Leisure activities in the Elizabethan era (1558-1603 CE) became more varied than in any previous period of English history and more professional with what might be called the first genuine entertainment industry providing the public with regular events such as theatre performances and animal baiting. Outdoor activities included tennis, bowls, archery, fencing, and team sports like football and hockey which were more violent and less rule-bound than their modern versions. Card games, board games, and gambling were all immensely popular, as were music and dancing events where people of all classes could show their skills and make new friends. The success of all these activities and the general pleasure and hilarity they produced is evidenced by the Puritan movement's hearty disapproval of just about all of them.

? ? ? ? ? 伊麗莎白時代（公元1558-1603年）的休閑活動比英國歷史上任何時期都要豐富，而且更加專業(yè)，可以說是真正娛樂業(yè)的開端。為公眾提供定期的活動，如戲劇表演和斗獸；戶外活動包括網(wǎng)球、草地滾球、射箭、擊劍，以及像足球和曲棍球這樣的團(tuán)隊運動，這些運動比它們的現(xiàn)代版本更暴力，更沒有規(guī)則可循。紙牌游戲、棋盤游戲和賭博都非常受歡迎，音樂和舞蹈活動也是如此，各階層的人都可以在這里展示他們的技能并結(jié)交新朋友。從清教徒運動對幾乎所有活動的衷心反對中可以看出，這些活動很成功，以及它們所產(chǎn)生的普遍快樂與歡鬧。

富人的娛樂

Naturally, the rich, if not always completely idle, had more leisure time than most. When not managing their estates and servants, the wealthy looked to while away the time with a wide variety of activities. Meals were, of course, an opportunity to entertain friends and more distant relations, especially on Sundays and public holidays. Feasts with exotic menus were a chance to show off one's wealth, knowledge of culinary trends and good taste in fine dishes, cutlery, and glassware. In addition, some after-dinner entertainment might be provided by jugglers, acrobats, jesters, and musicians. Gardening was a popular pursuit with manuals containing handy tips available, and, naturally, having a garden was essential for many of the outdoor games mentioned below, not to mention having the cash for specialised equipment like rackets and board game pieces.

? ? ? ? ? 自然，富人即使不總是完全閑著，也比大多數(shù)人有更多的閑暇時間。在不管理他們的莊園和仆人的時候，富人希望通過各種各樣的活動來消磨時間。當(dāng)然，吃飯是招待朋友和遠(yuǎn)房親戚的機(jī)會，特別是在星期天和公共假日。帶有異國情調(diào)菜單的盛宴是炫耀自己財富、對烹飪趨勢的了解以及對精美菜肴、餐具和玻璃制品的良好品味的機(jī)會。此外，雜耍者、雜技演員、小丑和音樂家可能會提供一些飯后娛樂。園藝是一種流行的追求，手冊中載有方便的技巧，自然，擁有一個花園是下面提到的許多戶外游戲的必要條件，更不用說有資金購買球拍和棋子等專門的娛樂設(shè)備。

貧窮者的娛樂

The poorer members of society at least had some time for their own pursuits beyond making ends meet, typically Sunday afternoons after a visit to church had been done in the morning or on public holidays. Such public entertainments as Elizabethan theatre were cheap enough for most to be able to buy a ticket, although commoners largely preferred such blood sports as animal baiting. Country dances with musicians and fiddlers were organised and towns sometimes welcomed public performances by travelling artists such as acrobats and puppeteers, Morris dancers (traditional folk dancers who wore colourful clothes, ribbons and bells) or free concerts put on by musicians known as 'waits'. Games that did not require specialised equipment were popular, although the rules for these varied much more than the more formalised games of the aristocracy and depended very much on local traditions.

