Nathaniel Hawthorne

Imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and unceasing interest in the "interior of the heart" of man's being, Nathaniel Hawthorne (①804-①864) remains one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers?in the American literary history.?

納撒尼爾·霍桑是美國文學(xué)史上最有趣、同時(shí)也是最矛盾的作家之一，他充滿了探索的想象力、強(qiáng)烈的沉思，以及對(duì)人類“內(nèi)心世界”不斷的興趣。

in ①837, he published Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short stories which attracted critical attention.?

①837年，他出版了《兩次講述的故事集》，這是一本短篇小說集，引起了評(píng)論界的關(guān)注。

the tales collected in?Mosses from an Old Manse?(①846) and The Snow-Image?and?Other Twice-Told Tales?(①85①) best demonstrate Hawthorne's early obsession with the moral and psychological consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt that manifest themselves in human beings

《古宅中的苔蘚》和《雪像和其他講過兩次的故事》中收集的故事最能說明霍桑早期對(duì)驕傲、自私和隱秘的負(fù)罪感在人類身上表現(xiàn)出來的道德和心理后果的癡迷

?

The Scarlet Letter (①850)：always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story?in which four people living in a Puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery?in different ways

《紅字》：一直被認(rèn)為是他最好的作品，講述了一個(gè)簡單但非常感人的故事，四個(gè)生活在一個(gè)清教徒社區(qū)的人以不同的方式參與并受到通奸罪的影響

The House of the Seven Gables (①85①)：?based on the tradition of a curse pronounced on the author's family?when his great-grandfather was a judge in the Salem witchcraft trials

《七個(gè)尖角閣的房子》（①85①年）：基于作者家族遭受的詛咒的傳統(tǒng)，當(dāng)時(shí)他的曾祖父是塞勒姆巫術(shù)審判的法官

The Blitchedale Romance (①852)?：?a novel he wrote to reveal his own experiences on the Brook Farm and his own methods as a psychological novelist

《布利切代爾羅曼史》是他描寫自己在布魯克農(nóng)場的經(jīng)歷和作為心理小說家的寫作方法的一部小說

The Marble Faun (①860)：A romance set in Italy, the book is concerned about?the dark aberrations of the human spirit

《玉石雕像》：一部以意大利為背景的浪漫故事，這本書講述的是人類精神的黑暗反常

人性本惡人生觀及相關(guān)作品：

①：According to Hawthorne, "There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life;?but circumstances may rouse it to activity."?

霍桑說:“每個(gè)人心中都有邪惡，它可能會(huì)潛伏一輩子;但環(huán)境可能會(huì)使它活躍起來。

2："Young Goodman Brown,"?he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret

《年輕的布朗古德曼》中，他試圖證明每個(gè)人都擁有一些邪惡的秘密

3："The Minister's Black Veil"?goes further to suggest that everyone tries to?hold the evil secret from one another in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black veil.

《部長的黑面紗》進(jìn)一步暗示，每個(gè)人都試圖隱瞞邪惡的秘密，就像部長試圖用他的黑面紗說服他的人民一樣

4："The Birthmark"?drives home symbolically Hawthorne's point that evil is man's birthmark, something he is born with.

《胎記》象征性地闡明了霍桑的觀點(diǎn)，即邪惡是人類與生俱來的胎記。?

?

?

清教原罪思想對(duì)他的影響：

①：Hawthorne's view of man and human history originates, to a great extent, in Puritanism

霍桑的人類觀和人類歷史觀很大程度上源于清教主義

2：He believed that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones," and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt

他認(rèn)為“一代人的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)延續(xù)到下一代”，并經(jīng)常懷疑自己是否繼承了他們的一些罪惡

3：This sensibility led to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life, which is typical of the Calvinistic belief?that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted

這種感性使他認(rèn)識(shí)到邪惡是人類生活的核心，這是典型的加爾文主義信仰，認(rèn)為人類基本上是邪惡和墮落的

4：?it provides him with a subject, and on the other, with the Puritan world or society as a historical background, he discusses some of the most important issues that concern the moral life of man and human history.?

