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【簡譯】室町時代（Muromachi Period）

2023-02-06 12:59 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

上一時代

The Muromachi Period (Muromachi Jidai, 1333-1573 CE) refers to the period of Japanese medieval history when the Ashikaga shogun capital was located in the Muromachi area of Heiankyo (Kyoto). Replacing the Kamakura Shogunate (1192-1333 CE), the Ashikaga or Muromachi Shogunate (1338-1573) would oversee a depressingly warlike, rebellious, and brutal period of history which saw incessant rivalries between warlords and unchecked bandits plaguing the countryside. There were a few bright spots such as the construction of the Kinkakuji and Ginkakuji temples in Kyoto as well as progress in trade and commerce, the arts and castle architecture. The period ended with the warlord Oda Nobunaga seizing power in 1568 CE and his decision to exile the last Ashikaga shogun in 1573 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 室町時代（Muromachi Jidai，公元1333-1573年）是指，日本中世紀(jì)歷史上足利幕府將軍的首都位于平安京（京都）室町地區(qū)的時期。足利或室町幕府（1338-1573年）取代了鐮倉幕府（1192-1333年），它見證了一個令人沮喪的好戰(zhàn)、叛亂和殘酷的歷史時期，軍閥之間不斷的競爭和肆無忌憚的土匪困擾著鄉(xiāng)村。當(dāng)然，這一時期也有一些亮點，如京都金閣寺和銀閣寺的建造，以及貿(mào)易和商業(yè)、藝術(shù)和城堡建筑方面的進(jìn)步。這一時期以軍閥織田信長在公元1568年奪取政權(quán)并于公元1573年流放最后一位足利幕府將軍的決定而結(jié)束。

鐮倉時代

The Kamakura period spanned from 1185 to 1333 CE and began when the military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo took control of Japan. In 1192 CE Yoritomo selected Kamakura as the new capital of the Kamakura Shogunate with the imperial court still residing at Heinakyo (Kyoto). The shoguns (military dictators) would redistribute land to loyal followers but also instigate reforms which improved trade and agriculture. The development of Zen Buddhism in Japan would be another feature of the Kamakura period.

? ? ? ? ? 鐮倉時代從公元1185年持續(xù)到1333年，開始于軍事領(lǐng)袖源賴朝控制日本之時。公元1192年，源賴朝選擇鐮倉作為新幕府的首都，朝廷仍然在京都。幕府將軍（軍事獨裁者）將土地重新分配給忠誠的追隨者，但也煽動改革，改善貿(mào)易和農(nóng)業(yè)。禪宗在日本的發(fā)展是鐮倉時期的另一特點。

Several attempts were made by emperors in the period to regain some of the power they had lost to the shoguns that ruled Japan in practice. Emperor Go-Daigo (r. 1318-1339 CE) stirred up rebellion, as he had unsuccessfully tried to do in 1324 and 1331 CE, and used his allies, the rebel warlords Nitta Yoshisada (l. 1301-1337 CE) and Ashikaga Takauji to topple the Kamakura shoguns. The Kamakura Shogunate had been seriously weakened by the Mongol invasions of Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294 CE) in 1274 and 1281 CE. Both invasions failed, largely thanks to two typhoons destroying the invasion fleets. However, the conflict and the standing in readiness between the invasions (including awaiting an anticipated third attack that never came) nearly brought the state to bankruptcy. Unrest from unpaid samurai and a general lack of control in the provinces, which lead to widespread banditry, meant that the Kamakura shoguns were at their most vulnerable.