? ? ? ? ? 貧窮者除了維持生計外，至少還有一些時間來從事自己的追求，通常是在上午參觀完教堂后的周日下午，或者在公共假期。像伊麗莎白戲劇這樣的公共娛樂活動對大多數(shù)人來說都很便宜，他們能夠買到票，盡管平民們大多更喜歡諸如斗獸這樣的血腥運動。有音樂家和小提琴手參加的鄉(xiāng)村舞蹈很受歡迎，城鎮(zhèn)有時也歡迎旅行藝術(shù)家的公開表演，如雜技演員和木偶戲演員、莫里斯舞者（穿著彩色衣服、系著彩帶和鈴鐺的傳統(tǒng)民間舞者）或音樂家們輪候舉辦的免費音樂會。不需要專門設(shè)備的游戲很受歡迎，盡管這些游戲的規(guī)則比貴族的正式游戲要多得多，而且在很大程度上取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)。

狩? ? ?獵

Hunting has always been a popular activity amongst the aristocracy in order to show their skills. In the Elizabethan period, enclosures of forest land and strict poaching laws severely restricted hunting opportunities for the lower classes but the rich continued to esteem it as part of a young man's education and as an excuse for men to ride horses and spend time in their country estates. The most common victims were deer, foxes and hares. The use of trained birds to hunt was popular, as was using the increasingly more reliable and accurate gunpowder weapons to shoot. Both hunting and hawking were pursued by men and women. Fishing using a rod was also done, especially by those with artificial lakes on their estates.

? ? ? ? ? ?狩獵一直是貴族階層中受歡迎的活動，這可以展示他們的技能。在伊麗莎白時期，對森林土地的圈占和嚴(yán)格的偷獵法嚴(yán)重限制了下層階級的狩獵機(jī)會，但富人繼續(xù)推崇狩獵，將其作為年輕人教育的一部分，作為男人騎馬和在鄉(xiāng)間莊園消磨時間的借口。最常見的受害者是鹿、狐貍和野兔。使用訓(xùn)練有素的鳥類來打獵很受歡迎，使用越來越可靠和準(zhǔn)確的火藥武器來射擊動物也是如此。打獵和捕獵男女都可以參加，使用魚竿釣魚也很流行，特別是那些在其莊園里有人工湖的富人。

斗? ? ?獸

Dogs like the bulldog and bullmastiffs, bred for their savagery, were put in pits where they would tear to pieces a single bull or bear chained to the centre of the arena. One or more of the dogs were put into the pit and went for the bull or bear's ears or nose, holding on grimly until the bigger animal collapsed from exhaustion. A judge likely decided when the match was over as bears were too rare to be killed each bout. Cock-fighting, where two trained roosters fought to the death was held in similar circular arenas and was equally popular. These bloodsports attracted bets on the likely winner and, in the case of bullbaiting, the meat of the dead animal was eaten. The arena for these sports likely influenced the later theatres for drama.

? ? ? ? ? 像斗牛犬和斗牛獒這樣的狗，因其野性而被人們飼養(yǎng)，它們被放進(jìn)一個大坑里，把拴在競技場中心的一頭?；蛐芩撼伤槠?。一只或多只狗被放進(jìn)坑里，咬住公牛或熊的耳朵或鼻子，頑強(qiáng)地堅持著，直到大型動物因疲憊而倒下。審判員可能會決定比賽何時結(jié)束，因為熊太罕見了，每場比賽稍不注意都會被殺死。斗雞，即兩只訓(xùn)練有素的公雞在類似的圓形競技場上進(jìn)行生死搏斗，也同樣受歡迎。這些血腥的運動吸引了人們對可能的贏家進(jìn)行賭注，在以牛為餌的情況下，人們會吃掉死去動物的肉。這些運動的競技場很可能影響了后來的戲劇院。

錦標(biāo)賽與武術(shù)

Recreating medieval tournaments continued to be popular in the Elizabethan era. Although the arrival of gunpowder weapons meant that the full armour of the medieval knight was now obsolete on the battlefield, dressing up anyway and jousting still proved an attractive pastime for aristocrats. Tournaments were sometimes a part of festivals, as were military drills where bands of pikemen showed off their collective skills.

