked at by more than 20%. That corresponds to an extra 10m tonnes of food a year.

這種自相矛盾的辦法涉及建立所謂的【海洋保護區(qū)】(MPAs后期該詞在本文多次出現(xiàn)，表示海洋保護區(qū)的意思)，已經(jīng)在幾個場合被證明在當(dāng)?shù)赜行?。?982年建立禁捕保護區(qū)之后，菲律賓阿波島附近的寶貴魚類資源顯著增加，在佛羅里達、南非和圣盧西亞海岸附近也出現(xiàn)了類似的結(jié)果。根據(jù)這些例子，加州大學(xué)圣巴巴拉分校的Reniel Cabral和他的同事們，正如他們在《美國國家科學(xué)院院刊》上描述的那樣，建立了一個模型來探索將海洋保護區(qū)擴展到其他地方的想法。他們的模型表明，如果選擇正確的擴展范圍，將世界上僅5%的海洋指定為海洋保護區(qū)——這將使受保護的面積增加三倍——將使他們所研究的811種物種未來的全球捕獲量增加20%以上。這相當(dāng)于每年增加1000萬噸捕魚量。

詞匯

Forthcoming/即將來臨的；來臨

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The idea that restricting fishing would permit more fish to be caught may seem counterintuitive, but the logic is simple. Fish in MPAs can grow larger than those at constant risk of being pulled from the ocean. Larger fish produce more eggs. More eggs mean more fry. Many of these youngsters then grow up and move out of the safe zone, thus becoming available to catch in adjoining areas where fishing is permitted.

從直覺上看，限制捕魚似乎與捕到更多的魚相矛盾，但是邏輯上很好解釋。在海洋保護區(qū)里的魚可以長得比那些經(jīng)常冒著被拖出海洋的風(fēng)險的魚更大。大魚產(chǎn)卵更多。更多的卵代表了更多的魚苗。這些小魚中有許多長大后就會離開安全水域，從而可以在允許捕魚的鄰近地區(qū)被捕撈。

詞匯

Counterintuitive/違反直覺的

Fry/（除了表示炸例如fried chicken炸雞，這里表魚苗的意思）

Dr Cabral and his team based their calculations on data they compiled for 1,338 stocks of fish and marine invertebrates. For each they mapped the geographical range, mobility and population growth of the local species, and assessed the sustainability of present-day fishing levels. That let them create a model of the ocean from which the impact of changes in fishable area could be assessed. Working at a fairly coarse resolution—each pixel corresponding to a square of ocean 55km across—they discovered that a small, well-aimed increase in the size of MPAs brought substantial benefit.

Cabral博士和他的團隊根據(jù)他們收集的1338種魚類和海洋無脊椎動物的數(shù)據(jù)進行了計算。每一次他們都繪制了當(dāng)?shù)匚锓N的地理范圍、流動性和種群增長，并評估了當(dāng)今捕魚水平的可持續(xù)性。這讓他們創(chuàng)建了一個海洋模型，從這個模型可以評估可捕魚區(qū)域變化的影響。在相當(dāng)粗糙的分辨率下計算——每個像素相當(dāng)于55立方公里海洋——他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，適當(dāng)?shù)卦黾雍Ｑ蟊Ｗo區(qū)的規(guī)模會帶來大量的好處。

詞匯

Invertebrate/無脊椎動物；無骨氣的人

Coarse/粗糙的

Resolution/ 分辨率

pixel /像素

substantial /大量的；實質(zhì)的

Less is more

井干方知水珍貴/物以稀為貴

??

Though MPAs work their magic on all sorts of fishing grounds, Dr Cabral’s model suggests they are especially beneficial for the worst-managed areas, most of which are tropical—and in particular for overfished species such as Atlantic horse mackerels, Japanese anchovies and Argentine hake (the catch pictured on the previous page).