? ? ? ? ? 在此期間，天皇曾多次嘗試重新獲得他們在實際統(tǒng)治日本的幕府將軍手中失去的部分權(quán)力。后醍醐天皇（1318-1339）煽動了叛亂，就像他在1324年和1331年做的一樣，但沒有成功，他利用他的盟友，叛亂的軍閥新田義貞（1301-1337）和足利尊氏來推翻鐮倉幕府。由于忽必烈（Kublai Khan，公元1260-1294年）在公元1274年和1281年對日本的入侵，鐮倉幕府的實力被嚴(yán)重削弱了。蒙古的兩次入侵都失敗了，主要是由于兩次臺風(fēng)摧毀了艦隊。然而，戰(zhàn)爭和兩次入侵之間的準(zhǔn)備工作（包括等待預(yù)期的第三次攻擊，但從未到來）幾乎使國家陷入破產(chǎn)。來自未獲薪資的武士的騷亂和各省普遍缺乏控制，導(dǎo)致盜匪猖獗，這意味著鐮倉幕府處于最脆弱的狀態(tài)。

建武新政

Around 1333 CE Kamakura was sacked by Nitta Yoshisada, and the capital was moved back to join the imperial court of Heiankyo. With the government established in the Muromachi district of the city, the decision gave its name to the next period of Japanese history: the Muromachi period. There then followed the incident known as the Kenmu Restoration (1333-1336 CE). Ashikaga Takauji had been sent by the Kamakura Shogunate to deal with Go-Daigo but, tempted by the power his army offered him, he joined forces with the emperor and attacked Heiankyo. Takauji wanted to be nothing less than the new shogun, but Go-Daigo refused to give him this title because he did not want to return to a position of subservience. Takauji then defeated Go-Daigo's chief ally Yoshisada at the battle of Minatogawa near Kobe in July 1336 CE and then captured Heiankyo. The chaos and fighting of the 1330s CE were wryly noted by an anonymous sign painter in Heiankyo:

? ? ? ? ? Assaults in the night, armed robberies, falsified documents, easy women…chopped off heads, monks who defrock themselves and laymen who shave their heads.

(Huffman, 43)

? ? ? ? ? 公元1333年左右，鐮倉被新田義貞洗劫一空，首都被迫遷回平安京。隨著政府在首都的室町地區(qū)建立，這一決定為日本歷史的下一個時期命名提供選擇：室町時代。隨后，發(fā)生了被稱為建武新政（公元1333-1336年）的事件。足利尊氏（原名足利高氏）被鐮倉幕府派去對付后醍醐天皇，但受其軍隊提供的權(quán)力的誘惑，他與天皇聯(lián)手，進(jìn)攻平安京。足利尊氏想成為新幕府將軍，但后醍醐天皇拒絕給他這個頭銜，因為他不想再回到屈從的地位。隨后，足利尊氏在公元1336年7月神戶附近的湊川之戰(zhàn)中擊敗了后醍醐天皇的主要盟友新田義貞，然后占領(lǐng)了平安京。14世紀(jì)30年代的混亂和戰(zhàn)爭被平安京的一位匿名招牌畫家詼諧地指出：

? ? ? ? ? 夜間襲擊，武裝搶劫，偽造文件，輕浮的女人......斬首，和尚脫帽，俗人剃頭。

(Huffman, 43)

Go-Daigo was exiled for a second time, but he established his own court anyway at Yoshino, 95 kilometres (60 miles) south of Heiankyo. Ashikaga Takauji found himself a more compliant emperor, Komyo (r. 1336-1348 CE), to act as the state's figurehead and became shogun in 1338 CE, thus inaugurating the Ashikaga Shogunate (aka Muromachi Shogunate) which would rule Japan until 1573 CE. One loose end was Go-Daigo as there were now two emperors in Japan, a system known as the 'Dual Courts' or 'Northern and Southern Courts' (divided by the major and minor imperial lines rather than mere geography), which would not be resolved until 1392 CE when the southern court ceased to exist after a promise was made and then broken to alternate emperors between the two lines.