? ? ? ? ? ?伊麗莎白時代，重現(xiàn)中世紀(jì)的比武仍然很受歡迎。雖然火藥武器的到來意味著中世紀(jì)騎士的全副盔甲在戰(zhàn)場上已經(jīng)過時，但無論如何，穿戴整齊的盔甲和比武仍被證明對貴族們有吸引力的消遣方式。錦標(biāo)賽有時是節(jié)日的一部分，軍事演習(xí)也是如此，長矛手們在那里展示他們的集體技能。

Fencing was by now more common than tournaments. As with jousts, the weapons used were blunted but anyone not careful enough could still sustain a serious injury. Rapiers were heavier than those used today and the combatants only had a padded jacket for protection. Some fencing matches had the participants hold shields which came in two types: the large square or circular 'target' or the small circular 'buckler'. Other variations of the sport included holding two rapiers at once or a rapier and a dagger. Alternatively, the rapier might be replaced altogether by a normal heavy fighting sword or a long wooden pole (quarterstaff).

? ? ? ? ? 擊劍已經(jīng)比錦標(biāo)賽更普遍了。與比武一樣，所使用的武器都是鈍器，但任何不夠小心的人仍可能受到嚴(yán)重傷害。長劍比今天使用的長劍更重，戰(zhàn)斗人員只有一件軟墊外套作為保護(hù)。一些擊劍比賽讓參賽者手持盾牌，盾牌有兩種類型：大的方形或圓形“靶子”盾或小的圓形“扣子”盾。這項運動的其他變化包括同時持有兩把劍或一把劍和一把匕首。另外，劍客可能會被一把普通的重型格斗劍或一根長木桿（quarterstaff，一根長 6 至 9 英尺（1.8 至 2.7 m）的硬木桿身，有時在一端或兩端帶有金屬尖端、套圈或長釘）完全取代。

Archery had been such an important part of medieval warfare that laws ensured even commoners had to practice at it. Even if archers, like knights, were less useful in warfare than they had been, the habit continued on into the 16th century CE and many an aristocratic garden or village green resounded to the twang of bowstrings in summer. Knife-throwing was another handy skill and was practised in the game of Penny Prick. Here, a penny was placed on top of a peg stuck in the ground and, from a distance, players had to throw their knife to dislodge the penny.

? ? ? ? ? 射箭是中世紀(jì)戰(zhàn)爭的重要組成部分，法律確保即使是平民也必須進(jìn)行射箭練習(xí)。即使像騎士一樣，弓箭手在戰(zhàn)爭中的作用不如以前，但這種習(xí)慣一直延續(xù)到公元16世紀(jì)，許多貴族花園或村莊的綠地在夏天都會響起弓弦的聲音。擲刀是另一種方便的技能，人們可以在一種名為“Penny Prick”游戲中練習(xí)。一個便士（硬幣）被放在插在地上的釘子上，玩家必須從遠(yuǎn)處扔出他們的刀來打掉這個便士。

球? ? ?類

Games played on a lawn were especially loved by the Elizabethans. Bowls (as in modern lawn bowls) was popular with both men and women, the objective being to get one's weighted bowl as near to a specified target as possible. Quoits had a similar aim but one threw stones or a metal hoop at the target which was typically a stake driven into the ground. Bowling was another variation where the objective was to knock over a group of distant objects using a single wooden ball. This game went by many different names, including skittles, kittles, nine-pegs and ten-pins.

? ? ? ? ? 在草坪上進(jìn)行的游戲尤其受到伊麗莎白時代人們的喜愛。滾球（就像現(xiàn)代的草地滾球）在男女中都很流行，目的是讓自己的加重球盡可能接近指定的目標(biāo)。橄欖球有類似的目標(biāo)，但人們向目標(biāo)投擲石塊或金屬圈，而目標(biāo)通常是一根打入地下的木樁。保齡球是另一種變體，目標(biāo)是用一個木球打翻一組遠(yuǎn)處的物體。這種游戲有許多不同的名字，包括skittles、kittles、nine-pegs和ten-pins。

Lawn tennis required both space and equipment and so was reserved for the rich. Only played by men, rackets were made from wood with gut strings and the ball was made from tightly packed scraps of cloth. Handball was like tennis but players used their hands instead of rackets. Badminton was similar to the modern game in terms of the shuttlecock but Elizabethan rackets were made of solid wood and called 'battledores'.

