American society--All for one

Robert Putnam and Michael Sandel diagnose America

The rancour?of American politics, say these two distinguished scholars, is a symptom of an even deeper malaise.?Robert Putnam charts a rise in economic inequalities, cultural tribalism?and frayed?social connections since the 1960s—when, he recalls, the spirit of solidarity and reform was by contrast strong. Michael Sandel focuses on the meritocratic rat-race and its justifications, which create, in his words, “hubris?among the successful and resentment?among the disadvantaged”.

Rancour??n. /?r??k?(r)/ (BrE) (US rancor ) 怨恨；怨毒?? She learned to accept criticism without rancour . 她學會了坦然接受批評而不懷恨在心。

Malaise??n. ??/m??le?z/ ?1.（廣泛存在的）難以捉摸的問題，無法描述的問題??economic/financial/social malaise 揣摩不透的經(jīng)濟╱金融╱社會問題?2.莫名的不適（或不快、不滿等）??a serious malaise among the staff 員工極為不滿的情緒

Tribalism??n. /?tra?b?l?z?m/ 1.部落習性；種族意識；部落主義 2.部落制度

cultural tribalism ：指的是一成不變的保持自身固有文化，過分強調本民族的優(yōu)越性而忽略本民族存在的文化缺失，容易演變成“文化孤立主義”。從導致文化發(fā)展的滯后甚至停滯。

fray /fre?/ ?動詞?1.（使織物邊沿）磨損，磨散??The cuffs of his shirt were fraying. 他襯衣的袖口磨破了。 2.（使）煩躁，惱火??As the debate went on, tempers began to fray. 隨著辯論的繼續(xù)，火氣就上來了。名詞，打斗，競爭，爭辯（尤指激烈或視為檢驗能力的）?They were ready for the fray. 他們準備好了爭斗。?to enter/join the fray 加入爭辯

IDIOMS 習語

1. ?fray at/around the ?edges/?seams 開始卷邊；脫線腳；分崩離析；失敗??Support for the leader was fraying at the edges. 對這位領導人的擁護已開始瓦解。

meritocratic ?/?m?r?t??kr?t?k/ ADJ (社會或社會制度)評功論賞的; 任人唯才的; 以功績定地位的

rat-race ?激烈的競爭; 你爭我奪的生活? ? ? ??the disadvantaged：弱勢群體

Hubris??n. /?hju?br?s/ 傲慢；狂妄

resentment ?n. /r??zentm?nt/ ?憤恨；怨恨?? to feel/harbour/bear resentment towards/against sb 對某人感到╱深懷╱有怨恨

Both blame the ills they identify on widespread acceptance of egotistical go-getting?at a cost to common purpose. Their bleak picture of private indifference to public welfare prompts an equally?sweeping?solution. America needs nothing less, they think, than a recovery of community and rededication?to the common good.

egotistical ?/,eɡ?'t?st?k?l/ ?adj. 任性的；自我本位的；傲慢自尊的

go-getting：野心的，手段強硬的? ? ? ? ? ??Rededication?:re-dedication? 再奉獻

bleak ?adj./bli?k/ ?1.(狀況) 不樂觀的；無望的；暗淡的??a bleak outlook/prospect 暗淡的前景╱前途；2.(天氣) 陰冷的??a bleak winter's day 一個陰冷的冬日；3.(地方) 無遮掩的；荒涼的；索然無味的??a bleak landscape/hillside/moor 荒蕪的景色╱山坡╱野地

sweeping??adj. ??/?swi?p??/ ?

1.影響廣泛的；大范圍的；根本性的??sweeping reforms/changes 全面改革；徹底變化；2.（過分）籠統(tǒng)的；一概而論的??a sweeping generalization/statement 籠統(tǒng)的概括；一概而論的說法；?3.~ victory （在投票等中的）大勝，全勝；4.弧線的；彎曲的??a sweeping gesture 揮動的動作

Mr Putnam, a political scientist, is well-known for Bowling Alone (2000), which reported a drop of?clubbability?in a nation of?joiners. Written with Shaylyn Romney Garrett, “The Upswing” is a reprise that answers critics and laments?a yet broader?retreat to private concerns. It offers a historical account of trends in public commitment over 120 years.