? ? ? ? ? 后醍醐天皇第二次被流放，但他還是在平安京以南95公里（60英里）的吉野建立了自己的宮廷。足利尊氏為自己找到了一個更順從的光明天皇（公元1336-1348年），作為國家的形象代言人，并在公元1338年成為幕府將軍，從而開啟了足利幕府（又稱室町幕府），該幕府統(tǒng)治日本直到公元1573年。這一情況直到公元1392年才得到解決，因為當(dāng)時日本有兩個天皇，這個系統(tǒng)被稱為“雙重宮廷”或“南北宮廷”（由大、小皇族劃分，而不僅僅是地理上的劃分），當(dāng)時南朝在做出承諾后不復(fù)存在，然后在兩條線之間被交替的皇帝打破。

室町幕府

The Ashikaga Shogunate got off to a poor start and set the tone for much of the period when Ashikaga Takauji's rivalry with his brother Tadayoshi broke out in a war that lasted from 1350 to 1352 CE. Takauji was victorious, and Tadayoshi was poisoned, a fate most likely arranged by his brother.

? ? ? ? ? 室町幕府有了一個糟糕的開端，當(dāng)足利尊氏與他的兄弟足利忠義的競爭在公元1350年至1352年的戰(zhàn)爭中爆發(fā)時，為這個時期的大部分時間定下了基調(diào)。足利尊氏取得了勝利，而忠義則被毒死，這很可能是他哥哥安排的命運。

The system of government of the Ashikaga Shogunate followed much the same lines as the Kamakura Shogunate with a few additions. The position of deputy shogun (kanrei) was created as a liaison between the shogun and regional governors. A specific oversight of Kamakura was deemed advisable to make sure the Hojo family did not make a comeback, and this task was put into the hands of the Kanto deputy. Other regions were also considered a risk to the central government and so there was a similar deputy to supervise the regions of northwest Honshu and Kyushu.

? ? ? ? ? 室町幕府的政體與鐮倉幕府的政體基本相同，只是增加了一些內(nèi)容。副將軍（Kanrei）的職位是作為幕府將軍與地方長官之間的聯(lián)絡(luò)人而設(shè)立的。為了確保北條家族不會卷土重來，幕府對鐮倉加強(qiáng)了監(jiān)督，這項任務(wù)被交給了關(guān)東副將。其他地區(qū)也被認(rèn)為對中央政府構(gòu)成威脅，因此也有一個類似的副手來監(jiān)督本州西北部和九州地區(qū)。

Perhaps ironically for a period known for its general lawlessness, the Ashikaga shoguns did add a few extras to Japan's established law codes. Ashikaga Takuiji added 17 articles which mostly dealt with the expected behaviour of samurai. The articles were largely based on the principles famously expressed by Prince Shotoku (regent of Japan from 594 to 622 CE) in his own 17-article constitution. Another new development was the idea that not only should convicted criminals be punished but also their families and even the communities in which they lived. This idea of collective responsibility was called renza (or enza) and sometimes resulted in people connected to the criminal receiving the same punishment. Whether the system reduced crime is a moot point but it did result in communities trying to resolve criminal cases before they came to the attention of the central authorities.

? ? ? ? ? 具有諷刺意味的是，也許對于一個以普遍無法無天而聞名的時期來說，足利將軍確實為日本的既定法典增加了一些額外的內(nèi)容。足利尊氏增加了17條，主要涉及武士的預(yù)期行為。這些條款主要是基于圣德太子（公元594年至622年的日本攝政王）在他自己的17條憲法中所表達(dá)的著名原則。另一個新的發(fā)展是，不僅被定罪的罪犯應(yīng)受到懲罰，而且他們的家人甚至他們生活的社區(qū)也應(yīng)受到懲罰。這種集體責(zé)任的思想被稱為renza（或enza），有時會導(dǎo)致與罪犯有關(guān)的人受到同樣的懲罰。該制度是否能減少犯罪是一個懸而未決的問題，但它確實導(dǎo)致社區(qū)在中央當(dāng)局注意到犯罪案件之前就試圖解決這些案件。

