Resource: an available supply that can be drawn on as needed (essentially putting an economic value)

Renewable resources: e.g. plants and animals?

Nonrenewable resources: e.g. minerals and fossil fuels

Conservation∶對(duì)于資源進(jìn)行管理，防止資源的使用超出其恢復(fù)能力，考慮的是經(jīng)濟(jì)利益

Preservation∶保護(hù)物種或生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，不考慮其可能的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益

熱力學(xué)第一定律∶能量在傳遞和轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中，總和不變。能量不能憑空產(chǎn)生，也不能憑空消失。

熱力學(xué)第二定律∶在能量轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中，一定有一些低質(zhì)量熱能產(chǎn)生，熵的增量大于零。

能源的使用∶ transportation，industry，residence，and commerce

從多到少∶石油、煤炭、天然氣、可再生能源、核能

未來的能源需求:

Clean coal 精煤∶去除雜質(zhì)的煤

Remove minerals and impurities, and capture the sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide

Methane hydrates 甲烷水合物（可燃冰）∶甲烷氣體和水分子形成結(jié)晶

At low temperature and high pressure; Found on land in permafrost regions and beneath the ocean surface(max. Alaska)

Oil shale 油頁巖∶含有可燃有機(jī)質(zhì)的沉積巖。Contain kerogen, which may convert to oil after heating

Tar sands 含油砂∶含有天然瀝青的地下沙層。Contain bitumen which could be converted to oil;located in Canada and Venezuela

FOSSIL FUELS

Coal 煤炭∶

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel

Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels?

Purest: anthracite>bituminous>subbituminous>lignite>peat?

Found in long continuous deposits called seams

Waste product: CO2, NOx, Hg, SO2, fly ash,and boiler residue Scrubbers(CaSO4) and limestone can be used to reduce SOx

中國(guó)是世界上煤炭存儲(chǔ)量最高的國(guó)家。

煤炭的利弊∶

利∶量大，價(jià)格低廉，性能穩(wěn)定不易爆炸

弊∶開采破壞陸地，燃燒釋放有害物質(zhì)，運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用昂貴，導(dǎo)致溫室效應(yīng)

Oil （petroleum） 石油

Remains of ancient organisms buried beneath sedirments and subjected to high temperature and pressure?

Found in a layer of porous sandstone or break in the layers of crust

Fractional distillation: separates liquid based on differences in their building points?

Oil shale and tar sands are also resources of oil

石油的利弊∶

利∶價(jià)格低廉，易于運(yùn)輸，可用于制作多種產(chǎn)品

弊∶數(shù)量有限，制造污染，易泄漏，破壞動(dòng)植物棲息地

Natural gas 天然氣?

Mostly methane

Produce less carbon dioxide per unit of energy?

Can be converted to liquefied natural gas (LNG)

天然氣的利弊∶

利∶液化后便于運(yùn)輸，污染小，對(duì)于環(huán)境的影響小

弊∶液化氣的制作過程昂貴，導(dǎo)致溫室效應(yīng)，釋放硫化物氣體

Nuclear Energy

Fission 裂變∶重核分裂的過程，U-235 受到外來中子轟擊，鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)形成更多的裂變，可控

Nonrenewable resource

Moderator 減速劑∶ slow down neutrons

Control rods控制棒∶graphite，absorb neutrons and regulate the rate reaction and energy produced

Breeder reactors 增殖堆∶ generate new fissionable material faster than they consume such material

Half-lives半衰期∶ the time it takes for half of the radioactive sample to degrade

Fusion聚變∶兩個(gè)較輕原子聚合為一個(gè)，目前還不可控，能量高于裂變

Generates the sun's energy

A viable solution to solve the world's energy needs

放射性廢物∶目前還沒有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期可以放置放射性廢物的地點(diǎn)

Yucca Mountain, Nevada: the first high-level radioactive waste repository

經(jīng)過20年的努力，花費(fèi)了 80億美元的“尤卡山計(jì)劃”于2008年宣告失敗。

核裂變發(fā)電站迄今為止發(fā)生過兩次極嚴(yán)重事故（1986年切爾諾貝利核電站事故及2011年福島第一核電站事故）、一次嚴(yán)重事故（1957年馬亞克核泄漏事故）和四次小事故（包括1979年三里島核泄漏事故）。當(dāng)然這些事故的受害者數(shù)量與煙草、車禍所造成的受害人數(shù)相比微不足道。

Chernobyl, Ukraine: the location of a meltdown in 1986 that exposed Europe to dangerous levels of radiation?

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania: a nuclear power plant, a meltdown was narrowly averted in 1979 that exposed?