? ? ? ? ? 草地網(wǎng)球需要空間和設(shè)備，因此是為富人保留的項目。只有男人才會打，球拍是用木頭做的，用腸線繃網(wǎng)，球是用密密麻麻的布屑做成的。手球與網(wǎng)球相似，但球員用他們的手而不是球拍來擊打球。那個時代，羽毛球的羽球與現(xiàn)代比賽中所使用的羽球相似，但伊麗莎白時代的球拍是由實木制成的，所以又被稱為“板羽球”。

Another outdoor sport was football (US: soccer) which was far rowdier than today's version. Scoring goals, then as now, was the objective but tripping opponents was positively encouraged. More traditional variations which tried to get the ball across the field by any means possible, and which similarly allowed the opposition to prevent the opponent's progress by any means fair or foul, were popular in rural settings and were more violent still. The Elizabethans also played a version of hockey, called by them bandy-ball, and cricket/rounders, known as stoolball.

? ? ? ? ? ?還有一項戶外運動是足球（美國：足球），它比今天的版本要熱鬧得多。當(dāng)時和現(xiàn)在一樣，進(jìn)球是獲勝的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但積極鼓勵絆倒對手。更為傳統(tǒng)的變化是試圖通過任何可能的手段將球傳過球場，同樣也允許對手通過任何公平或犯規(guī)的手段阻止對手前進(jìn)，這在農(nóng)村地區(qū)很受歡迎，而且更加暴力。伊麗莎白人也玩曲棍球的一個版本，他們稱之為bandy-ball，還有板球/圓球，被稱為stoleball。

室內(nèi)游戲

Probably the two most common of all indoor leisure activities was needlework for women and reading for both sexes. Printed material of all kinds, from single broadsheets to leather-bound illustrated volumes, were increasingly produced as publishers saw the potential for printing works popular elsewhere such as Renaissance Italy. Humanist philosophy was widely read and ancient authors were revisited with the first translations in English of such writers as Tacitus (c. 56 - c. 118 CE) in the 1590s CE. There were also manuals, political and religious texts, works of history, poetry and even contemporary news reports. Reading was not necessarily done silently and alone but out loud and in groups.

? ? ? ? ? 在所有室內(nèi)休閑活動中，最常見的兩項活動可能是婦女的針線活和男女的閱讀。由于出版商看到了在其他地方（如文藝復(fù)興時期的意大利）流行的作品的印刷潛力，各種類型的印刷品，從單一的寬頁印刷品到皮革裝訂的插圖卷，產(chǎn)量逐漸上升。人文主義哲學(xué)被廣泛閱讀，古代作家也被重新審視；16世紀(jì)90年代，塔西佗（約56-約118年）等作家的作品首次被翻譯成英文。此外，還有手冊、政治和宗教文本、歷史作品、詩歌甚至是新聞報道。閱讀不一定是單獨默讀，還有可能是大聲閱讀或集體閱讀。

At the other extreme, the more physical indoor games could be moderately violent. Hot Cockles involved one player putting his head on the lap of another while everyone else slapped his behind. Only by guessing who had slapped him last could the player be released from his predicament. Blindman's Buff or Hoodman Blind was another opportunity to give a friend a clout. In this game, one player was blindfolded or hooded and everyone else dealt them a blow or 'buff' if they came close. Again, identifying one's assailant meant one could be unhooded.

? ? ? ? ? 在另一個極端中，體能更強(qiáng)的室內(nèi)游戲可能會有適度的暴力。Hot Cockles是指一名玩家將他的頭放在另一名玩家的腿上，而其他人則拍打他的背部。只有猜出誰最后打了他一巴掌，玩家才能從他的困境中解脫出來。耍盲雞或Hoodman Blind是另一個給朋友敲打的機(jī)會。在這個游戲中，一名玩家被蒙住眼睛或戴上頭罩，如果他們靠近，其他人都會對他們進(jìn)行打擊。同樣，確定攻擊者意味著他可以解開眼罩或頭套。

Quieter indoor games included chess, one of the very few activities where gambling was not generally involved. Draughts or checkers was played. There were many other board games where players had to get all of their pieces either across the board or off it altogether. Shovelboard or shove-groat (after the four-pence coin) involved sliding a disk or coin to reach as near the end of the board as possible without falling off it.