The shogunate held control of the central part of Japan, and the bureaucracy at the capital was relatively efficient, but the outer provinces were left semi-independent as local warlords (daimyo) ruled their own lands how they saw fit. Local officials and estate managers such as the jito found it much more difficult to secure the taxes the state was due from landlords who had no fear of any government reprisals. The state was obliged to find other means to fill its coffers and these strategies often did much to boost the economy as landowners and temples tried their hand at money-lending, the number of small businesses grew (especially brewers and distillers), and the government raked off their share through taxes. Another money-spinning scheme was to introduce tolls on roads and impose fees on temples. International trade also did well with Japan joining the Chinese Ming Dynasty's tribute system from 1401 CE. The Ming emperor even recognised the shogun as the 'king of Japan' in return, and goods were exchanged between the two states. Ming porcelain, silk, and bronze coins were popular while finely-worked swords, copper ore, and timber went in the other direction.

? ? ? ? ? 幕府控制著日本的中部地區(qū)，首都的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)也相對高效，但外省卻處于半獨立狀態(tài)，因為地方軍閥（大名）以他們認(rèn)為合適的方式統(tǒng)治自己的土地。地方官員和莊園經(jīng)理（如地主）發(fā)現(xiàn)，要從不怕政府報復(fù)的地主那里獲得國家應(yīng)得的稅款要困難得多。國家不得不尋找其他手段來充實其國庫，而這些策略往往對促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展大有裨益，因為地主和寺廟都在嘗試放貸，小企業(yè)的數(shù)量也在增長（尤其是釀酒師和蒸餾器），而政府則通過稅收來賺取他們的份額。另一個賺錢的計劃是對道路征收通行費，對寺廟征收費用。隨著日本從公元1401年開始加入中國明朝的朝貢體系，國際貿(mào)易也取得了不錯的成績。明朝皇帝甚至承認(rèn)幕府將軍為“日本國王”，作為回報，兩個國家之間進(jìn)行了貨物交換。明朝的瓷器、絲綢和銅幣在日本很受歡迎，而精制的刀劍、銅礦和木材則流向大陸。

Agriculture, despite the upheaval of the wars and occasional famines caused by the vagaries of weather which plagued the period, continued to thrive in the longer-term thanks to innovations like double-cropping and the use of fertilizers which had begun in the Kamakura period. Villages grew in number and size as farmers sought security in numbers and worked together to produce more and benefit from communal projects such as digging irrigation channels and building waterwheels. In the absence of any authority from the central government, villages governed themselves. Small councils or so were formed which made decisions regarding laws and punishments, organised community festivals, and decided on regulations within the community. Some villages got together to form leagues or ikki for their mutual benefit.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管有戰(zhàn)爭的動蕩和偶爾因天氣變化無常而造成的饑荒困擾著這一時期的農(nóng)業(yè)，但由于從鐮倉時代開始的雙重種植和使用化肥等創(chuàng)新，農(nóng)業(yè)在長期內(nèi)繼續(xù)蓬勃發(fā)展。村莊的數(shù)量和規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，因為農(nóng)民們尋求人數(shù)上的安全感，并一起努力生產(chǎn)更多的產(chǎn)品，并從挖掘灌溉渠道和建造水車等公共項目中受益。在沒有來自中央政府的任何權(quán)力的情況下，村莊自我管理。人們成立了小型委員會，就法律和懲罰作出決定，組織社區(qū)節(jié)日，并決定社區(qū)內(nèi)的法規(guī)。一些村莊為了共同的利益而聚集在一起，組成聯(lián)盟（或ikki）。

Farmers generally did well in the period, and slavery all but disappeared, but women enjoyed fewer rights than under the Kamakura with, for example, a convention being established that brides join the household of their husbands whom, along with their mother-in-law, they were obliged to obey. Although women could still inherit property, there was a return to the convention that the oldest male inherited the family estate in order to reduce the fragmentation of land into parcels too small to be useful for different siblings.