Clubbability?合群性；善于交際性；做俱樂部會員的資格.

Upswing /??psw??/?n ~ (in sth) 改進；改善；上升；進步

reprise ?n. /r??pri?z/ 重復部分；﹙尤指樂曲的﹚重復部分，再現(xiàn)部

Lament??/l??ment/ 對…感到悲痛；痛惜；對…表示失望??In the poem he laments the destruction of the countryside. 在那首詩里他對鄉(xiāng)村遭到的破壞流露出悲哀。 名詞：挽歌；哀詩；悼詞

The narrative arc?is simple. A dog-eat-dog?Gilded Age?at the end of the 19th century prompted ever greater social engagement and reform in three stages--Progressivism, the New Deal and the 1960S. Soon, however, dog-eat-dogism?returned and is now again uppermost.?To support that analysis, a mass of survey data and statistics is mapped onto what Mr Putnam calls I-we-I curves, which show a rise and fall in economic equality, political co-operation, social solidarity and a sense of shared American culture.

narrative ?n. ??/?n?r?t?v/ ?1.（尤指小說中的）描述，敘述?2.講故事；敘述；敘事技巧

arc /ɑ?k/n. ?。ǘ龋?；弧光（全稱electric arc）；弧形物；天穹；adj. 圓弧的；反三角函數(shù)的；vt. 形成電??；走弧線

dog-eat-dog?adj. 自相殘殺的，狗咬狗的；競爭激烈的；n. 狗咬狗；自相殘殺

Gilded Age??/?ɡ?ld?d e?d?/ 鍍金時代，19世紀70年代到1900年左右這段時間，這個術語誕生于20世紀20年代和30年代馬克吐溫的諷刺小說。

Progressivism??/pr??ɡres?v?z?m/ n. 進步主義；革新論

the New Deal ：羅斯福新政，是指1933年富蘭克林·羅斯福(小羅斯福)就任美國總統(tǒng)后所實行的一系列經(jīng)濟政策。

Uppermost /??p?m??st/ 1. 最高的；最上端的；最上面的??the uppermost branches of the tree 樹頂端的枝椏；2.最重要；最關鍵；3.處于最高位置；面向上地

“The Upswing” ranges widely, yet its scrupulous survey-mining and curve-fitting is not wholly persuasive, or indeed necessary. Up on the latest research and impeccably open to counterargument, Mr Putnam tends to take away with one study what he has just offered with another. A?heartfelt communitarian essay, “What ails?America”, without the social-science apparatus, might have been just as convincing.。

scrupulous ?adj. /?skru?pj?l?s/ ?1.仔細的；細致的；一絲不茍的??You must be scrupulous about hygiene when you're preparing a baby's feed. 給嬰兒準備食物時，對衛(wèi)生絲毫馬虎不得。?scrupulous attention to detail 體察入微?2.~ (in sth/in doing sth) 審慎正直的；恪守道德規(guī)范的

Impeccably??/?m?pek?bli/ 無可挑剔地，毋庸置疑地，完美地

Counterargument：/?ka?nt?rɑ?ɡjum?nt/n. 抗辯；辯論；用來反駁的論點

heartfelt ?adj. /?hɑ?tfelt/ 衷心的；真誠的? a heartfelt apology/plea/sigh 真切的道歉╱懇求╱嘆息?? heartfelt sympathy/thanks 由衷的同情╱感謝

Communitarian?/k?,mju?n?'te?r??n/n. 提倡共產(chǎn)主義社會者；共產(chǎn)主義社會的成員adj. 公有社會的；鼓吹公有社會的

Ail??v. /e?l/ ?1.困擾；干擾；使麻煩??They discussed the problems ailing the steel industry. 他們討論了困擾鋼鐵工業(yè)的問題。 2.使患??；使不適??What is ailing you? 你哪里不舒服？

apparatus/??p??re?t?s/ ?

