正文翻譯

How can Qin Shi Huang be the first Chinese Emperor if there was a dynasty before him?

如果秦始皇以前就有朝代，秦始皇怎么能成為第一個中國皇帝？

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Whenever I read or watch something about this, previous dynasties are mentioned. A quick google check shows there''s three, Xia, Shang and Zhou (though I''ve been told that Xia may not have actually existed).
So how can he be the first emperor? Where the previous dynasties not empires? Is this splitting hairs?

每當(dāng)我讀到或看一些關(guān)于這方面的東西時，都會提到以前的朝代。 谷歌的快速檢查顯示有三個朝代存在，夏、商和周（雖然有人告訴我，夏可能并不存在）。
那么他怎么可能是第一個皇帝呢？前代不是帝國？是我太鉆牛角尖了嗎？

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圖

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評論翻譯

IstanbulnotConstanti

The Shang and Zhou dynasties used the title of king ( 王 ) whereas Qin Shi Huang was the first person to use the title of Emperor (皇帝 ) This has to do with Qin Shi Huang reuniting China after the warring states period.
商周時期使用國王（王）的頭銜，而秦始皇是第一個使用皇帝頭銜的人，這與戰(zhàn)國后秦始皇重新統(tǒng)一中國有關(guān)。

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deezee72
Do you have any examples of regions in the south which were both relatively populated and culturally Chinese, and which there fore would be considered "civilized" in the eyes of the contemporary Zhou?
The only example I can think of is Wu state, which was a Zhou tributary controlled by a cadet branch of the Zhou ruling family, and so during the Western Zhou it was de facto a part of the Zhou''s controlled area until it broke free during the Spring and Autumn period.
Even Changsha, one of the earliest cities on the southern bank of the Yangtze, was not settled by the Yue people until the Spring and Autumn period and not Sinicized until the Warring States period. This is actually a good example of this point - much of the South was settled during the Spring and Autumn period, and thus "unifying China" meant extending further south in the Qin era than it did in the Zhou era.

你有沒有一個南方地區(qū)的例子，說明這些地區(qū)在人口和文化上都是與中國相關(guān)的，并且在當(dāng)時周人的眼中，那里被認(rèn)為是“文明的 ?
我能想到的唯一例子是吳國，它是一個由周朝統(tǒng)治家族的一個分支控制的支流，因此，在西周時期，它實(shí)際上是周的控制區(qū)的一部分，直到春秋時期它掙脫出來。
甚至長沙，長江南岸最早的城市之一，直到春秋時期才被越人定居，直到戰(zhàn)國時期才被中國化。這實(shí)際上是這一點(diǎn)的一個很好的例子——南方的大部分是在春秋時期定居擴(kuò)張的，因此“重新統(tǒng)一中國”意味著在秦時代向南延伸比在周時代更遠(yuǎn)。

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TechnicallyActually
From a previous post, tl;dr, it''s due to language differences and translation artifact:

The translation of their titles is a bit lack luster. Especially, considering there is a "First Emperor of China" historically. The term "emperor" in Chinese is a compound word composed of two characters. The first character is “皇” (Huang). The second one is "帝“ (Di). Together they make the word Huang Di, meaning "emperor". The two depicted on the statue have the title of "Di" ONLY. No direct equivalent in English, so it is often "mistranslated" as "emperor". The character is sort of like "god king".
In ancient Chinese history there were eight great rulers. Three with the title "Huang" and five with the title "Di". The First Emperor of China, after uniting all known Chinese territory and then some in the 250ish BC, combined both titles. He thought his accomplishments have surpassed all three Huangs and five Dis combined. So he combined both titles into " 皇帝 (Huang Di)", meaning emperor.
從以前的一篇帖子，總的來說，這是由于語言差異和翻譯工差造成的：
對他們頭銜的翻譯總是缺少一些潤色。特別是考慮到那是歷史上“中國第一個皇帝。漢語中的“皇帝”一詞是由兩個字組成的復(fù)合詞。 第一個字是“皇”（Huang）。 第二個字是“帝”(Di)。 他們合在一起創(chuàng)造了皇帝這個詞，意思是“皇帝（emperor）”。英語中沒有直接等效的詞，因此，它往往被“誤譯”為“emperor”。但是這個詞只把兩個描述中的一個表達(dá)了出來，即“帝”，其實(shí)這個詞有點(diǎn)像“圣王”。
在中國古代歷史上有八位偉大的統(tǒng)治者。 三個頭銜為“皇”，五個頭銜為“帝”。 中國的第一個皇帝，在統(tǒng)一了所有已知的中國領(lǐng)土之后，然后在公元前250年左右，合并了這兩個頭銜。他認(rèn)為他的成就超過了三個皇和五個帝的總和。 所以他把這兩個頭銜合并成“皇帝（HuangDi）”。

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Critical_Liz
Sounds like a PR thing.

