21. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是a person can…feel the bolt and…take protective action…。and連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句首despite是介詞引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，此短語(yǔ)中that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做saying的同位語(yǔ)，此同位語(yǔ)從句中，if lightning…是一個(gè)名詞性從句，作know的賓語(yǔ)，if在句中相當(dāng)于whether。主句中if quick enough補(bǔ)充完整為if he is quick enough，是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，為take action的前提條件。句中bolt譯為“閃電”。

譯文:盡管人們常說(shuō)一個(gè)人從來(lái)不知道是否遭到閃電的襲擊，但是一個(gè)人有時(shí)能感覺(jué)到閃電的到來(lái)，如果動(dòng)作快，就能及時(shí)采取保護(hù)措施。

22. The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge…, and his influence…was not good.。and連接兩個(gè)并列的分句。as such做The“shareholder”的定語(yǔ)，employed by the company in which he held shares是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾workmen，分詞短語(yǔ)中含有in which he held shares定語(yǔ)從句，修飾company。

譯文：這樣的股東，對(duì)他擁有股份的公司里所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無(wú)所知，而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系，也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

23. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen…。acting for the company做the paid manager的定語(yǔ)，which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge的定語(yǔ)，now passing away做the old family business的定語(yǔ)。

譯文:受聘于公司并代表公司的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是,就連他對(duì)工人們也沒(méi)有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式制度下的雇主們，卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。

24. When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是When…，the company overtly appealed to the public…。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾corporate brand，此定語(yǔ)從句中in people’s minds把a(bǔ)ssociated with分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。beauty products譯為“美容產(chǎn)品”。

譯文：有一名記者近日指責(zé)該公司在美容產(chǎn)品的測(cè)試上缺乏整體性，該公司公開(kāi)利用其公司品牌求助于公眾。在公眾的心目中，該品牌同關(guān)系到動(dòng)物權(quán)利的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)息息相關(guān)。

25. However，the criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police hxdye trouble proving the theft.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the fraternity…came to realize that…so…the police hxdye trouble…。這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)句子由so連接。在前面句子里that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做realize的賓語(yǔ);此從句中又有which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the chip; so后面句子里when caught是過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)，when caught即when the thief was caught; proving是現(xiàn)在分詞，修飾trouble。

譯文: 但偷盜者認(rèn)識(shí)到，電腦中真正值錢(qián)的東西是芯片（或叫集成電路片），這是可以隨身攜帶和無(wú)法識(shí)別的。即使當(dāng)場(chǎng)被抓住，警察也難以證明那是偷來(lái)的。

26. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是Although…，so vast is the number of planets that…。主句為so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，因強(qiáng)調(diào)vast,so vast放在句首進(jìn)行倒裝,正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閠he number of planets is so vast that…。although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。此從句中套嵌一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾life。be bound to意為“一定,必定”。

譯文: 雖然在某處已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的生命中，可能僅有百分之一會(huì)發(fā)展成高度復(fù)雜、有智慧的形式，但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多,以致于有智慧的生命,一定是宇宙的一個(gè)天然組成部分。

27. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Such large, impersonal manipulation greatly increased …shareholders as a class, an element…主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是representing… ，另一個(gè)是detached…。

譯文： 對(duì)資本和企業(yè)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱，大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。

28．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large “Comfortable" classes who had retired on their income s, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)，分句由who…,and who…兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語(yǔ)而是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，真正的主句謂語(yǔ)是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名詞）”。that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指紅利，that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的，that指代relation。注意后面還有attending和drawing并列。

譯文：像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市，興起了大批隱退的享樂(lè)階層人士，他們靠自己的收入，在這里過(guò)著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是分取紅利，偶爾參加股東會(huì)議，對(duì)管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令。

29．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a…, considering them as…, in which a…”，considering…分句是現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)，可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾，in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

譯文：羅博特?富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫(xiě)道，機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周?chē)裨?shī)人對(duì)待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣，把它們作為自己的思路展示，每一個(gè)新組合都傳遞一個(gè)新概念。

30．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…。主語(yǔ)是some of these causes，實(shí)際的主語(yǔ)就是some，不過(guò)謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to some extent self-accelerating是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)，意為“屬于”。

譯文：在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求，另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的，某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。

31．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是This trend began during…, when…引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句, 第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，表明conclusion的內(nèi)容。第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語(yǔ)從句。譯文：這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求，通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。