盡管海洋保護區(qū)在各種漁場都發(fā)揮著神奇的作用，但Cabral博士的模型表明，海洋保護區(qū)對管理最糟糕的地區(qū)尤其有利，這些地區(qū)大多是熱帶地區(qū)，尤其是對過度捕撈的物種，如大西洋馬鯖魚、日本鳳尾魚和阿根廷鱈魚(捕撈圖見封面)。

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They also have the virtue of simplicity. The setting of quotas is open to pressure to overestimate of how many fish can safely be caught. And different species need different arrangements, making management harder. The breeding habits of the fish concerned must be monitored, and good estimates made of their numbers. This is difficult enough for countries with well-developed fisheries-research establishments. For those without such it is little more than guesswork. And the problem is made yet more complicated by the fact that tropical ecosystems are more speciose and thus harder to understand and manage than those in temperate climes.

它們還有簡單的優(yōu)點。配額的設(shè)定面臨著過高估計可安全捕獲魚類數(shù)量的壓力。不同的物種需要不同的配額，這使得管理更加困難。必須對相關(guān)魚類的繁殖習(xí)性進行監(jiān)測，并對它們的數(shù)量作出良好的估計。這對于擁有發(fā)達漁業(yè)研究機構(gòu)的國家來說已經(jīng)夠困難的了。對于那些沒有這樣做的人來說，這只不過是猜測而已。熱帶生態(tài)系統(tǒng)比溫帶生態(tài)系統(tǒng)更加物種多樣化，因此更難理解和管理，這使得問題更加復(fù)雜。

詞匯

Quota/定額；限額

breeding /繁殖；飼養(yǎng)

Speciose/這里只查到了species-物種；種類。應(yīng)該是表示物種多樣

Setting the rules for an MPA?is, by contrast, easy. You stick up a metaphorical sign that says, “No fishing”. Knowing who is breaking the rules is easy, too. If your gear is in the water, you are fishing illegally.

相比之下，為海洋保護區(qū)設(shè)置規(guī)則則很容易。你貼一個隱喻的標(biāo)志說，“禁止釣魚”。知道誰違反了規(guī)則也很容易。如果你的漁具在水里，你就是非法捕魚。

詞匯

?metaphorical /比喻性的，隱喻性的

There are, Dr Cabral and his team readily admit, limitations to their model. Not all fish stocks are equally well recorded, meaning many pertinent species escaped the analysis. Including these would more than double the underlying tonnage of catch being looked at, and might reasonably be presumed to add to the increase in yield that the model already predicts. Also, though good data exist about the movement of fish around the world’s oceans, where they spawn is less well understood. As spawning grounds are prime sites for MPAs, this uncertainty muddies the waters.

?Cabral 博士和他的團隊承認，他們的模型存在局限性。并不是所有的魚類資源都有同樣好的記錄，這意味著許多相關(guān)的物種沒有被分析。如果將這些因素包括在內(nèi)，將使所研究的漁獲量的潛在噸數(shù)增加一倍以上，并可能合理地推測會增加該模型已經(jīng)預(yù)測的產(chǎn)量增長。此外，盡管有關(guān)于魚類在世界各大洋中移動的完備數(shù)據(jù)，但人們對它們在哪里產(chǎn)卵卻知之甚少。由于產(chǎn)卵地是海洋保護區(qū)的主要地點，這種不確定性使海水變得捉摸不透。

詞匯

Tonnage/噸位，載重量；排水量

Spawn/產(chǎn)卵

The researchers’ hope, though, is that—perhaps inspired by this study—some governments will now think it worthwhile to conduct more detailed investigations of their own. If a bit more protection results in a lot more fish, everybody wins.

然而，研究人員的希望是——也許受到這項研究的啟發(fā)——一些政府現(xiàn)在會認為值得自己進行更詳細的調(diào)查（制定保護區(qū)/捕撈限額）。如果更多的保護措施能帶來更多的魚，那則是所有人都將受益。