East Coast of the U.S. to nuclear fallout

反應(yīng)堆∶

Boiling water reactor

核能的安全問題∶meltdown，explosion，nuclear weapons；highly radioactive waste，thermal pollution, radioactive elements

各種不可再生能源的比較∶

Hydroelectric Power

水力發(fā)電

Make use of the potential energy of water stored in an elevated reservoir

Hydropower produces more energy than any other renewable energy source in the world

Dams大壩∶利用河流資源建立的水利樞紐

影響

Habitat fragmentation 生境破壞∶the river ecosystem will be damaged

Water-borne infectious diseases 傳染病∶spread in slow-moving and stagnant water behind a dam

Sedimentation 沉淀∶sediments are normally carried downstream by a river,?accumulate behind dams, resulting silting. Silting can be removed by dredging.

水力發(fā)電的利弊∶

利∶控制洪水，使用價(jià)格低廉，沒有污染，使用壽命長(zhǎng)，能量大

弊∶破壞棲息地，導(dǎo)致淤泥沉淀，造價(jià)高，抬高水面海拔

Energy Conservation

能源節(jié)約

Decrease energy for transportation?

Decrease energy for heating?

Decrease electricity use

Energy efficiency: the quantity of work or energy that is produced/ the quantity of energy that was used 能源效率提高就可以節(jié)省能源，從而起到保護(hù)環(huán)境的作用

Corporate Average Fuel Economy （CAFE）Standard∶公司平均燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

It requires automobile manufacturers to produce cars that meet a minimum fuel efficiency standard

Hybrid-electric vehicles 混合動(dòng)力汽車∶

Combing an electric motor with a small gasoline engine (40-50 mpg)

Some of the kinetic energy of the car is used to drive an alternator that charges the batteries needed to power the electric motor

Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles 電動(dòng)汽車和插電式混合動(dòng)力汽車

Charge batteries in the car

Renewable Energy

Solar energy 太陽能∶

Passive solar energy technology: makes direct use of sunlight to heat a building

Active solar energy technology: makes use of pumps to move water or a fluid-like antifreeze through solar collectors

Photovoltaic cells 光電管∶ useful in remote locations far from an chemical grid

Solar power plants 太陽能發(fā)電站∶ track the sun;ideal locales to deserts; cause habitat loss

Long parabolic mirrors 長(zhǎng)柱狀反光鏡∶filled with a fluid that is heated by the concentrated sunlight

Solar power tower 塔式太陽能發(fā)電站∶ focus sunlight at a single point where it heats a fluid

Wind energy 風(fēng)能∶

大量的空氣由高壓地區(qū)流向低壓地區(qū)，產(chǎn)生動(dòng)能

地點(diǎn)∶mountain ridges and other locations with concentrated reliable winds?

Turbine: the wind that blows into the wind turbine spins the blades?

Nacelle: the base of windmill Wind farms: groups of wind turbines

優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)∶

優(yōu)點(diǎn)建造速度快，沒有污染，一地多用，維持成本低

缺點(diǎn)適合的位置少，需要后備計(jì)劃，噪音，鳥類受影響，通訊受影響

Geothermal energy 地?zé)崮堋?/strong>

Tapping into high-temperature, high-pressure steam below the earth's surface 用于供暖和發(fā)電

優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)∶

優(yōu)點(diǎn)∶無限供應(yīng)，較少的空氣污染，價(jià)格合適

缺點(diǎn)：存儲(chǔ)地點(diǎn)少，破壞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡，噪音和難聞氣味

Biofuels生物燃料∶

From plant matter and animal waste

Methane digesters 沼氣池∶ produce electricity

Crops (corns, sugar cane, etc.) can be fermented into ethanol and used in automobiles

Biodiesel fuel 生物柴油

優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)∶

優(yōu)點(diǎn)∶可持續(xù)，可能會(huì)滿足地球上一半的電力需求，減少土壤侵蝕

缺點(diǎn)∶使用殺蟲劑，不完全燃燒導(dǎo)致空氣污染

Hydrogen fuel cells 氫燃料電池

利用化學(xué)反應(yīng)（最常見的是2H2 + O2= 2H2O）產(chǎn)生所需的電流

優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)∶

優(yōu)點(diǎn)∶生成物只有水，原料易得，對(duì)環(huán)境的影響極小

缺點(diǎn)∶造價(jià)高，氫氣易爆炸且不易儲(chǔ)存

Ocean waves and tidal energy 海浪和潮汐能

海水漲潮落潮形成高度差Turn turbines and generate electricity

優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)∶

優(yōu)點(diǎn)∶沒有污染，對(duì)環(huán)境的影響極小

缺點(diǎn)∶合適地點(diǎn)少，造價(jià)高，海上風(fēng)暴可能會(huì)侵蝕或損壞設(shè)備

標(biāo)簽：