? ? ? ? ? 比較安靜的室內(nèi)游戲包括國際象棋，這是為數(shù)不多的一般不涉及賭博的活動之一。還可以玩跳棋或國際跳棋(西洋跳棋)。還有許多其他的棋盤游戲，玩家必須讓他們的所有棋子穿過棋盤或完全離開棋盤。鏟子棋或推子棋（在四便士硬幣之后）涉及到滑動一個圓盤或硬幣，以盡可能接近棋盤的末端而不掉下來。

A new board game introduced from France was The Game of Goose (still widely available in Europe today in sets of board games for children). A forerunner of many modern board games, players had to roll a dice and move along squares arranged in a spiral on a printed sheet, the objective being to reach the last square before any other player. Certain squares allowed a player to roll again (i.e. one with a goose picture) or obliged them to go backwards or miss a turn. Dice games were played by everyone, the die usually being made of bone. The numbers each had a specific name derived from French (from 1 to 6): ace, deuce, tray, cater, sink, and sise. Billiards was also introduced to England in this period.

? ? ? ? ? 從法國引進(jìn)的一種新的棋盤游戲是賽鵝圖（今天在歐洲的兒童棋盤游戲套裝中仍然廣泛存在）。作為許多現(xiàn)代棋盤游戲的先驅(qū)，玩家必須擲出骰子，沿著印刷紙上呈螺旋狀排列的方塊移動，目標(biāo)是在其他玩家之前到達(dá)最后一個方塊。某些方格允許玩家再次擲骰子（即有鵝圖案的方格），或者迫使他們倒退或錯過一個回合。每個人都可以玩骰子游戲，骰子通常是由骨頭制成的。每個數(shù)字都有一個源自法語的特定名稱（從1到6）：ace、 deuce、tray、cater、sink、and sise。在這一時期，臺球也被引入英國。

Card games were popular and played by all classes. The deck of cards was the same as today's version but without a joker and the names of some cards differed: Knave for Jack, Deuce for Two, Tray for Three. There were no numbers or letters on the cards, only pictures and the King, Queen, and Knave showed a full figure (not the half mirrored image we commonly see today). Card games included reaching a specific number, for example 31, with as few cards as possible or early versions of games still played today like Ruff and Trump (Whist) and Primero (Poker) where a player had a maximum of four cards and the highest hand was four of a kind.

? ? ? ? ? 紙牌游戲很受歡迎，所有階層都在玩。這副牌與今天的版本相同，但沒有小丑，而且一些牌的名稱也不同。Knave代表J，Deuce代表2，Tray代表3。牌上沒有數(shù)字或字母，只有圖片，國王、王后和黑桃顯示的是一個完整的數(shù)字（而不是我們今天常見的半鏡面圖像）。紙牌游戲包括用盡可能少的牌達(dá)到一個特定的數(shù)字，例如31，或者是今天仍然在玩的早期版本的游戲，如Ruff and Trump（惠斯特）和Primero（撲克），其中玩家最多有四張牌，最高的牌是四張相同的。

Gambling was popular with all classes, especially using cards and dice but also on games like bowls where the betting was highly formalised. Essentially, any activity where the outcome was unpredictable led to Elizabethans wagering on it and even children were at it, using pebbles and cherry stones before they had money of their own.

? ? ? ? ? 賭博在各個階層都很流行，特別是使用紙牌和骰子，但也有像球類這樣的游戲，其中的賭注是高度正式的。從本質(zhì)上講，任何結(jié)果不可預(yù)測的活動都會誘使伊麗莎白時代的人們在上面下注，甚至兒童也參與其中，在他們擁有屬于自己的錢之前，就使用卵石和櫻桃石來下注。

音樂與舞蹈

Music performed by professionals was appreciated but many people could produce their own. Popular instruments included the recorder, fiddle, bagpipes and the pipe-and-tabor (a recorder and drum combination). For the more accomplished there was the lute, virginals (a keyboard where strings were plucked), and a type of viola known as a viol. Popular songs and ballads were sung by groups, often with lively choruses and the opportunity to shout and make a general din. Many songs had parts for each singer, known as 'catches'. Elizabethan songs covered all manner of subjects from romance to commemorating military victories to chasing foxes from farmland.