聽起來像一個為了傳播的東西。

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sjioldboy

The Chinese refer to these Xia or pre-Xia mythological ruler-deities as 圣王 ("god-king"), but Wikipedia (& modern English language in general) has a better descxtion: culture heroes.
中國人把這些夏或夏前神話統(tǒng)治者的為圣王（“god-king”)，但維基百科(&現(xiàn)代英語）有一個更好的描述：文化英雄。

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DaKeler

圣 should be translated as "sage" instead of "god".
Despite having enormous respect, by the time of Chinese classical thinkers, these ancient rulers were still regarded as people (人) not spirits/gods (神).
If your translation is correct, would it have made sense for Confucians to have promoted the study of Confucius''s teachings and call him 圣人when the Master himself cautioned against investigating gods and the supernatural (子不語怪力亂神)?
圣應(yīng)該被翻譯成“圣人”而不是“神”。
盡管受到了極大的尊重，但到了中國古典思想家的時代，這些古代統(tǒng)治者仍然被認(rèn)為是人，而不是一種精神力或者神。
如果你的翻譯是正確的，那當(dāng)大師自己警告不要調(diào)查神以及超自然現(xiàn)象的時候 (子不語怪力亂神)，儒家是否還有必要促進(jìn)孔子的教義的學(xué)習(xí)，并稱他為圣人？

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TechnicallyActually
Very much so, his entire point was to set himself above all the rulers of the past.

非常重要的是，他的全部目的是使自己凌駕于過去所有統(tǒng)治者之上。

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pheisenberg
Previously, the Zhou were considered to have the Mandate of Heaven and anyone who wanted to rule legitimately had to call on their name and cultural status. Creating a new, higher title might have been a way to break with that tradition.
A bit of context is that the Qin dynasty was rather tyrannical and didn’t last very long at all due to rebellion. Maybe Shi Huangdi was an extreme narcissist and so gave himself a god-tier name.

在此之前，周被認(rèn)為具有天命，任何想合法統(tǒng)治的人都必須向他們和他們的文化效忠。創(chuàng)建一個更高的新頭銜可能是打破傳統(tǒng)的一種方式。從某種意義上說，秦朝是專橫的，并且由于叛亂沒有持續(xù)很長時間。也許始皇帝是個極端的自戀者，所以給自己起了個更神級的名字。

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Critical_Liz
If you''re going to beat up all your neighbors and make them your subjects, you have to be at least a bit of a narcissist.

如果你要打敗你所有的鄰居，讓他們成為你的臣民，你至少要有點(diǎn)自戀。

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Intranetusa
The previous Dynasties were either 1) smaller local powers (eg. Shang and early Zhou) that were independent of numerous other kingdoms in the area or 2) were actually a collection of semi autonomous and/or fully autonomous kingdoms that only paid lip service or tribute to a king (eg. Later Zhou era).
The first emperor of Qin is considered the first emperor because he finalized the conquest of the numerous different kingdoms and created a centralized bureaucracy to rule over them.

先前的朝代要么是（1）較小的地方政權(quán)（例如商和周初），存在著獨(dú)立于該地區(qū)的許多其他王國，要么是2）實(shí)際上是半自治和/或完全自治的王國的集合，它們僅口頭向國王效忠（例如，東周時代）。
秦始皇被認(rèn)為是第一皇帝，因?yàn)樗罱K完成了對眾多不同王國的征服，并建立了一個集中的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)來統(tǒng)治它們。

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deezee72
While the early Zhou were smaller than the Qin empire, it''s not fair to call them a "smaller local power" and it''s probably not the case that size is what differentiates them from the Qin.

