【1.3 5大對比關(guān)系詮釋篇章語境】

段落例題（時間對比）

【Paragraph 1】The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following.is the most significant development in the history of film?

A. The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920s

B.The development of a technology for translating films into other languages

C.To argue that dams should not be built on the Euphrates River

D.The technological improvements allowing clearer images in films

段落例題（地點對比）

【Paragraph 1】In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military.Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential.The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on those areas of Britain that were

A.conquered first

B.near population centers

C.used as military bases

D.rapidly incorporated into the empire

According to paragraph 1,what effect did military occupation have on the local population?

A. It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the settlement of previously undeveloped territory.

B.It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary.

C. It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exercise the soldiers'animals.

D. It provided local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance.

2019格致中學(xué)高三上期中考（時間對比）

The carliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph＇s fidelity（保真度）to Appcarances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art.Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identica1 with the struggle to cstablish it as a fine art.Against the charge that photography was a soulless,mcchanical copying of reality,photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing,a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.

Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to labei it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording,impartially observing,witnessing events,exploring themselves-anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art,except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism:the better the art,the more subversive （顛覆的）it is of the traditional aims of art.

Photographers' disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography＇s prestige today derives from the convergence （匯 聚） of its aims with those of recent art， particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the1960's. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting - that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse -presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of______Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.

Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity - in short,an art.[455]

63. What is the author mainly concerned with?

A.Defining the Modernist attitude toward art.

B.Explaining how photography emerged as a fine art.

C.Explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical context.

D.Defining the various Approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those Approaches.

64.Which of the following adjectives best describes “the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism" as the author represents it in line 13??

A.Objective

B.Mechanical

C.Superficial

D.Paradoxical

65. Why does the author introduce Abstract Expressionist painter?

A. He wants to provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modern art.

B. He wants to set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist painters.

C.He wants to provide a contrast to Pop artist and others.

D.He wants to provide an explanation of why serious photography, like other contemporary visual forms, is not and should not pretend to be an art.

66.How did the nineteenth-century defenders of photography stress the photography?

A. They stressed photography was a means of making people hAppy.

B.It was art for recording the world.

C. It was a device for observing the world impartially.

D. It was an art comparable to painting.

2018復(fù)附高三期中（專家VS大眾）

Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously unmanageable conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs”, and that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply.Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.

In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.

This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor,for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand,we distrust him,because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.?

63.What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?

A. The reduction of public expenditure.

B.Quick economic returns.

C. The budget for a research project.

D.Support from the voters.

64.Why won't scientists complain about the government's policy concerning scientific research?

A. They know it takes patience to win support from the public.

B. They realize they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.

C. They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.

D.They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.

65.According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because?______.

A. some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty

B.sometimes they hide the source of their research funding

C. they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned

D. their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong

66.Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?

A.Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.

B. People will not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.

C. It makes things difficult for scientists to seek research funds.

D. It may wear out the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.

【L1_Exercises】

2021.4寶山二模

According to Oxford Dictionaries, morality means: “Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior." Though morality is a rather subjective subject, there are some principles that are universal across all cultures found by an Oxford University study: “help your family, help your group, return favors, be brave, obey superiors, divide resources fairly, and respect others' property". The fact that these morals are found across 60 cultures from around the world demonstrates that morality, though subjective,is the cornerstone of keeping our societies together. Here are some reasons to be moral: without morality, a social life is almost impossible to maintain; having a good reputation and having a clear conscience is psychologically healthy; and most philosophies regard unselfish and principled behavior as important.

There is no doubt that without morals, a society cannot function effectively.A confused situation would Appear. According to the Society of Morality,“We are social animals,and the actions we take -the things we do and the things we don't do - have consequences on our environments and on the others around us. As a result, we need to be able to govern our behavior in the near term so as not to injure ourselves or our community in the long term. This system of controlling our actions and our thoughts in order to operate in a community is what we often refer to as morality".Therefore, we need a set of morals in order to operate within a social circle and a social environment. Acting immoral usually results in being excluded from social activities or being avoided by a society based on laws and cultural standards.

Besides acting moral having a sociological need, it also has a psychological basis. Most people are concerned to some extent about their reputation. According to PsyPost, “A lot of economic models of human behavior assume that people are only rational（理性的）when they narrowly pursue their own self-interest, but history shows us that people are also tremendously concerned with being and Appearing moral”. So, the fear of one's reputation being damaged is often a strong motivator to be moral. And if someone has been immoral, most people go out of their way to make sure no one finds out, or to correct the behavior in order to not be caught. This goes in line with conscience as well.People generally feel in a better psychological state if they feel that their conscience is clean.A dirty conscience can result in a lack of sleep, anxiety, internal stress, and even illness.

On the side of philosophy， the study of ethics （倫理） comes into play. Most philosophers agree that one should rationally choose a set of standards of behavior in order to function. Though there is moral relativism， there are universal anthropological（人類學(xué)的） morals， as mentioned in the introduction. By the nature of our societies and cultures,we choose what we believe is right and wrong. But surprising, this rational behavior comes to a general agreement on morals.So, there is a fine line between moral relativism and moral absolutism. But the main thing to take away from this discussion is that philosophers generally believe that each individual has the right to rationally come up with a set of ethics to live by,and that it is healthy to do so.

63.The author discusses morality (Paragraph 1) in order to

A.explain the relationship between morality and culture

B.describe the moral rules found all around the world

C.contrast the distinction between right and wrong

D.introduce the definition,principles and reasons of morality

64. It can be inferred from the passage that

A. acting moral allows us to fit into groups better

B. morality brings the system of controlling bchaviors

C.acting immoral weakens laws and cultural standards

D.Our controlled behaviors establish sets of morals

65.Which of the following is the psychological basis for acting moral?

A. Pursuit of self-interest.

B.A clean conscience.

C. The concern about reputation.

D.A dirty conscience.

66. What does the author advise us to do according to the last paragraph?

A.To reach a general agreement on morals based on ethics.

B.To carve one's own sense of ethics to operate in this world.

C. To choose between moral relativism and moral absolutism.

D. To exclude philosophers' beliefs and solutions as well.

2020.1嘉定一模

A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland's past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet,researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods （間冰期） in northwest Greenland.

Although researchers have long known these two periods - the early Holocene and Last Interglacial - experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. “As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there,” Axford said. “We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated（遷徙）.”

This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland's sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland's ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. “Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what hAppens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world,” said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. “One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what hAppened when the Earth was warmer than today,” said Axford.

People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods.During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.

Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years,however,has been historically very difficult

in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures， researchers look to ice cores（冰核）and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud, these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.

63. Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs?

A.They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland.

B.They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud.

C.They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought.

D.They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Arctic.

64. The new information about Greenland is important because

A. researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland's warming speed

B. it can help researchers better predict Greenland's response to warming

C.people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland

D. it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming

65.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.It is easier for today's scientists to find ancient lake deposits.

B. People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.

C.Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.

D.Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities.

66. Which do you think is the?best title of the passage?

A.Greenland Used to Be Much Greener

B.Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods

C.Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters

D.Northwest Greenland,A Perfect Destination