? ? ? ? ? 由專業(yè)人士演奏的音樂受到贊賞，但許多人可以自己制作音樂。流行的樂器包括直笛、小提琴、風(fēng)笛和琵琶和pipe-and-tabor（一種直笛和鼓的組合）。對于更有成就的人來說，還有琵琶、維吉納爾琴（一種撥動琴弦的鍵盤），以及一種類似小提琴的中提琴。流行歌曲和民謠是由團(tuán)體演唱的，通常有生動的合唱，并有機(jī)會大喊大叫，引起一片喧嘩。許多歌曲都有每個歌手的獨唱部分，稱為“接唱”。伊麗莎白時代的歌曲涵蓋了各種主題，從浪漫主義到紀(jì)念軍事勝利，再到從農(nóng)田里追趕狐貍。

Dancing, too, was as popular in the 16th century CE as it was in the centuries before and since. Not only was it good exercise and fun but it was probably the best chance for the young and unmarried to meet. There were traditional English country dances but also imports from France and Italy. For those who could afford it, there were even dancing schools. Dances frequently involved men and women as partners but part of larger groups in lines or a circle or a square. Pairs held hands or linked arms, typically with the woman on the right side of the man, and at certain points throughout, all the dancers might link. Pairs might form arches with their arms for other partners to dance through. Partners might be changed and the dance completed when one was rejoined to one's original partner. Individual steps were often less important than making sure one was in the right position in respect to one's partner and the group as a whole. The speed was not so fast, typically a lively walking pace and this left opportunity for conversation between partners. Rather than being fleet of foot, then, Elizabethans impressed others on the dance floor with their general grace of movement.

? ? ? ? ? ?舞蹈在公元16世紀(jì)也很流行。它不僅是很好的運動和樂趣，而且可能是年輕人和未婚者見面的最好機(jī)會。有傳統(tǒng)的英國鄉(xiāng)村舞蹈，也有來自法國和意大利的外來舞蹈。對于那些財力雄厚的人，甚至還可以去舞蹈學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。舞蹈經(jīng)常涉及到男人和女人作為舞伴，但也是排成一排或一圈或一個廣場的大團(tuán)體的一部分。兩人手拉手或手挽手，通常女人在男人的右邊，在整個過程中的某些時候，所有的舞者可能會聯(lián)系起來。兩人可能會用手臂形成拱形，讓其他舞伴跳過。舞伴可能會被更換，當(dāng)一個人與原來的舞伴重合時，舞蹈就完成了。單獨的舞步往往沒有那么重要，重要的是確保自己在與伙伴和整個團(tuán)體的關(guān)系中處于正確的位置。舞蹈速度并不快，通常是活潑的步行速度，這為伙伴之間的交談留下了機(jī)會。與其說伊麗莎白人腳步輕盈，不如說他們在舞池中的動作優(yōu)雅，給別人留下了深刻印象。

戲? ? ?劇

Artists had performed mime and short plays since the Middle Ages and before but the Elizabethans began to make the whole thing more professional. Country houses of the rich and the courtyards of public inns often hosted such performances in the early part of Elizabeth's reign. The masque, where masked performers and dancers performed stories based on mythology but often with a nod to contemporary politics, continued to be popular. The performers dressed in extravagant costumes and often ended their masque by mingling and dancing amongst the audience. Drama really took off with the public, though, when the first purpose-built permanent theatre was established in London in 1576 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 自中世紀(jì)及以前，藝術(shù)家們就開始表演啞劇和短劇，但伊麗莎白時代開始使整個事情變得更加專業(yè)。在伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治的早期，富人的鄉(xiāng)村住宅和公共旅館的庭院經(jīng)常舉辦這種表演。假面舞會，即戴著面具的表演者和舞者表演基于神話的故事，但往往又有當(dāng)代政治的影子，繼續(xù)流行。表演者身著奢華的服裝，并經(jīng)常在假面舞會結(jié)束時與觀眾打成一片并跳舞。不過，當(dāng)公元1576年在倫敦建立了第一個專門的永久性劇院時，戲劇才真正在公眾中興起。