The reason for that title is that the Zhou rulers called themselves kings (王). As the dynasty fragmented into smaller local nobles (during the Spring and Autumn and then Warring States periods), those rulers took on the title of king as well. Accordingly, when Qin Shi Huang conquered all of the kings to re-unify China, he saw fit to take on a higher title, and drew on Chinese mythology to create the title of emperor (皇帝).
雖然早期的周比秦帝國小，但稱他們?yōu)椤拜^小的地方政權(quán)”是不公平的，而且大小可能不是他們與秦的區(qū)別。
這個頭銜的原因是周統(tǒng)治者自稱為國王（王）。隨著王朝分裂成較小的地方貴族（在春秋和戰(zhàn)國時期），這些貴族也獲得了國王的稱號。因此，當(dāng)秦始皇征服了所有的國王重新統(tǒng)一中國時，他認(rèn)為有必要接受一個更高的頭銜，并借鑒中國神話創(chuàng)造了皇帝的頭銜。

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Geoffistopholes
Shang and Zhou were not as expansive as Qin. Imperial China is the period of what is now modern China being covered by a single empire, of course not all of modern China, and not always one power.

商周并不如秦那么寬廣。帝制中國是現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)代中國被一個帝國所覆蓋的時期，當(dāng)然，不是所有的現(xiàn)代中國領(lǐng)土，也不是總是只有一個政權(quán)。

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Singer211
Whether or not the Xia even existed is hotly debated.
The Shang and Zhou were far less expansive and their rulers used the title of kings.
The Qin were the first to truly centralize power and unite China, and Shi Huang was the first ruler to use the title of Emperor.

夏朝是否存在是一個激烈的爭論。
商周的擴(kuò)張程度要低得多，他們的統(tǒng)治者使用的是國王的頭銜。
秦是第一個真正集中權(quán)力和統(tǒng)一中國的統(tǒng)治者，始皇是第一個使用皇帝頭銜的統(tǒng)治者。

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DeaththeEternal
The first dynasties used the title of Wang, where Huangdi, the term used for Emperor, reflected both a different political system and a different concept of what the ruler was meant to be. The Chinese Empire was a profound break with what went before it, prior to that the Later Zhou era is somewhere in between the Bafuku/Shogunates of Japan in providing de facto dynasties underneath a nominal head and by the very end it was like the post-1648 Holy Roman Empire. Nominally the elected ruler of Christendom, in practice a road used by the real powers to fight real wars.
So too was the later Zhou given perfunctory nods, if that much, by the real rising forces of the era like Qin and Chu.

第一個王朝使用王的頭銜，皇帝這個詞既反映了不同的政治制度，又反映了關(guān)于統(tǒng)治者的不同概念。中華帝國與它之前發(fā)生的事有了深刻的突破，在此之前，東周時代處于類似于日本的幕府統(tǒng)治之間的某個地方，王朝只是象征性的老大，到最后，它就像1648年后的神圣羅馬帝國。名義上是基督教的民選統(tǒng)治者，在實(shí)踐中是各個大國爭斗的戰(zhàn)場。
所以東周也是如此，給予各國名義上的承認(rèn)，受到了秦，楚等時代真正崛起的力量的控制。

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War_Hymn
Keep in mind that the Shang and Zhou were not centralized empires, but more like feudal entities that were acknowledge by associating and surrounding polities as the paramount power in the region. Their neighbors and vassals might owe fealty, have certain obligations and pay tribute, but for the most part they ruled their own territories with a large degree of autonomy and independence. In terms of direct domestic control, royal Shang or Zhou rule might have only extended a few hundred miles around their immediate capital.
What changed with the Qin was they took control over everything. Qin Shi Huang replaced the local rulers of newly conquered territories with court-appointed bureaucrats who took direct orders from him. He attempted to standardize everything from writing, weights, and even the width of chariot axles. What he created was a centralized bureaucratic empire.

請記住，商周不是中央集權(quán)的帝國，而是更像封建實(shí)體，通過與周邊政體的交往和承認(rèn)而成為該地區(qū)的最高權(quán)力。他們的鄰居和附庸可能要向他們表示忠誠，有一定的義務(wù)和上貢貢品，但在很大程度上，他們以高度的自治和獨(dú)立統(tǒng)治著自己的領(lǐng)土。就直接的國內(nèi)控制而言，商朝或周朝的皇家統(tǒng)治可能僅在其直接首都周圍延伸了數(shù)百英里。
秦朝改變的是他們控制了一切。秦始皇以宮廷任命的官僚代替了新征服的原本的統(tǒng)治者，前者服從他直接下達(dá)的命令。他試圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化所有東西，包括書寫，度量，甚至是戰(zhàn)車軸的寬度。他創(chuàng)建的是一個中央集權(quán)的官僚帝國。

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szmj
he''s the person who invented the phrase Emperor in Chinese, he thought King is not enough for him

他是用中文發(fā)明皇帝這個詞的人，他認(rèn)為國王對他來說是不夠的

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TheGreatOneSea
What we think of as "China" was never unified before Qin: the Jin state was "only" the most powerful state of the time before The Warring States, not literally the only state. The previous kingdoms also weren''t centralized in the least, relying entirely on family bonds.
Qin actually destroyed all the Chinese states, and it centralized power such that its government actually survived the collapse of Qin itself.