它為他提供了一個(gè)主題，另一方面，以清教徒世界或社會(huì)為歷史背景，他討論了一些最重要的問題，這些問題涉及到人類的道德生活和人類歷史。

The Scarlet Letter：

①：Hawthorne's remarkable sense of the Puritan past, his understanding of the colonial history in New England, his apparent preoccupation with the moral issues of sin and guilt, and his keen psychological analysis of people?are brought to full display in his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter

霍桑對(duì)清教歷史的深刻認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)新英格蘭殖民地歷史的深刻理解，對(duì)罪惡和罪惡感等道德問題的明顯關(guān)注，以及對(duì)人們敏銳的心理分析，這些都在他的代表作《紅字》中得到了充分展現(xiàn)

2：his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people?in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals

他的注意力集中在道德、情感、心理影響或后果的罪惡的人,特別是那些主要人物,以顯示我們社會(huì)和個(gè)人之間的緊張關(guān)系

3："The Custom-House" as an introductory note to The Scarlet Letter proves fruitful to Hawthorne's imagination.

《海關(guān)關(guān)員》作為《紅字》的序言，證明了霍桑想象力的豐富

?

?

文學(xué)藝術(shù)：

①：As a man of literary craftsmanship, Hawthorne is extraordinary.作為一個(gè)文學(xué)匠人，霍桑是非凡的

2：The structure and the form?of his writings are always carefully worked out to cater for the thematic?concern.

他的作品的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式都是精心設(shè)計(jì)的，以迎合主題的關(guān)注

3：With his?special interest in the psychological aspect of human beings, there isn't much action, or physical movement going on in his works and he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology

他對(duì)人的心理方面有著特殊的興趣，在他的作品中沒有太多的動(dòng)作或身體運(yùn)動(dòng)，他善于探索人類心理的復(fù)雜性

4：?Thought propels action and?grows organically out of the interaction of the characters,?as we can find in The Scarlet Letter.

就像我們?cè)凇都t字》中看到的那樣，思想推動(dòng)行動(dòng)，并在人物的互動(dòng)中有機(jī)地成長

5：the?ambiguity?is one of the salient characteristics of Hawthorne's art

模糊性是霍桑藝術(shù)的顯著特征之一。

象征意義：

①：Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition?and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form

霍桑是一位象征主義大師，他從清教徒傳統(tǒng)中汲取象征主義，并將其以一種復(fù)興的形式遺贈(zèng)給美國文學(xué)

2：The symbol can be found everywhere in his writing, and his masterpiece provides the most conclusive proof

這一象征在他的作品中隨處可見，他的杰作為這一符號(hào)提供了最確鑿的證據(jù)

3：By using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the?consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community

霍桑以《珍珠》為主題符號(hào)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了通奸罪給社會(huì)和生活在社會(huì)中的人們帶來的后果

4：With the scarlet letter A as the biggest symbol of all, Hawthorne proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.

以紅字A為最大的象征，霍桑證明了自己是最優(yōu)秀的象征主義者之一

"Young Goodman Brown"：

①：one of Hawthorne's most profound?tales

霍桑最深刻的故事之一

2：Its hero, a young man who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard, is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful

它的主人公是年輕人，他認(rèn)為社會(huì)和他的同胞都是值得他尊重的個(gè)體，在一個(gè)可怕的夜晚，他面對(duì)人類的邪惡，從此變得不信任和懷疑

2：Allegorically, our protagonist becomes an Everyman named Brown, a "young" man, who will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this world a fallen idol

寓言式地，我們的主人公變成了一個(gè)叫布朗的普通人，一個(gè)“年輕人”，他將在一夜之間因一場冒險(xiǎn)而變老，這場冒險(xiǎn)使這個(gè)世界上的每個(gè)人都變成了墮落的偶像

3：we as readers feel that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer, and he does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream.?

作為讀者，我們認(rèn)為霍桑提出了人類的善惡問題，但拒絕了他的答案，他不允許自己確定審判之夜的事件是真實(shí)的還是僅僅是一個(gè)夢(mèng)的虛構(gòu)。

Walt Whitman

Leaves of Grass?：

①：has always been considered a monumental work?because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of American democratic ideals?as written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War, Walt Whitman?is a giant of American letters.?

《草葉集》一直被認(rèn)為是一部不朽的作品，因?yàn)樗?dú)特的詩意體現(xiàn)了美國民主理想，寫在美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的創(chuàng)始文件中，沃爾特·惠特曼是美國文學(xué)的巨人。

2：Walt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission, having devoted all his life to the creation of the "single" poem, Leaves of Grass

惠特曼是一位具有強(qiáng)烈使命感的詩人，一生都在創(chuàng)作《草葉集》這首“獨(dú)唱”詩

3：The work has nine editions?and the first edition was published in ①855

這部作品有9個(gè)版本，第一版于①855年出版

4：In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him

在這部巨作中，開放、自由，最重要的是，個(gè)人主義是他所關(guān)心的一切

詩歌主題：

①：As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation

在惠特曼看來，詩歌可以在創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新國家的過程中發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用

