Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

musical taxonomy / genres / blues

Arts/music

20世紀初的音樂家不只會一種音樂類型

①The musical taxonomy we take for granted today arose in the early 1900s. ②Musical genres were invented as a means of marketing records. ?③Before the recording era, working musicians were expected to play a range of?music that would surprise?modern listeners, who generally expect classical musicians to play classical, country?musicians to play country, and so on. ④With respect to blues, there were probably few musicians working in the?1920s or 1930s who played?only that style. ⑤If recordings imply that certain artists could play only the most basic?twelve-bar blues pattern, the reason lies with recording companies’ preferences, not musicians’ capabilities. ⑥Performers whose entire recorded repertoire consists of blues might have been earning a living playing in jazz?groups or?country bands.?

我們現(xiàn)在習以為常的音樂分類法起源于20世紀早期。音樂風格是為了唱片市場發(fā)明出來的。在唱片時代之前，演奏者會演奏一系列的音樂，而這會讓現(xiàn)代的聽眾感到驚奇，因為他們一般會認為哪種音樂類型的音樂家就應該演奏那種音樂類型。至于藍調，在20世紀二三十年代，幾乎很少音樂家只演奏藍調這一種音樂形式。?如果一個唱片表明一些藝術家只會彈最基本的十二小節(jié)藍調，原因不會是音樂家能力有限，而是唱片公司的安排。那些唱片作品中只有藍調的表演者可能通過在爵士樂團或者鄉(xiāng)村樂隊表演謀生。

1. The author mentions “country bands” primarily in order to?

功能題 目的題 易

信息目的題，優(yōu)先服務句子主干。為了說明那些只發(fā)行過一種音樂類型的唱片的音樂家，同時可以在爵士樂團或鄉(xiāng)村樂隊謀生，說明他這些都會。

B

A. cast doubt on a particular assumption often made about working musicians before the recording era 質疑一個在唱片時代之前的對于音樂家的假設。沒有這個assumption的證據(jù)

B. emphasize how unrepresentative a musician's blues recordings might be of that musician’s range? 說明一個音樂家的藍調唱片不能代表他會的音樂類型。符合

C. compare the demands of playing blues music to the demands of playing in other musical styles 沒有compare的證據(jù)

D. identify a significant source of income for some musicians who recorded blues music in the 1920s and 1930s? 干擾項，文章并不是在討論收入來源，只是會的音樂類型。沒有significant的證據(jù)。

E. note an important influence on some musicians whose only recorded music consisted of blues songs?沒有influence的證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. The passage suggests which of the following about “modern listeners” ??

細節(jié)題 推斷題 中

A

A. They tend to make certain assumptions about musicians that have been influenced by recording?companies’ ways of categorizing musical styles. 他們有可能做出對于受到唱片公司分類音樂風格方式影響的演奏者的假設。有可能，唱片公司讓一位演奏者只演藍調，現(xiàn)代聽眾就會認為這哥們只會藍調。

B. They generally have broader musical tastes than did listeners before the recording era.? 沒有這個比較

C. They tend to expect more virtuosity from musicians who play only one style of music than they expect?from musicians who play many different styles. 沒有virtuosity和比較的證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

with respect to ... 關于

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage.?

Arts / history

nations / nation-state / Korea?

是先有國家，還是先有民族

①For most of the twentieth century, scholars generally accepted the proposition that nations are enduring?entities that predated the rise of modern nation-states and that provided the social and cultural foundations of?the state. ?②This perspective has certainly been applied to Korea; most historians have assumed that the Korean?nation has existed since the dawn of historical time.?③In recent years, however, Western scholars have questioned?the idea of the nation as an enduring entity. ④Both Gellner and Anderson have argued, in their studies of?European, Latin American and Southeast Asian cases, that the nation is strictly a modem phenomenon, a?forging of a common sense of identity among previously disparate social groups through the propagandizing?efforts of activist intellectuals and the homogenizing organizational activities of the modern state.??⑤In short, it?was the state that created the nation; not the other way around.?