32．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是This seems…done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…，not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……”譯文：給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)，但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這一問(wèn)題。

33．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是However, the world is so made that…systems are…unable to deal with some of the…aspects。so made指“如此構(gòu)成”，so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“如此…以至于…”。譯文：然而,世界就是這樣。一般而言,完美的體系無(wú)法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。

34．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they hxdye in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是New forms…must arise…as they hxdye in the past。主語(yǔ)是new forms和new subjects，后跟介詞短語(yǔ)as well as new subjects for thought，謂語(yǔ)是must arise。as在這里引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句as they hxdye in the past，hxdye后省略了arisen，其內(nèi)容與本句主語(yǔ)一致。giving rise to…是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)。譯文：同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

35．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 years old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…。For Lloyd Nickson, 是狀語(yǔ)，“a 54 years old…cancer”為L(zhǎng)olyd Nicks的同位語(yǔ)。此句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means…，he can get on with living without…是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：對(duì)于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達(dá)爾文的肺癌患者尼克遜來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無(wú)須終日擔(dān)心將要到來(lái)的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。

36．Someone trxdyeling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干Someone had nowhere to turn to。trxdyeling是現(xiàn)在分詞，是修飾someone的定語(yǔ)。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語(yǔ)＋be動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣顯得句子簡(jiǎn)潔。譯文：獨(dú)自旅行時(shí)，如果沒(méi)有了食物，受了傷或者生了病，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。

37．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是We live in a society。此句句子雖長(zhǎng)，但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，可以從冒號(hào)開(kāi)始分為兩個(gè)部分。in which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。該從句的分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is而不是are，是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)從句中主語(yǔ)是use，而不是substances。在冒號(hào)后的部分中，quiet是及物動(dòng)詞，是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。譯文：在我們生活的社會(huì)里，物質(zhì)（藥品）被廣泛地運(yùn)用于社交和醫(yī)療，比如說(shuō)服用阿司匹林來(lái)緩解頭疼，喝酒來(lái)應(yīng)酬，早晨喝咖啡來(lái)提神，吸煙來(lái)鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。

38．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…。with引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾的是整個(gè)第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞marked ，所以該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)，when引導(dǎo)的是第二個(gè)分句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。譯文：依賴(lài)最初表現(xiàn)為忍耐力增強(qiáng)，用量越來(lái)越大才能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，一旦停用就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。

39．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成。第二個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問(wèn)題。他宣布公司將發(fā)起一次活動(dòng)，以制定有關(guān)發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)可能招致大眾反對(duì)的音樂(lè)的各種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

40．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Average inflation fell。close to相當(dāng)于省略了which was的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Before后面的成分是對(duì)全句的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，是狀語(yǔ)成分。狀語(yǔ)成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無(wú)規(guī)定。之所以用rising，是因?yàn)閎efore在這里是介詞。譯文：去年,七大工業(yè)國(guó)家的通貨膨脹率下降到了2.3%，接近30年來(lái)最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國(guó)家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。

41．Economists hxdye been particularly surprised by fxdyorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, hxdye little productive slack.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Economists hxdye been…surprised。主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)hxdye been…。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語(yǔ)從句。譯文：特別讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家感到詫異的是，英美兩國(guó)的通貨膨脹帶來(lái)的是良性的結(jié)果。因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的分析方法表明，兩國(guó)尤其是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn),幾乎沒(méi)有閑置的生產(chǎn)資源。

42．Actually it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not hxdye.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Actually it isn’t…。主句很簡(jiǎn)單，而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句中，主語(yǔ)an agreed account of human rights由一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾，而這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句the world does not hxdye來(lái)修飾something。譯文：事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問(wèn)法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。

43．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Some philosophers argue that…。that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的角色。譯文：有些哲學(xué)家主張說(shuō)，權(quán)利只存在于社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。

44．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…逗號(hào)前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，做狀語(yǔ)，里面又有一個(gè)that從句做the view的同位語(yǔ)，逗號(hào)后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。譯文：這類(lèi)人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。

45．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干是When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is …instinct…, an instinct that should be…。以冒號(hào)為界，將全句分成兩個(gè)復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里，when that happens是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。冒號(hào)后面的復(fù)合句里有一個(gè)that從句，做instinct的定語(yǔ)。譯文：這種反應(yīng)本身沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，這是人類(lèi)道德觀念在進(jìn)行推理時(shí)，本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。