1.儀器；器械；裝置?a piece of laboratory apparatus 一件實驗室儀器?2.（尤指政黨或政府的）機構，組織，機關??the power of the state apparatus 國家機關的權力；3.器官??the sensory apparatus 感覺器官譯文

譯文

The?rancour?of?American politics, say these two distinguished scholars, is a symptom of an even deeper?malaise.?Robert Putnam charts a?rise in economic inequalities, cultural?tribalism?and?frayed?social connections since the 1960s—when, he recalls, the spirit of solidarity and reform was by contrast strong. Michael Sandel focuses on the?meritocratic rat-race?and its justifications, which create, in his words, “hubris?among the successful and?resentment?among?the disadvantaged”.

兩位有名學者指出美國政治漫開的不平之毒怨是根植于美國深處且難以琢磨問題的表面癥狀。Robert Putnam?描繪了上世紀60年代興起的經(jīng)濟不平等，文化部落主義以及社會關系緊張，相較于當時還有相當強烈的團結與改革精神。Michael Sandel?關注在精英統(tǒng)治下的激烈競爭與其存在的理由。用他的話說“傲慢包裹著成功人士，而憤恨在弱勢群體中彌漫”。

Both blame the ills they identify on widespread acceptance of?egotistical go-getting?at a cost to common purpose. Their?bleak picture?of private indifference to public welfare prompts an equally?sweeping?solution. America needs nothing less, they think, than a recovery of community and?rededication?to the common good.

兩位都將觀察到的弊病歸咎于社會廣泛接受的，以犧牲公共共同目標為代價的極度自我主義。個人對公共福利漠不關心的慘淡景象提醒著需要同等廣泛規(guī)模的解決方案。他們認為美國人不需要任何東西，除了社區(qū)的復興與對公共利益的再奉獻。

Mr Putnam, a political scientist, is well-known for?Bowling Alone (2000), which reported a drop of?clubbability?in a nation of?joiners. Written with Shaylyn Romney Garrett, “The?Upswing” is a?reprise?that answers critics and?laments?a yet broader?retreat?to private concerns. It offers a historical account of trends in public commitment over 120 years.

Putnam先生，一位政治科學家，以其著作《獨自打保齡球》聞明，該書記錄了美國國家民眾社交參與度的衰退。他與Shaylyn Romney Garrett合著的《上升》是對批判家的反復回答和哀嘆更廣泛的社會轉向自我關注現(xiàn)象。它提供了美國公眾之力120年發(fā)展趨勢的歷史性視角。

The narrative arc?is simple. A?dog-eat-dog?Gilded Age?at the end of the 19th century prompted ever greater social engagement and reform in three stages--Progressivism,?the New Deal?and the 1960S. Soon, however,?dog-eat-dogism?returned and is now again?uppermost.?To support that analysis, a mass of survey data and statistics is mapped onto what Mr Putnam calls I-we-I curves, which show a rise and fall in economic equality, political co-operation, social solidarity and a sense of shared American culture.

《上升》的敘事線很簡單。19世紀末鍍金時代的自相殘殺掀起了三個階段大規(guī)模的社會參與與改革--進步時代、羅斯福新政和20世紀60年代。但現(xiàn)在，自相殘殺主義回歸并再次發(fā)展至巔峰。為了支持這個觀點，大量的調查數(shù)據(jù)與統(tǒng)計繪出了一條Putman先生叫做“我-我們-我”的曲線，顯示了在經(jīng)濟平等、政治協(xié)作、社會團結和美國文化認同等方面的上升與衰退。

“The?Upswing” ranges widely, yet its?scrupulous?survey-mining and curve-fitting is not wholly persuasive, or indeed necessary. Up on the latest research and?impeccably?open to?counterargument, Mr Putnam tends to take away with one study what he has just offered with another. A?heartfelt?communitarian essay, “What?ails?America”, without the social-science?apparatus, might have been just as convincing.

《上升》涉及內容廣泛，但它細致的調查挖掘與曲線擬合并不完全具有說服力，或者說是并不必要。在最新的研究和無可挑剔的辯駁面前，Putnam先生傾向于把他剛剛提出的研究成果用另一項來替代。一篇感情真摯的鼓吹共有主義的文章--“什么在阻礙美國”，沒有借助任何的社會科學研究工具，可能會有同等說服力吧。（是UP主理解有問題嗎？感覺作者寫這段話的時候透著淡淡的嘲諷···）

經(jīng)濟學人11月刊