①Younger Koreanists, with Em prominent among them, have begun to apply this approach to Korea.?②These?scholars, noting the isolated nature of village life in premodern Korea and the sharp difference in regional?dialects, suggest that ordinary villagers could not possibly have thought of themselves as fellow countrymen of?villagers in other regions. ③These scholars also note that elites, conversely often had outward-looking, universalistic orientations, as did aristocracies elsewhere, such as in premodern Europe. ④Finally, they observe?that the very word for "nation" in Korean, minjok, is a neologism first employed by Japanese scholars as a?translation of the Western concept and that it was first appropriated by Korean activists in the early twentieth?century.?⑤They argue, therefore, that a Korean "nation" came into being only after that time.?

①In short, in the case of Korea we have an argument between "primordialists," who contend that nations are?natural and universal units of history, and "modernists," who assert that nations are historically contingent?products of modernity. ②The positions of both groups seem problematic. ③It seems unlikely that in the seventh century the peoples of the warring states of Koguryo, Paekche, and Shilla all thought of themselves as members?of a larger "Korean" collectivity. ④On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Korean peninsula had a much longer?history?- well over one thousand years - as a unified political collectivity than did the peoples studied by Gellner?and Anderson. ⑤Not only does the remarkable endurance of the Korean state imply some sort of social and cultural basis for that unity but the nature of the premodern Korean state as a centralized bureaucratic polity?also suggests the possibility that the organizational activities of the state may have created a homogenous?collectivity with a sense of shared identity much earlier than happened in the countries of western Europe that?provided the model for ''modernist" scholarship.?

20世紀的大部分時間里，學者們普遍認為民族是持續(xù)的存在實體，是現(xiàn)代單一民族國家的前身，并為這個國家提供了社會和文化基礎。這個觀點適用于韓國。許多歷史學家認為大韓民族在歷史初期就已存在。然而近年來，西方學者質疑了民族是長久存在的實體這一觀念。通過他們對歐洲、拉丁美洲和東南亞國家的研究，G和A認為，民族嚴格來說是一個現(xiàn)代現(xiàn)象，是通過活動家們的宣傳、現(xiàn)代國家的結構同化將以往分散的社會團體合并成一個身份認知共同體的結果?？偨Y來說，是國家創(chuàng)造了民族，而非反過來。

年輕的韓國學者開始把這種方法應用在韓國上。這些學者發(fā)現(xiàn)，因為鄉(xiāng)村生活的封閉和方言的明顯差異，那時的普通村民不太可能把其他地方的人當做同胞。學者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，相反，精英們通常具備開放、普遍性的態(tài)度，正如歐洲早期的貴族階級表現(xiàn)出來的一樣。最后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)韓語中表示民族的詞，是一個新詞，是日本學者在翻譯西方概念時第一次使用，在20世紀早期才被韓國的運動家使用。因此，學者們認為，在那之后才出現(xiàn)韓民族的概念。

綜上，對于韓國的研究，我們有了以下二者的爭論：原生主義者認為民族是歷史中自然而普遍的單位，而現(xiàn)代主義者認為民族是現(xiàn)代化的歷史產(chǎn)物。這兩種觀點看起來都有問題。7世紀的時候，高句麗、百濟、新羅三個地方的人打的不可開交，不可能太把對方當成大韓民族共同的子民。另一方面，朝鮮半島的居民作為一個政治集體有超過一千年的歷史，比G和A研究對象的歷史要長。不僅韓國的長久本身表明了一種社會和文化基礎，而且早期韓國作為一個集中的政體同樣具有創(chuàng)造出一個統(tǒng)一集體的可能，甚至比西方提供了現(xiàn)代主義模型的國家還要早。

