“巴拉特”還是“印度”？印度教民族主義者修改印度國(guó)名引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議

G20峰會(huì)即將在印度首都新德里召開。印度總理納倫德拉·莫迪在峰會(huì)晚宴請(qǐng)柬上將“印度”稱為“巴拉特”，此舉引發(fā)了印度國(guó)內(nèi)的爭(zhēng)議。“巴拉特”一詞在包括印地語(yǔ)在內(nèi)的許多印度語(yǔ)言當(dāng)中都可以作為“印度”的名字，無(wú)論是國(guó)家層面上，還是民族文化層面上。有批評(píng)人士稱，在印度這輝煌的一年中，更換國(guó)名是民族主義的表現(xiàn)。

印度現(xiàn)在是全球人口第一大國(guó)和發(fā)展速度最快的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體。除了主持在今年9月9日至10日召開的的G20峰會(huì)，印度最近也完成了歷史性的月球著陸。

在上文提到的晚宴請(qǐng)柬中，印度總統(tǒng)德拉帕迪·慕爾穆被稱為“巴拉特總統(tǒng)”。在請(qǐng)柬被報(bào)道的兩天前，莫漢·巴格瓦特在一次演講中稱印度應(yīng)該改名為巴拉特。莫漢·巴格瓦特是印度教民族主義組織國(guó)民陣線的負(fù)責(zé)人，也是目前執(zhí)政的印度人民黨的思想導(dǎo)師。

“曾經(jīng)，我們用印度稱呼我們的國(guó)家是為了讓講英語(yǔ)的人能夠理解。但現(xiàn)在我們必須要摒棄這個(gè)名字。無(wú)論何時(shí)，無(wú)論何地，巴拉特這個(gè)國(guó)家將會(huì)被永遠(yuǎn)地稱為巴拉特。” 巴格瓦特說(shuō)。

一些印度人民黨的領(lǐng)袖贊成這一題案。但是BBC報(bào)道稱，尚未證實(shí)印度政府方面考慮正式更改國(guó)名。

“可以看到莫迪和印度人民黨試圖將現(xiàn)代的印度和其殖民時(shí)期的歷史分割開來(lái)。同樣我們也注意到了一種對(duì)街道重命名的趨勢(shì)，那些街道原來(lái)的名字多跟殖民時(shí)期有關(guān)。顯然，這個(gè)例子顯示出印度人民黨想要用更加合適的專有詞來(lái)表現(xiàn)印度。”華盛頓威爾遜中心南亞研究所主任邁克爾·庫(kù)格爾曼說(shuō)。

兩個(gè)月前，反對(duì)黨聯(lián)盟在2024春季印度大選前自稱為“INDIA”。因此更改國(guó)名為巴拉特的行為可能有部分是受其影響。當(dāng)代印度歷史學(xué)家萊茵德?考爾說(shuō)。

考爾講道“可能執(zhí)政黨是想找個(gè)不同的名字來(lái)進(jìn)行反擊。但有趣的是，印度已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)雙重名稱，這是在憲法中明文規(guī)定的。”

印度憲法第一條這樣講到“印度，也就是巴拉特，為聯(lián)邦制。”

印度（India）這個(gè)名字實(shí)際上是梵語(yǔ)單詞的英語(yǔ)化，代表著印度河（sindhu）,其在1858年至1947年英國(guó)殖民印度時(shí)期被引入到英語(yǔ)。巴拉特（Bharat）也有其梵語(yǔ)起源，可以在古印度教典籍《往世書》（Puranas）中找到。書中描述道，人類居住在一片大陸上，這片大陸上有一個(gè)地區(qū)被稱作Bharatavarsa。（譯者注：也就是梵語(yǔ)中的????????，音譯為bhāratavar?a，對(duì)應(yīng)中文就是印度）

這個(gè)國(guó)家另一個(gè)比較流行的名字是印度斯坦（Hindustan），在波斯語(yǔ)中代表著“印度河流域（land of the Indus）”。這個(gè)稱呼通常指莫臥兒王朝時(shí)期的印度，并且現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常被一些印度教民族主義者使用。但是這一稱呼并沒(méi)有在印度的憲法中被正式承認(rèn)為國(guó)家的法定名稱。

在晚宴請(qǐng)柬的圖片在X——也就是以前的推特——上迅速流傳開后，印度民眾在社交媒體上對(duì)于應(yīng)當(dāng)使用那個(gè)國(guó)名展開了激烈討論。

