Lesson 1 閱讀C【8分】5大底層邏輯，5大對比關(guān)系

學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

1.1 歷年真題考頻與篇目來源

1.2 基本技能與主次信息抓取

1.3 5大對比關(guān)系詮釋篇章語境

【1.1 歷年真題考頻與篇目來源】（Notes）

【1.2 基本技能與主次信息抓取】

段落例題1（段內(nèi)邏輯）

【Paragraph 3】Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modem archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In low- elevation north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep.But much of the south lies too high above the water table for cenotes or wells to reach down to it.Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.

According to paragraph 3,why was the southern Mayan homeland hard to farm?

A. The presence of numerous sinkholes and wells interfered with farming.

B.Southern soil lacked the depth crops needed for growth.

C.Underground water was too far below the surface to reach.

D.The presence of karst caused frequent flooding.

段落例題2（段內(nèi)邏輯）

Reviving the practice of using elements of popular music in classical composition, an approach that had been in hibernation in the United States during the 1960s, composer Philip Glass (born 1937) embraced the ethos of popular music without imitating it. Glass based two symphonies on music by rock musicians David Bowie and Brian Eno, but the symphonies' sound is distinctively his. Popular elements do not appear out of place in Glass's classical music, which from its early days has shared certain harmonies and rhythms with rock music. Yet this use of popular elements has not made Glass a composer of popular music. His music is not a version of popular music packaged to attract classical listeners; it is high art for listeners steeped in rock rather than the classics.

1. The passage addresses which of the following issues related to Glass's use of popular elements in his classical compositions?

A. How it is regarded by listeners who prefer rock to the classics.

B.How it has affected the commercial success of Glass's music.

C. Whether it has contributed to a revival of interest among other composers in using popular elements in their composition.

D.Whether it has had a detrimental effect on Glass's reputation as a composer of classical music.

E. Whether it has caused certain of Glass's works to be derivative in quality.

2019上海中學(xué)高三上期中測試（段間邏輯）

Freedoms challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.

Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered Freedom.Before that there was no Freedom.Three were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no Freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

In Greece, in Athens a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was frce if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self- controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was Freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens,not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.

But discovering Freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been the Athenians pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could took at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now instead of men giving to the state,the state was to give to them.What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them;and with this as?the primary object, ideas of Freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing:Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.

Athens reached the point when the Freedom she really wanted was Freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for thc common good, they would cease to be frec.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for Freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of Freedom and was never to have it again.

But“the excellent becomes the permanent, Aristotle said. Athens lost Freedom forever, but Freedom was not lost forever for the world. A grcat Amcrican, James Madison, referred to the capacity of mankind for self-government. No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost.The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action, only sure that it will do so sometimes.

62.What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Para2 refer to?

A.Countries where their people need help

B.Powerful states with higher civilization

C.Splendid empires where people enjoy Freedom.

D.government ruled with absolute power

63.What fundamental change in attitude took place in Athens?

A.The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.

B.The Athenians no longer took their pride in the city.

C.The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.

D.The Athenians viewed the government as a business to work for.

64.What does the underlined sentence “There could be only one result” in Para 5 mean?

A.Athens would continue to be.

B.Athens would cease to have Freedom.

C.Freedom would come from responsibility.

D.Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.

65.Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?

A.He is hopeful about Freedom

B.He is cautious about self-government

C. He is doubtful about Greek civilization

D.He is critical of Greece's loss of Freedom

66.What is the authors understanding of Freedom?

A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age

B.Freedom may come to an end in the digital age

C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility

D.Freedom should be guaranteed by responsibility.

2020七寶中學(xué)高二下英語期中考試（段間邏輯）

“I have slept on the Embankment （河堤），”wrote George Orwell in 1933，adding that，despite the noise and the wet and the cold, it was “much better than not slecping at all.” Under the nearby Charing Cross bridge,Orwell reported that “50 men were waiting, mirrored in the shivering puddles.” Nine decades on and Charing Cross and the Embankment are once again full of rough sleepers, even during the coldest days of December. Across London their numbers have more than tripled since 2010.

It is a pattern found in much of the rich world. Almost every European country is seeing a rise in the number of homeless people. Homelessness across America is in decline, but it is soaring in its most prosperous cities. And roughly 5,000 pcople live on the streets of San Francisco, a 19% rise in just two years.