生詞摘錄：

neologism 新詞

3. The primary purpose of the passage is to?

功能題 主旨題 中

文章通過對韓國的研究，討論是先有民族還是先有國家。但是目前得出來的結論在韓國這個案例看來，都有些不足。

A

A. evaluate two competing views regarding the origin of the Korean nation? 符合

B. rebut a controversial perspective on the origin of the Korean nation? 反駁一個關于韓民族起源的有爭議的觀點。文章不是在反駁某個觀點，而是在討論。

C. question the idea of the Korean nation as an enduring entity? 不是在質疑民族的本質

D. consider the influence of the modernist position on younger Koreanists 只是第二段的內容。以偏概全。

E. explain some of the unique features of the Korean nation 不是在解釋特征。

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to ?

重復3

A. evaluate two competing views regarding the origin of the Korean nation ?

B. rebut a controversial perspective on the origin of the Korean nation ?

C. question the idea of the Korean nation as an enduring entity ?

D. consider the influence of the modernist position on younger Koreanists?

E. explain some of the unique features of the Korean nation?

5. According to the author of the passage, a difference between Korea and the “European, Latin?American, and Southeast Asian cases” has to do with?

細節(jié)題 中

第一段的定位處講的是相同，我們需要找不同。這個不同體現(xiàn)在文章最后的時間差異上，需要完整讀完才能做。

C

A. the extent of the differences among various regional dialects prior to the establishment of a national?language 與方言無關。

B. the number of disparate social groups that existed prior to the creation of a national identity.? 與數(shù)量無關。

C. when a nationally unified political entity came into existence.? 時間差異。符合。

D. whether the bureaucratic state played a role in the creation of the nation 沒有證據(jù)。

E. the extent to which the creation of the nation fostered significantly greater social and cultural unity 沒有extent的證據(jù)。

6. Regarding the observation discussed in the highlighted sentence, the author would probably?agree with which of the following statements??

態(tài)度題 易

高亮句是在說明民族這個概念是個新詞。為了支持先有的韓國再有的韓民族這個概念。但是通過第三段知道，作者認為這個觀點是有問題的。

D

A. It tells more about the nature of the Korean language than it does about the creation of the Korean?nation in the twentieth century? 跟韓語的本質無關

B. It contradicts the idea that Korean elites had outward-looking universalistic orientations.? 不是在取反，這句話是一個正向句。

C. It shows the inappropriateness of trying to apply Western concepts to the Korean experience.? 雖然作者在第三段中表明了不認可的態(tài)度，但是這句話里的發(fā)現(xiàn)本身卻并沒有體現(xiàn)出inappropriateness。

D. It may be true, but it does not mean that the creation of the Korean nation is a twentieth-century?phenomenon.? 符合作者在第三段中表現(xiàn)出來的態(tài)度。

E. It testifies to the influence of Western and Japanese thinking on the origin of the Korean nation. 這個發(fā)現(xiàn)證實了西方和日本思想對于韓民族起源的影響。作者最后的態(tài)度并不在此，也不認為這是對的。

Question 7 is based on this passage.?

cancers / farming lifestyle

Sciences

農(nóng)場生活方式降低癌癥風險

A long-term medical study found that certain common types of cancers occur 40 percent less frequently?among people who live and work on farms than in the general population. This suggests to scientists that some?factor in the farming lifestyle provides protection against the types of cancers. If there is such a factor it?probably provides more protection against cancer than is indicated by the 40 percent lower incidence found by?the study, since?_______.?

一項長期的醫(yī)學研究表明，生活在農(nóng)場上的人的一些常見的癌癥發(fā)病率要低40%，可能是農(nóng)場上生活方式的某一因素降低了癌癥風險。如果這個因素真的存在，它帶來的保護可能要超過研究表明的40%，因為________.

7. Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 中

邏輯稍微有些彎繞：補全這個論證，找到原因。既然帶來的保護要超過40%，說明有什么原因消除了一些保護。

A

A. the pesticides used by many farmers constitute a significant risk factor for developing the types of?cancers investigated??