我們所認(rèn)為的“中國”在秦以前從來沒有統(tǒng)一過：晉國是戰(zhàn)國之前的時間“唯一”強(qiáng)大的國家，而不是字面上的唯一國家。以前的王國也不是至少集權(quán)化的國家，完全依靠家庭紐帶。
秦實(shí)際上摧毀了當(dāng)時所有中國政權(quán)，并集中了權(quán)力，使其政府實(shí)際上幸免于秦本身的崩潰。

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deezee72
China was unified under the Zhou dynasty (1050 - 771 BC, although it existed on paper for another 500 years until 249).

The Zhou rulers called themselves kings (王). As the dynasty fragmented into smaller local nobles (during the Spring and Autumn and then Warring States periods), those rulers took on the title of king as well. Accordingly, when Qin Shi Huang conquered all of the kings to re-unify China, he saw fit to take on a higher title, and drew on Chinese mythology to create the title of emperor (皇帝). Hence, "first emperor".

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The previous kingdoms also weren''t centralized in the least, relying entirely on family bonds.
This is also not accurate. Many of the kingdoms during the warring states actually had fairly sophisticated bureaucracies, and made efforts to centralize. For instance, during his lifetime Confucius was a high ranking bureaucrat for the King of Qi, despite the fact that he was unrelated to any of the three main noble families that ruled the kingdom. While Confucius himself was a minor noble, many of his disciples were commoners who also attained fairly senior positions in the bureaucracy of the Qi kingdom or other kingdoms that adopted Confucian teachings. The best example is Zigong, who was not only a commoner but came from a pretty poor background, and went on to become prime minister of Lu.
Many of the Warring States were quite large - by the 4th century BC, China had a population close to 30M and there were only 5 states left standing, giving them an average of 6M people. For comparison, the Ancient Athens reached its peak around the same time and had 300,000 people, of which only 10,000 were citizens. It''s natural that kingdoms at that size would need a fairly complex government apparatus in order to govern - and that''s exactly what we see in Warring States records.

中國統(tǒng)一于周代（公元前1050-771年，盡管它在紙上繼續(xù)存在了500年，直到249年）。周統(tǒng)治者自稱為國王。當(dāng)王朝分裂為較小的地方貴族時（在春秋戰(zhàn)國時期），這些統(tǒng)治者也獲得了國王的頭銜。因此，當(dāng)秦始皇征服所有國王重新統(tǒng)一中國時，他認(rèn)為他有資格獲得更高的頭銜，并借鑒中國神話來創(chuàng)造皇帝的頭銜。因此，他是“第一個皇帝”。
“以前的王國也不是至少集權(quán)化的國家，完全依靠家庭紐帶?！?br/>這也不準(zhǔn)確。戰(zhàn)國時期的許多王國實(shí)際上都擁有相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)，并做出了集中化的努力。例如，孔子一生中是齊王（注：應(yīng)為魯國）的高級官僚，盡管他與統(tǒng)治該國的三個主要貴族中的任何一個都沒有關(guān)系?？鬃颖救穗m然是次等貴族，但他的許多門徒都是平民，在齊國或其他采用儒家教義的國家的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)中也擔(dān)任過相當(dāng)高級的職務(wù)。最好的例子是子貢，他不僅是平民百姓，而且來自相當(dāng)貧窮的家庭背景，后來成為了魯國首席大臣。
許多戰(zhàn)國是相當(dāng)大的-到公元前4世紀(jì)，中國的人口接近3000萬，當(dāng)時只剩下5個國家，平均有600萬人。相比之下，古雅典人口大約在同一時間達(dá)到頂峰，有30萬人，其中只有1萬人是公民。這樣大小的王國自然需要相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的政府機(jī)構(gòu)來管理——這也正是我們在戰(zhàn)國記錄中看到的。