“印度人民黨對(duì)于本國(guó)多元統(tǒng)一的基本原則厭惡到了極點(diǎn)。他們希望消除掉這個(gè)國(guó)家的其他稱呼，即印度斯坦和印度，只保留巴拉特一個(gè)名稱。這一做法顯示了他們的小氣和偏狹。” 查謨和克什米爾人民民主黨主席梅赫布巴·穆夫提在X上寫道。

然而，有的人則稱贊這一改動(dòng)是反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義，彰顯真正印度歷史的偉大舉措。

“我一直堅(jiān)信，國(guó)名應(yīng)該為我們帶來(lái)自豪感。我們是Bhartiyas（梵語(yǔ)：???????，中文：印度人），印度（India）是英國(guó)人給我們起的。我們國(guó)家早就該正式更名為原來(lái)的‘巴拉特（Bharat）’。” 前印度板球運(yùn)動(dòng)員維倫德·塞瓦格在一篇帖子中寫道。

以前就有人向印度最高法院提出訴訟，要求將國(guó)名改成巴拉特。但到目前為止，法官們拒絕介入這一爭(zhēng)議。

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重點(diǎn)詞匯：

enshrine in：將某人某物視為重要的事物；銘記；載入

go viral：指信息在社交媒體上迅速而頻繁地傳播

aversion to：對(duì)…..感到厭惡

instill：慢慢灌輸

Original Article:

‘Bharat’ or ‘India’? The Controversy Over Some Hindu Nationalists' Push to Rename India

The government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi has referred to India as “Bharat” in invites for a dinner party at the upcoming G-20 Summit in New Delhi, a move that has sparked controversy. The word is the name for India in many Indian languages, including Hindi, and critics say its use is the latest sign of a nationalist push amid a banner year for the country.

India is now the world’s most populous nation and is the fastest growing major economy. Beyond hosting the annual G-20 Summit this year, which runs from Sept. 9 to 10, the country also recently completed a historic moon landing.

The invites referred to the President of India, Droupadi Murmu, as “President of Bharat.” News of the invites comes two days after Mohan Bhagwat, the chief of the Hindu nationalist organization Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, an ideological mentor of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, said in a speech that the country should use the word Bharat instead of India.

"At times we use India so those who speak English will understand. But we must stop using this. The name of the country Bharat will remain Bharat wherever you go in the world," Bhagwat said.

Several BJP leaders have cheered that approach. But there has been no confirmation that the government is mulling a formal name change, the BBC reported.

"We have seen that Modi and the BJP want to distance modern India from the colonial past. And so we've seen this trend of renaming streets that have names that refer to the colonial past. Clearly this is an example of wanting to use the term that the BJP thinks is the proper, more appropriate term to use for India," says Michael Kugelman, the director of the South Asia Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C.

Two months ago, the alliance of opposition parties named themselves “INDIA” ahead of the Spring 2024 Indian general election, so the focus on rebranding to the name Bharat may also be partly motivated by that, says Ravinder Kaur, a historian of contemporary India.

“Partly, the ruling party is trying to counter by finding a different name. But the interesting thing is that India already has a double name, which is enshrined in the constitution,” Kaur says.

Article 1 of the Indian constitution begins with the words, “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.”

The name India is an Anglicization of the Sanskrit word for the Indus river, sindhu, and was introduced during the Crown's rule over India from 1858 to 1947. The name Bharat also has Sanskrit origins and is found in the Puranas, ancient Hindu religious texts. The texts describe a large land mass on which humans live on, and one region of this landmass is referred to as Bharatavarsa.

Another popular name for the country is Hindustan, which means “l(fā)and of the Indus” in Persian. It became a popular way to refer to the country during the Mughal era and is frequently invoked by Hindu nationalists. However, it is not officially recognized as the legal name for India in the constitution.

On social media, the debate over which name to use has been at times heated, after pictures of the dinner party invitation went viral on X, formerly known as Twitter.

“BJPs aversion to India’s foundational principle of unity in diversity has touched a new low. By reducing India’s many names from Hindustan & India to now only Bharat shows its pettiness & intolerance,” Mehbooba Mufti, President of the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, wrote on X.

Others, however, praised the potential change as anti-imperialist and authentic to India’s history.

“I have always believed a name should be one which instills pride in us. We are Bhartiyas ,India is a name given by the British & it has been long overdue to get our original name ‘Bharat’ back officially,” wrote former Indian cricketer Virender Sehwag in a post.

Previously, court cases have been filed at India’s Supreme Court to change the country’s name to Bharat. But judges have so far declined to wade into the controversy.

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原網(wǎng)址：

https://time.com/6310821/bjp-rename-india-bharat/