? ? ? ? ? 這一時期，農(nóng)民普遍生活得很好，奴隸制幾乎消失了，但婦女享有的權(quán)利比鐮倉時期少，例如，有一個慣例，即新娘要加入丈夫的家庭，她們必須服從丈夫和婆婆的命令。盡管婦女仍然可以繼承財產(chǎn)，但為了減少土地被分割成小塊，對不同的兄弟姐妹都沒有用處的情況，又恢復(fù)了由最年長的男性繼承家庭財產(chǎn)的慣例。

In 1543 CE the first European contact was made with Japan when three Portuguese traders had their Chinese junk ship blown onto its shores by a storm. Landing on the island of Tanegashima, southern Kyushu, they brought with them firearms which the Japanese adopted. More Europeans followed, including Christian missionaries, the most famous being Francis Xavier, a Spanish Jesuit who came to Kagoshima in 1549 CE. The new religion was sometimes enthusiastically adopted by daimyo as it often proved a ticket to greater trade relations with the Europeans sailing the East Asian seas.

? ? ? ? ? 公元1543年，歐洲與日本進(jìn)行了第一次接觸，當(dāng)時三名葡萄牙商人的中國帆船被一場風(fēng)暴吹到了岸邊。他們在九州南部的種子島登陸，帶來了火器。更多的歐洲人接踵而至，包括基督教傳教士，其中最著名的是弗朗西斯·澤維爾，他是一位西班牙耶穌會士，于公元1549年來到鹿兒島。新的宗教有時會被大名們熱情地采納，因為它往往被證明是與航行在東亞海域的歐洲人建立更大貿(mào)易關(guān)系的門票。

日本室町時代（公元1333-1573年）最重要的藝術(shù)家之一雪舟（本名Toyo，公元1420-1506年）的一幅水墨山水畫。這個例子是用潑墨技術(shù)畫的。懸掛的卷軸，公元1495年。(東京國立博物館)。

應(yīng)仁之亂

The Onin War (1467-1477 CE) was a civil war with its name deriving from the year period. The timespan of the war and its long aftermath is often called the Sengoku period or Warring States period (1467-1568 CE). It was a time, as the period's name would suggest, of bitter rivalries, fighting and treachery amongst Japan's rival warlords and samurai, which brought hardship, robbery, and brutality to the doorstep of many ordinary people. Japan seemed at war with itself and its rulers bent on destruction. One anonymous poem, composed c. 1500 CE, captures the general mood of the times:

A bird with

One body but

Two beaks,

Pecking itself

To death.

(Henshall, 243)

? ? ? ? ? 應(yīng)仁之亂（公元1467-1477年）是一場內(nèi)戰(zhàn)，其名稱來源于年份。這場戰(zhàn)爭的時間跨度及其長期后果通常被稱為戰(zhàn)國時期或戰(zhàn)國時代（公元1467-1568年）。正如這個時期的名稱所暗示的那樣，這是一個日本敵對軍閥和武士之間的激烈競爭、戰(zhàn)斗和背叛的時期，這給許多普通人帶來了帶來了苦難、搶劫和殘暴。日本似乎在與自己交戰(zhàn)，其統(tǒng)治者一心想要毀滅。一首約在公元1500年創(chuàng)作的匿名詩，捕捉了當(dāng)時的總體情緒：

鳥有一個身體，

但有兩張嘴。

倆嘴互啄

最后鳥死了。

The cause of the decade-long Onin War was, at least initially, the bitter rivalry between the Hosokawa and Yamana family groups, but in the end, it sucked in most of the influential clans and destroyed most of Heiankyo. The conflict revolved around each side backing a different candidate for the position of shogun - a particularly pointless debate since shoguns no longer had any real power. Rather, the war is seen by historians as merely a result of the overly aggressive warlords of Japan, the most powerful daimyo, being rather too keen to put their samurai to some use - good or bad. Even when the war ended in 1477 CE there was no victor and no resolution to the inherent militarism that fractured Japan for the next century as warlords fought each other with no one in particular ever achieving any dominance.