Professional actors had previously belonged to touring troupes but now they had a permanent home - and other licensed theatres quickly followed in London and other cities - it became possible to put on more shows. Eventually, plays could be watched several times a day every day (except Sundays). So, too, the subject matter widened to include non-religious themes aimed at pure entertainment. Plays covered history, contemporary politics, romances, murders, and comedy. Men and women of all classes went to watch plays by such masters as William Shakespeare (1564-1616 CE) whose works were performed at the famous Globe Theatre in London.

? ? ? ? ? 專業(yè)演員以前屬于巡回演出的劇團(tuán)，但現(xiàn)在他們有了一個永久的家——倫敦和其他城市的其他特許劇院也迅速跟進(jìn)——就有可能上演更多的演出。最終，人們每天都可以觀看數(shù)次戲?。ㄐ瞧谌粘猓Ｒ虼?，主題也擴(kuò)大到包括非宗教的主題，目的是為了純粹的娛樂。戲劇涵蓋歷史、當(dāng)代政治、浪漫、謀殺和喜劇。各個階層的男人和女人都去觀看威廉·莎士比亞（公元1564-1616年）等大師的戲劇，他們的作品在倫敦著名的環(huán)球劇院演出。

Theatres were typically circular buildings with an open roof in the centre. Spectators watched from tiers of galleries or the flat central space in front of the raised stage. The capacity of the Globe was around 2,000, some paying as little as one penny a ticket. Viewers were treated to performances involving twelve or more permanent main actors and a number of bit-part players (all males in the 16th century CE), all performing in front of elaborately painted and moveable scenery and accompanied by a lively orchestra.

? ? ? ? ? 劇院是典型的圓形建筑，中間有一個開放的屋頂。觀眾在層層長廊或高臺前的平坦中央空間觀看。環(huán)球劇場的容量約為2000人，有些人只需支付1便士的門票。觀眾可以欣賞到涉及12個或更多永久的主要演員和一些小角色的表演（在公元16世紀(jì)都是男性），他們都在精心繪制的可移動布景前表演，并由一個生動的管弦樂隊伴奏。

Theatres became so popular that they inevitably received a backlash from some sections of society. Puritans, who were ever-more prominent in Elizabethan society from the 1590s CE, objected to such frivolous entertainments and considered their subject matter unsuitable for commoners and likely to corrupt their minds. In addition, Puritans thought of theatres as wholly undesirable places where only the idle, immoral, and criminal elements of society gathered. Even some business owners deplored the theatres as their employees went to watch the plays which were usually held during the daytime and so working hours. As we all know, though, such protests, even if they managed to close theatres for a while, did no lasting damage to a form of entertainment which continues to be popular today.

? ? ? ? ? 劇院變得如此受歡迎，不可避免地受到了社會某些階層的反擊。從16世紀(jì)90年代起，清教徒在伊麗莎白時代的社會中的地位越來越高，他們反對這種無聊的娛樂活動，認(rèn)為其主題不適合平民，可能會腐蝕他們的思想。此外，清教徒認(rèn)為劇院是完全不受歡迎的地方，只有社會上的閑人、不道德和犯罪分子才會聚集在這里。甚至一些企業(yè)主也對劇院感到遺憾，因為他們的雇員通常在白天和工作時間去看戲。不過，正如我們都知道的那樣，這種抗議，即使他們設(shè)法關(guān)閉了劇院一段時間，也沒有對今天繼續(xù)流行的娛樂形式造成持久的影響。

參考書目：

Guy, John. Tudor England. Oxford University Press, 1988.

Miller, John. Early Modern Britain, 1450-1750. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

Morrill, John. The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996.

Singman, Jeffrey, L. Daily Life in Elizabethan England. Greenwood, 1995.

Wagner, John A. Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World. Greenwood, 1999.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1579/sports-games--entertainment-in-the-elizabethan-era/