2：It could enable Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonial rule

它可以讓美國人慶祝他們從舊世界和殖民統(tǒng)治中解放出來

3：it could also help them understand their new status and to define themselves in the new world of possibilities

這也可以幫助他們理解自己的新地位，并在充滿可能性的新世界中定義自己

4：He shows concern for the whole hardworking people and the burgeoning life of cities

他關(guān)心全體辛勤工作的人民和城市蓬勃發(fā)展的生活

5：Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-masse" and the self as well.?In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality

《草葉集》中的詩歌大多唱的是“群舞”，也唱的是自我。在贊美自我的過程中，惠特曼強(qiáng)調(diào)了自我的物理維度，并公開而愉快地贊美性

6：Whitman's sexual themes are beyond the physical.?

惠特曼的性主題超越了肉體。

政治抒情詩歌：

①：Before and during the Civil War, Whitman stood firmly on the side of the North and wrote a series of poems incorporating his emotions and feelings during the period, which were gathered as a collection under the title of Drum Taps?(①865)

在南北戰(zhàn)爭之前和戰(zhàn)爭期間，惠特曼堅(jiān)定地站在北方一邊，并寫了一系列融合了他在這一時(shí)期的情感和感受的詩歌，這些詩歌被收錄為詩集，書名為《鼓點(diǎn)》

2：Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield?and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory,

他對(duì)戰(zhàn)場上年輕生命的苦難表達(dá)了深切的哀悼，并表現(xiàn)出不屈不撓地戰(zhàn)斗到最后勝利的決心

3：Another occasion which allowed Whitman to fill his lines with his political emotions was the death of Lincoln.?and one of the famous is "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd."

另一個(gè)讓惠特曼用他的政治情感來填補(bǔ)他的臺(tái)詞的場合是林肯的死。其中一個(gè)著名的是《當(dāng)紫丁香最后在門口盛開》。

詩歌風(fēng)格：

①：Whitman's poetic style is marked?by the use of the poetic "I."?Speaking in the voice of "I,"?Whitman becomes all those people in his poems

惠特曼的詩歌風(fēng)格體現(xiàn)在詩歌“我”的運(yùn)用上。以“我”的聲音說話，惠特曼在他的詩歌中成為了所有這些人

2：the relationship Whitman is dramatizing is a triangular one:?"I" the poet, the subject in the poem,?and "you" the reader

惠特曼所戲劇化的關(guān)系是一種三角關(guān)系:詩人的“我”，詩歌的主體，和讀者的“你”

3：What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is "free verse," that is, poetry?without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme

對(duì)于他的新題材和新詩情，他更喜歡的是“自由詩”，即沒有固定節(jié)奏和規(guī)律韻律的詩歌

4：?as the poet, Whitman can be conversational and casual, in the fluid, expansive, and unstructured style of talking, like one of the ordinary men

作為詩人，惠特曼談吐自如，談吐隨意，流暢、豁達(dá)、無拘無束，就像普通人一樣

5：there is still a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical詩歌的節(jié)奏感仍然很強(qiáng)

6：when we read his poems, we can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought and cadences of his feeling.?Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems.?

所以當(dāng)我們讀他的詩時(shí)，我們可以感受到惠特曼思想的節(jié)奏和他感情的節(jié)奏。行首的排比和音標(biāo)的重復(fù)也有助于他詩歌的音樂性。

語言特點(diǎn)：

①：Contrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry, Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude.?Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day.

與傳統(tǒng)詩歌的修辭相反，惠特曼的詩歌相對(duì)簡單，甚至相當(dāng)粗糙。他用文字描繪的大部分畫面都是當(dāng)時(shí)美國各個(gè)方面的真實(shí)、真實(shí)的形象

2：One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader

在惠特曼的詩歌中，最常用的方法之一就是讓色彩和圖像在讀者的腦海中快速掠過

3：Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English

惠特曼語言的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是他強(qiáng)烈傾向于使用英語口語

4：He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words, words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.?

他會(huì)使用有力的，豐富多彩的，以及很少使用的詞，來自外國的詞，有時(shí)甚至是錯(cuò)誤的詞。

?

影響：

①：Though he was attacked in his lifetime for his offensive subject matter of sexuality and for his unconventional style，Walt Whitman has proved a great figure in the literary history of the United States because he embodies a new ideal?a new world and a new life-style,

盡管他攻擊在他有生之年攻勢(shì)性的主題和他的風(fēng)格,沃爾特·惠特曼已經(jīng)證明了他在美國文學(xué)史的偉人地位,因?yàn)樗w現(xiàn)了一種新的理想,新的世界和新的生活方式,

3：his influence over the following generations is significant and incredible

他的影響力在接下來的幾代人是重要的和不可思議的。

4：Love for Whitman and his poetry is bound of increase to an unprecedented height.