? ? ? ? ? 長達(dá)十年的應(yīng)仁之戰(zhàn)的起因，至少在最初，是細(xì)川氏和山名氏家族集團(tuán)之間的激烈競爭，但最終，它吸納了大多數(shù)有影響力的氏族，并摧毀了摧毀了平安京的大部分地區(qū)。沖突圍繞著每一方支持不同的幕府將軍候選人展開——這是一場特別無意義的辯論，因為幕府將軍不再有任何實際權(quán)力。相反，歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為這場戰(zhàn)爭僅僅是日本最強(qiáng)大的大名——最具侵略性的軍閥們過于熱衷于將他們的武士用于某種用途的結(jié)果，無論好壞。即使在公元1477年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，也沒有勝利者，也沒有解決在下個世紀(jì)分裂日本的固有軍國主義，在接下來的一個世紀(jì)里，日本的軍閥們互相爭斗，沒有人取得主導(dǎo)地位。

建筑與文化成就

Many important buildings were constructed during the Muromachi period. The Kinkakuji or 'Temple of the Golden Pavilion' - so called because of its shimmering gilded exterior - was built in Heiankyo in 1397 CE, followed by its twin, the Ginkakuji or 'The Serene Temple of the Silver Pavilion', completed in 1483 CE. Both were originally retirement estates for former shoguns but were each converted into Buddhist temple sites. Another converted private estate, also in Kyoto, is Ryoanji (1473 CE), which now has the most-visited Zen rock garden in Japan.

? ? ? ? ? 室町時代建造了許多重要的建筑。金閣寺因其閃亮的鍍金外觀而得名，它于公元1397年在平安京建成，隨后其孿生的銀閣寺于公元1483年建成。兩者原本都是前幕府將軍的養(yǎng)老院，但都被改建為佛教寺院。另一個改建的私人莊園也在京都，是龍安寺（公元1473年），現(xiàn)在這里擁有日本最受歡迎的禪宗假山花園。

Another development of the period was the establishment of the tearoom and the Japanese Tea Ceremony. The Tea Ceremony had been introduced to Japan much earlier by Zen Buddhist monks but it now became, thanks to the combined efforts of the monk Murato Shuko (1422-1502 CE) and the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (r. 1449-1473 CE), the restrained and precise ceremony that we know today as chanoyu. The setting was crucial and so sparsely furnished tearooms were added to the villas of the well-off in order to provide a calming space in which to perform the ceremony.

? ? ? ? ? 另一發(fā)展是茶室和日本茶道的建立。茶道很早就由禪宗僧人引入日本，但由于僧人村田珠光（公元1422-1502年）和幕府將軍足利義政（公元1449-1473年）的共同努力下，它現(xiàn)在成為了我們今天所知道的日本茶道，即克制而精確的儀式。環(huán)境是至關(guān)重要的，因此在富人的別墅中增加了陳設(shè)簡易的茶室，以提供一個平靜的空間來舉行儀式。

Other lasting cultural pursuits which sprang up during the period included early forms of flower arranging and Noh theatre, both of which also had roots in religious ceremonies and temple practices. The Zen religion would even have a significant influence on painting, epitomised by the work of the Zen priest Sesshu (real name Toyo, 1420-1506 CE) who specialised in suiboku, that is using only black ink and water on white paper scrolls, in a style that has been described as an austere form of impressionism with its ordinary landscape subjects depicted in monochrome. Sesshu's work is widely considered amongst the finest ever produced by a Japanese painter of any period.