However, some rich, successful cities, including Tokyo and Munich,have few people living on the streets.These places offer lessons on how to reduce homelessness. One is that tough love can sometimes work. Conservatives argue that softer policing methods in the 1970s, including not being strict to public drunkenness, were in part responsible for the rise in homelessness.The world could learn something from Greece, where strong family networks ensure that those down on their luck find someone to take them in. Many experts argue that it is counterproductive to give money to someone begging on the street.

Yet stricter methods will ultimately do little if housing costs remain high, which is the underlying reason for rising homelessness. Few Americans lived on the streets in the early post-war period because housing was cheaper. Back then only one in four tenants spent more than 30% of their income on rent, compared with one in two today. The best evidence suggests that a 10% rise in housing costs in a pricy city causes an 8% jump in homelessness.

The state can do something to help. Cuts to rent subsidies for Britain's poor are probably the biggest reason why Charing Cross has so many people sleeping on the streets once again. Making such subsidies more generous might actually save governments money in the medium term- after all, demands on health-care services and the police would decline. People would also be more likely to land a job.

Another option is for the state to build more housing itself. In Singapore, 80% of residents live in government-built flats which they buy at knock-down prices. While many countries have been privatizing their stock of public housing, Finland has been building more of it, giving the government the necessities to put homeless people in their own apartments rather than warehousing them in shelters. In Finland the homeless numbers are moving in the right direction.

The most effective reform, however, would be to make building more homes easier. In many countries NIMBYist（鄰避主義者） planning rules vastly inflate the market price of shelter.Such rules should be abolished. Japan loosened planning rules, prompting residential construction to jump.Since then,the number of rough sleepers has fallen by 80% in 20 years in Tokyo. Until cities elsewhere let the buildings go up, more people will find themselves down and out.

83.The writer quotes the words of George Orwell in Paragraph 1 to

A. describe the poor situation of the homeless in 1933.

B.emphasize the large number of the rough sleepers.

C.unveil the difficulty of solving the problem of the homeless.

D.introduce the current problem of homelessness in the rich world.

84. Which of the following is the main reason for rising number of the homeless?

A.prosperity of the rich world.

B.generosity towards the homeless.

C.outragcous housing cost.

D.privatization of the public housing.

85. Which of the following is Not True,according to this passage?

A.In Finland and Singapore, the number of the homeless was reduced by building more public housing and apartments.

B.Greece prioritized offering tough love over giving money directly to the beggars to comfort them.

C.NIMBYist supported the government to abolish the inappropriate housing rules and make building more houses easier.

D. British government's cutting the rent subsidies for the poor contributes to the increasing number of the rough sleepers.?

86. What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Reasons for the rising homeless in the rich world.

B.Ways to cut homelessness in the world's priciest cities.

C. Different reaction of different countries towards the homeless.

D.Comparison of the housing cost in impoverished and rich countries.

2019.1一考真題（主旨題）

Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost,construction and the fears of something going badly wrong.The future,however,may well be much smaller.Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors（反應(yīng)堆）that， they promise， can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk. These small-scale plants will on average generate（發(fā)電）between 50MW(megawatt, a unit of power) and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a traditional reactor. They will draw on modular （模塊化的） manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk,which has troubled larger-scale projects for long. Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs)-most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s-are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.

“The physics hasn't changed. It's about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK. Since the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011,safety fears have threatened nuclear power.But the biggest obstacle today is economic.In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerest; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point.All are running years late and over budget. In the US,the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.

The UK, which opened the world's first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing facilities to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power's ability to restore confidence. However, the country's agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point-which together will generate 3.2GW (gigawatt, a unit of power) of electricity-has?

come under severe criticism over its cost.The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country's future energy mix.Small reactor,it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s.

63. What can be learned from the passage about the advanced modular reactors(AMRs)?

A.They don't work on the same principles as traditional reactors.

B. They haven't been widely used for business purposes.

C.They are at a critical stage of being manufactured.

D.They operate more flexibly than wind generators.

64.In paragraph 2, the writer mentions the plants in different countries in order to

A. show that the advanced technology of EDF is mature

B.argue against the popular use of nuclear power

C.prove that their construction costs more than available

D. suggest a possible solution to budget problems

65.What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The UK government is reducing its funding for ageing nuclear facilities.

B. Some people have lost their confidence in the use of nuclear power.

C. People are more supportive of solar and wind energy than nuclear energy.

D. The UK is decreasing the impact ofnuclear power on its economy.

66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A.Large-scale nuclear plants will be a big hit

B. Traditional reactors boom with new mini ones

C. The government should reflect on nuclear safety

D. Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success