B. farmers are more active than the general population, and physical exercise provides some protection?against the types of cancers investigated 相反。?要找的是消除保護的內容。

C. the frequency of certain other medical conditions, such as heart disease is also lower among farmers?than in the general population 跟心臟病沒關系。甭扯別的。

D. the study found that there was no reduction of risk among those who lived on a farm but did not?engage in farmwork 跟farmwork沒有關系

E. the study found that the frequency of the types of cancers investigated was marginally higher among the members of certain professional groups than in the general population 做這個比較沒有意義。

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.?

Sciences / biology

vertebrate skeleton / predaroty

脊椎動物進化出骨骼是為了捕食而非防御

①Many paleontologists have linked the origin of the vertebrate skeleton to the need for defense.?②According?to this hypothesis, the first, soft-bodied vertebrates, living in the seas of the Cambrian period, began to evolve extensive covering of bony scales or plates as the result of predation by numerous invertebrate?carnivores. ③Teeth are thought to have been secondary features evolved over millions of years from those plates that had?migrated to the mouth. ④Another hypothesis, however,?contends?that many of the definitive characteristics of vertebrates, such as paired eyes, would not have evolved unless the first vertebrates were predatory.?

①Tiny, spiky Cambrian fossils from small, eel-like animals known as conodonts have important implications for this debate.?②It has been shown that these fossils are teeth from the mouths of conodonts,?which may have?been among the curliest vertebrates and which otherwise lacked any mineralized skeleton. ③If teeth are more?primitive than external plates, then the vertebrate skeleton may have evolved from adaptations to facilitate predation rather than from adaptations to facilitate protection. ?

許多古生物學家認為脊椎動物發(fā)展出骨骼是為了防御。在這個假說下，寒武紀海洋中第一個軟體脊椎動物為了抵御捕食者，開始進化出骨質鱗片或鱗甲。牙齒被認為是這些鱗甲通過百萬年的演化發(fā)展到嘴部而形成的次生特征。然而另一個假說認為，許多屬于脊椎動物的標準特征，比如成對的眼睛，只有在脊椎動物作為捕食者的情況下才會演化出來。

長得像鰻魚一樣的牙形蟲那小而尖的寒武紀化石提供了重要的依據(jù)。這些化石就是牙形蟲的牙齒，它們可能是最彎曲的脊椎動物，除此之外它們沒有任何的礦化骨骼。如果牙齒比外骨骼更原始，那么脊椎動物的骨骼就是為了捕食而非保護進化出來的。

8. Select the sentence that spells out the significance of a finding.??

功能題 句子選擇題 易

spell out = to make plain 講清楚，說明白

找一個表明重大發(fā)現(xiàn)的句子。文章最后一句。

If teeth are more?primitive than external plates, then the vertebrate skeleton may have evolved from adaptations to facilitate?predation rather than from adaptations to facilitate protection.??

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

9. The passage suggests that paleontologists who argue that the vertebrate skeleton evolved from?adaptations to facilitate protection would agree that the "carnivores” mentioned in the passage?

態(tài)度題 中

認為脊椎動物進化出骨骼為了防御的古生物學家會認為食肉動物怎么樣。來自一段二三兩句

A

A. did not have mineralized teeth 符合。他們認為牙齒是后演化出來的。

B. were covered in bony scales or plates? 這些是用來防御的。而食肉動物不需要

C. evolved paired eyes to facilitate predation? 無關

10. In the context in which it appears, "contends” most nearly means ?

詞匯題 中

如果再BC間有疑惑，查一下韋氏里contend的含義即可。不要用中文意對中文意，很容易mismatch.

contend = maintain, assert

C

A. competes??

B. disputes? = to call into question; to contend over. 后面要跟反駁的對象。

就像中文中“他譴責道，這種行為是不對的”，“他譴責這種行為?！?/p>

C. maintains? = state, assert

D. remonstrates 激烈抗議，嚴厲指責

E. struggles 斗爭，抵抗