★★★★（紅樓夢(mèng)抄本的類比）

老規(guī)矩，看題：

1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following? 主旨，首段首句

?

2. As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following? 類比+直接細(xì)節(jié)，定位到可做

?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

3. In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests?which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Room texts during the Middle Ages? 后置

4. Click on the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts. 和第一題一起做

文章分析（講解思路升級(jí)自天津?qū)W校RJ）：

para 1:

①The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence both internal and external to the texts themselves. ②Internal evidence is used to reconstruct the relationship of the surviving manuscripts of Roman text to one another, as represented in a modern stemma codicum: a diagram depicting the genealogical relationship of surviving manuscripts and those the stemma’s editor believes existed at one time. ③Stemmata are scholars’ only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today.?④If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin.?⑤Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or in the same room.?所以不能通過(guò)內(nèi)部證據(jù)來(lái)判斷。

stemma 家譜

codicum 抄本

perforce adv. 必然

semblance 假象

2 4 可先做。

2. As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following? 類比+直接細(xì)節(jié)

A. A department store inventory list that excludes some departments. 貨物庫(kù)存清單

B. A map from which a large section has been torn off. ?殘缺的地圖

C. A chronology that includes only major historical events. 編年史

D. A family tree in which some generations are not recorded 家譜樹(shù)

E. A government organizational chart from which some agencies are omitted. 組織架構(gòu)

?

4. Click on the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts.?

注意審題。低估，就是本來(lái)應(yīng)該高。

加上各段首句做1

para 2

One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Age, when many classical texts were circulated.? 上一段內(nèi)部證據(jù)講完了，開(kāi)始講外部證據(jù)

para 3

Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction—or even a short passage—really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? 另一種外部證據(jù)，但提出質(zhì)疑

para 4：

①M(fèi)uch as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is different story and each manuscript’s history is unique. ②?Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what evidence can support. 給出結(jié)論，每一本都特殊，要小心。

1可做

1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

A. Tracing certain changes in the methods?used to study the transmission of ancient Roman texts. 沒(méi)有證據(jù)

B. Contrasting?two type of evidence used in investigating the transmission of ancient Room texts. 最大的干擾項(xiàng)。并不是在對(duì)比，沒(méi)有證據(jù)。一定要看清選項(xiàng)，明確考點(diǎn)。

C. Outlining certain difficulties associated with studying the transmission of ancient Room texts.?

D. Advocating the use of one type of evidence about ancient Roman texts over?the use of another type. 沒(méi)有證據(jù)

E. Explaining the development and potential uses and drawback of stemmata?in the study of ancient Room texts. ?以偏概全

還剩最后一題，有時(shí)間就啃。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

3. In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests?which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Room texts during the Middle Ages?

A. It is possible that fewer manuscripts were destroyed by barbarians in the early Middle Ages than scholars frequently suppose. 對(duì)應(yīng)二段③

B. Additional copies of some so-called lone survivor manuscripts may have existed well into the Middle Ages.?符合二段④

C. If an ancient Roman text is quoted in word by medieval author, it is likely that at least one manuscript copy of that text survived into the Middle Ages. 與三段取反

para 2

①One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Age, when many classical texts were circulated. ②Too often, though, too much is inferred about a particular work’s circulation in the Middle Ages from the number of manuscripts surviving today.?③When a work survives in a single manuscript copy, editors call the manuscript, rather glamorously, the “l(fā)one survivor”—implying that all its (presumably rare) companions were destroyed sometime early in the Middle Ages by pillaging barbarians. ④It is equally possible that the work survived far into the Middle Ages in numerous copies in monastic libraries but went unnoticed due to lack of interest.?⑤The number of extant manuscripts, however few, really does not allow scholars to infer how many ancient Latin manuscripts of a work survived to the ninth, the twelfth, or even the fifteenth century.

para 3:

①Q(mào)uotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction—or even a short passage—really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? ②Medieval authors do quote extensively from ancient authors; while such quotations provide some evidence of the work’s medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of ancient work.

para 4：

①M(fèi)uch as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is different story and each manuscript’s history is unique. ② Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what evidence can support.