人們對(duì)惠特曼和他的詩歌的熱愛必將增長到一個(gè)前所未有的高度。?

選讀作品：

①：There Was a Child Went Forth?：

This poem describes the growth of a child who learned about the world around him and improved himself accordingly.?In the poem Whitman's own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America

這首詩描述了一個(gè)孩子的成長，他了解了周圍的世界，并相應(yīng)地提高了自己。在這首詩中，惠特曼自己早年的經(jīng)歷很可能就是成長中的年輕美國人的童年經(jīng)歷

2：Cavalry Crossing a Ford：

This poem is grouped under the Drum-Taps?section in the ①88①?edition of Leaves of Grass, which reminds its readers of a picture, or a photo, of a scene of the American Civil War.?All the movements described in this picture are frozen.?And while sounds are depicted, it's more likely that they come out of the watcher's imagination, rather than from the picture itself

這首詩被收錄在①88①年版的《草葉集》的鼓點(diǎn)部分，它讓讀者想起了美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的一幅圖畫或照片。這幅畫中描述的所有動(dòng)作都是靜止的。當(dāng)聲音被描繪出來時(shí)，它們更有可能來自觀察者的想象，而不是來自畫面本身

3.??Song of Myself??

In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal beliefs: the theory of universality, which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and things, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value

在這首詩中，惠特曼提出了兩個(gè)主要信念:一是通過對(duì)人和事物的冗長目錄闡述的普世性理論，二是對(duì)所有生命價(jià)值上的獨(dú)特性和平等的信念

Herman Melville

One of the half-dozen major American literary figures of the nineteenth-century, Herman Melville (①8①9-①89①) is best-known as the author of his mighty book, Moby-Dick (①85①), which is one of the world's greatest masterpieces.?

赫爾曼·梅爾維爾是美國十九世紀(jì)六位主要文學(xué)人物之一，他最著名的作品是《白鯨》，這是世界上最偉大的杰作之一。

In his final years he turned again to prose fiction and wrote what is probably his second famous work, Billy Budd,?not published, however, until ①924.?

在他生命的最后幾年，他再次轉(zhuǎn)向散文小說，并創(chuàng)作了可能是他第二部著名的作品《比利·巴德》，但直到①924年才出版。

His early works：

Typee?(①846), Omoo?(①847), and Mardi?(①849), which drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands

《泰比》《歐穆》《馬爾迪》，這是他在南太平洋島嶼上的冒險(xiǎn)故事

Redburn?(①849) is a semi-autobiographical?novel, concerning the sufferings of a genteel youth among brutal sailors

《雷德本》是一部半自傳體小說，講述了一個(gè)溫文爾雅的青年在殘酷的水手中所遭受的苦難

White Jacket?(①850) Melville relates his life on a United States man-of-war

《白夾克》中，梅爾維爾講述了他在一艘美國軍艦上的生活

His later?works：

Pierre?(①852)：a popular romance intended for the feminine market but provoking an outrageous repudiation, Melville's public fame was on the decline

隨著《皮埃爾》的出版，梅爾維爾的公眾聲望開始下降。是一本流行的浪漫小說，旨在吸引女性讀者，但卻遭到了粗暴的批判

Bartleby, the Scrivener：a short story strikingly symbolizing the loneliness and anonymity and passivity of little men in big cities

《書記員巴特比》，這是一部突出地象征著大城市里小人物的孤獨(dú)、匿名和被動(dòng)的短篇小說

Benito Cereno：a novella about a ship whose black slave cargo mutiny holds their captain a terrorized hostage

《貝尼托·塞雷諾》講述了一艘船上的黑人奴隸貨物叛變，將船長挾持為人質(zhì)，并受到恐嚇

The Confidence-Man?(①857)：the author uses the Confidence-man in successive guises to explore the paradoxes of belief and the optimisms and hypocrisies of American life

作者利用信心的人不斷地偽裝自己，探索信仰的矛盾，以及美國生活中的樂觀和虛偽

Billy Budd?(posthumously ①924,) which again deals with the sea and sailors and the theme of a conflict between innocence and corruption.