? ? ? ? ? 在此期間興起的其他持久的文化追求包括早期的插花和能劇，這兩者都源于宗教儀式和寺廟習(xí)俗。禪宗甚至對繪畫產(chǎn)生了重大影響，禪宗僧人雪舟（本名Toyo，公元1420-1506年）的作品就是一個縮影，他擅長水墨畫，即在白紙卷上只使用黑墨和水，其風(fēng)格被描述為一種樸素的印象主義形式，以單色描繪普通風(fēng)景主題。雪舟的作品被廣泛認(rèn)為是任何時期日本畫家所創(chuàng)作的最精美作品之一。

Finally, because of the constant threat of war and pillage in the Muromachi period, castles were built with much greater frequency than previously in towns, at mountain passes, and on larger estates. The latter type, which could take the form of fortified mansions, were known as yashiki; Ichijodani (base of the Asakura family) and the moated Tsutsujigasaki (of the Takeda family) were excellent examples of this building trend. Some castles, such as Omi-Hachiman near Lake Biwa, caused an entire town to later spring up around them, the jokomachi. Not as yet the grand multi-storied stone structures of later centuries, the castles of the period were, nevertheless, often sophisticated defensive structures despite the predominant use of wood. Constructed on large stone bases, the wooden superstructures included walls, towers, and gates, which had narrow windows for archers and from which hung boulders on ropes, ready to be dropped on any attackers.

? ? ? ? ? 最后，由于室町時代不斷受到戰(zhàn)爭和掠奪的威脅，在城鎮(zhèn)、山口和較大的莊園中建造城堡的頻率比以前高得多。后一種類型的城堡采用加固的形式，被稱為“yashiki”；Ichijodani（朝倉家族的基地）和有護(hù)城河的Tsutsujigasaki（武田家族的基地）是這種建筑趨勢的優(yōu)秀范例。一些城堡，如琵琶湖附近的近江八幡，后來導(dǎo)致整個城鎮(zhèn)在它們周圍涌現(xiàn)，即城下町。當(dāng)時的城堡還不是后來幾個世紀(jì)宏偉的多層石頭結(jié)構(gòu)，盡管城堡主要使用木材，但往往是復(fù)雜的防御結(jié)構(gòu)。在大型石基上建造的木制上層建筑包括城墻、塔樓和城門，城門上有供弓箭手使用的狹窄射箭孔，上面用繩索掛著巨石，隨時準(zhǔn)備投向任何攻擊者。

衰落與織田信長

The end of the Muromachi period came when the Ashikaga Shogunate was terminated by the warlord Oda Nobunaga (l. 1534-1582 CE). Oda Nobunaga had expanded his territory gradually through the 1550/60s CE from his base at Nagoya Castle as he defeated all comers. He finally seized Heiankyo in 1568 CE and then exiled the last Ashikaga shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki, in 1573 CE. Yoshiaki, who had in any case always been Nobunaga's puppet, was technically still the shogun until 1588 CE but he had no power as warlords now dominated the government and country. Nobunaga would rule over a much more unified central Japan until his death in 1582 CE. The unification of the country would continue under his immediate successors, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598 CE) and Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616 CE). This next period of Japan's history would be known as the Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568/73-1600 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 當(dāng)足利幕府被軍閥織田信長（1534-1582 ）終結(jié)時，室町時代結(jié)束了。織田信長在16世紀(jì)50/60年代從他的基地名古屋城逐步擴(kuò)大其領(lǐng)土，因為他打敗了所有的來犯者。他最終在公元1568年占領(lǐng)了平安京，然后在公元1573年流放了最后一位足利將軍，足利義昭。無論如何，義昭一直是信長的傀儡，直到公元1588年仍是幕府將軍，但他沒有權(quán)力，因為軍閥們主導(dǎo)著政府和國家。后來，信長統(tǒng)治了一個更加統(tǒng)一的日本中部，直到他于公元1582年去世。在他的直接繼承人豐臣秀吉（公元1537-1598年）和德川家康（公元1543-1616年）的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，國家統(tǒng)一繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。下一個時期被稱為安土桃山時代（又稱織豐時代）（1568/73-1600 CE）。