用類比來(lái)具體化。

古羅馬文獻(xiàn)距離我們較遠(yuǎn)，可以用紅樓夢(mèng)不同版本間的關(guān)系來(lái)輔助理解這篇文章。

第一段說(shuō)到，想通過(guò)內(nèi)部證據(jù)即各種文獻(xiàn)之間的系譜關(guān)系來(lái)研究傳播史。但是系譜關(guān)系不靠譜。

比如《紅樓夢(mèng)》的傳播史就是這樣。紅樓夢(mèng)的脂評(píng)系統(tǒng)的本子，現(xiàn)存十個(gè)版本，其祖本都是曹雪芹生前傳抄出來(lái)的，雖然在不同程度上保存了原著的本來(lái)面貌，但在活字印刷本出現(xiàn)之前，謄抄總會(huì)出錯(cuò)。我們就很難從這些抄本之間的關(guān)系來(lái)得出誰(shuí)抄的誰(shuí)。因?yàn)橹虚g也許還有其他版本丟失了。

比如己卯本（42回，1759年）和舒序本（存1-40回，1789年），雖然回?cái)?shù)相當(dāng)，但中間差了30年；己卯本（42回，1759年）和庚辰本（存78回，1760年），以為差的很多，但是其實(shí)就是前后年的差距。這個(gè)情況正好對(duì)應(yīng)第一段最后兩句。

第二段里說(shuō)，可以通過(guò)一種外部證據(jù)，比如中世紀(jì)遺留下來(lái)的殘本或者孤本來(lái)窺探傳播史。但是也不太好。

比如說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)有一本乾隆時(shí)期的紅樓夢(mèng)被認(rèn)為是孤本，但其實(shí)事實(shí)并非如此。

盡按照史料的記載，還有紅學(xué)家的研究證實(shí)，《紅樓夢(mèng)》當(dāng)時(shí)叫《石頭記》屬于禁書(shū)。在清朝，文字獄很是嚴(yán)重，就算是像李白這樣大師級(jí)遺留下來(lái)的詩(shī)詞，都被紀(jì)曉嵐給改了好多，可見(jiàn)清朝的文字獄有多嚴(yán)重?！都t樓夢(mèng)》當(dāng)時(shí)的處境也很危險(xiǎn)，乾隆帝修所謂《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》，禁毀書(shū)籍高達(dá)3100種，15萬(wàn)部以上。紅樓夢(mèng)批判了當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)，差一點(diǎn)就被禁毀了。恰好和珅身為《四庫(kù)全書(shū)》的主要負(fù)責(zé)人，他知道這是一部驚天巨著，于是千方百計(jì)的給保留了下來(lái)。

傳說(shuō)和珅每天都去向太后請(qǐng)安，每次只為太后說(shuō)一段《紅樓夢(mèng)》里的故事，太后越聽(tīng)越喜歡聽(tīng)，覺(jué)得是本好書(shū)，便讓和珅把書(shū)拿來(lái)，和珅只好為難地說(shuō)，這書(shū)不能拿出來(lái)是禁書(shū)。結(jié)果乾隆不好忤太后之意，和珅就想辦法給書(shū)保留下來(lái)。

所以看起來(lái)好像乾隆時(shí)期就這一本留存下來(lái)，但是當(dāng)時(shí)可能有很多都被和珅偷偷藏在某個(gè)“藏經(jīng)閣”里保存下來(lái)。

第三段，對(duì)文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容的引用這種外部證據(jù)真的能夠說(shuō)明中世紀(jì)作者的第一手認(rèn)知嗎？

比如說(shuō)，紀(jì)曉嵐引用了紅樓夢(mèng)中“寒塘渡鶴影，冷月葬花魂”。大家以為這個(gè)就是當(dāng)時(shí)最好最流行的版本。但在《紅樓夢(mèng)》里“中秋夜大觀園即景聯(lián)句”中，當(dāng)時(shí)湘云出一句“寒塘渡鶴影”，黛玉又叫好，又跺腳，幾乎為之“擱筆”，幸好想出這一句"冷月葬詩(shī)魂"來(lái)，才將對(duì)方壓倒。

還有我們最熟悉的描寫(xiě)黛玉眉目的“兩彎似蹙非蹙罥煙眉,一雙似喜非喜含情目”，而在俄藏本中為：一雙似泣非泣含露目。與第一句“兩彎似蹙非蹙罥煙眉”可謂絕佳之對(duì)。它本皆遜色多了。此句當(dāng)為雪芹原筆。

希望這樣可以幫助大家更好理解作者想要表達(dá)的研究羅馬文獻(xiàn)傳播史的困難。