《比利·巴德》再次涉及大海和水手，以及無辜與腐敗之間的沖突的主題

前后期創(chuàng)作思想：

①：In the early ones, Melville is more enthusiastic about setting out on a quest for the meaning of the universe, hence they are more metaphysical?and the main characters are ardent and self-dramatizing "I",?defying God

在早期作品中，梅爾維爾更熱衷于探索宇宙的意義，因此他們更形而上，主要人物都是熱情的，自我戲劇化的“我”，蔑視上帝

2：in the late works, Melville becomes more reconcile with the world of man, in which, he admits, one must live by the rules

在后期的作品中，梅爾維爾與人類世界變得更加和諧，他承認(rèn)，在這個(gè)世界中，人必須遵守規(guī)則

3：the purpose of Melville's fictional tales, exotic or philosophical, is to penetrate as deeply as possible into the metaphysical, theological, moral, psychological, and social truths of human existence.?

梅爾維爾小說的目的，無論是奇異的還是哲學(xué)的，都是盡可能深入地滲透到人類存在的形而上學(xué)的、神學(xué)的、道德的、心理的和社會(huì)的真理

Moby-Dick ：

①：is regarded as?the first American prose epic

《白鯨》被認(rèn)為是美國第一部散文史詩

2：It is difficult to read?because much of the talk in the novel is sailor's talk?and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned and Elizabethan

這本書讀起來很困難，因?yàn)樾≌f中大部分的談話都是水手的談話，而且很多語言都是特意老式的，伊麗莎白時(shí)代的

3：The dramatic description of the hazards of whaling makes the book a very exciting sea narrative and builds a literary monument to an era of whaling industry in the nineteenth century

這本書對(duì)捕鯨的危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了生動(dòng)的描述，使其成為一個(gè)非常激動(dòng)人心的海洋故事，為①9世紀(jì)的捕鯨業(yè)時(shí)代樹立了一座文學(xué)紀(jì)念碑

4：It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind?in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.?

這是一次象征性的心靈之旅，是對(duì)宇宙真理和知識(shí)的探索，是對(duì)人類深層現(xiàn)實(shí)和心理的精神探索。

他的象征意義手法：

①：Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups;?facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings

船上不同的人代表著不同的思想，代表著不同的社會(huì)和民族群體;事實(shí)成為象征，事件獲得普遍意義;

2：the Pequod?is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth

裴廓德號(hào)是人類社會(huì)的縮影，這次航行是對(duì)真理的探索

3：The white whale,?Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well

對(duì)梅爾維爾來說，白鯨莫比-迪克象征著自然，因?yàn)樗鼜?fù)雜、深不可測、邪惡，同時(shí)又美麗

4：For Ahab,?the whale represents only evil

對(duì)于亞哈來說，鯨魚只代表著邪惡

5：Moby Dick?is like a wall, hiding some unknown, mysterious things behind

《白鯨》就像一堵墻，隱藏著一些未知的、神秘的東西

6：Moby Dick is still?a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, inscrutable and ambivalent, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth.?

《白鯨記》仍然是一個(gè)謎，一個(gè)宇宙的終極謎，神秘而矛盾，心靈的航行將永遠(yuǎn)是對(duì)真理的探索，而不是發(fā)現(xiàn)。

語言特點(diǎn)：

①：Melville's great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic

梅爾維爾在語言、創(chuàng)造、心理分析、投機(jī)敏捷和敘事力量方面的天賦，使《白鯨記》成為一部世界經(jīng)典

2：The skillful use of Ishmael?both as a character and a narrator gives the novel a?moral magnitude

以實(shí)瑪利作為一個(gè)人物和一個(gè)敘述者的巧妙運(yùn)用，賦予小說一種道德的重要性

3：?the manipulation of the whaling?chapters for some philosophical speculation?makes the novel more than symbolic對(duì)捕鯨的章節(jié)進(jìn)行了一些哲學(xué)上的思考，使得這部小說不僅僅是象征性的

4：different levels of language use and styles turn the whole book into a symphony with all the musical instruments going on to form a melody

不同層次的語言和風(fēng)格將整本書變成了一部交響曲所有的樂器組成了旋律

5：Melville's knowledge of epic and tragedy, the highest literary genres, helps him produce a great tragic epic, with Ahab at the center as a tragic hero, who burns with a baleful fire, becoming evil himself in his thirst to destroy evil.?

梅爾維爾對(duì)史詩和悲劇這一最高文學(xué)體裁的了解，幫助他創(chuàng)作了一部偉大的悲劇史詩，以亞哈為中心，他是一個(gè)被熊熊烈火燃燒的悲劇英雄，由于渴望消滅邪惡，自己也變成了邪惡。