Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Arts/literature

feminist literary criticism / Fanny Fern / sentimentalism?

FF的作品在多愁善感中針砭時弊

①Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded by most critics (when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalism-a pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. ②Feminist?reclamations?of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her "nonsentimental" qualities, particularly her?sharply humorous social criticism. ③Most feminist scholars find it difficult to reconcile Fern's sardonic social critiques with her effusive celebrations of many conventional values. ④Attempting to resolve this contradiction, Harris concludes that Fern employed “flowery rhetoric" strategically to disguise her subversive goals beneath?apparent conventionality. ⑤However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative, ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change.?

在 1970 年代女權(quán)主義文學批評出現(xiàn)之前，19 世紀的美國作家范妮·弗恩（Fanny Fern）被大多數(shù)評論家視為哀傷感傷主義的原型——傳統(tǒng)美國文化的虔誠、平淡的偶像。 相比之下，女權(quán)主義者強調(diào)了Fern的“非感性”品質(zhì)，尤其是她尖銳幽默的社會批評。大多數(shù)女權(quán)主義學者發(fā)現(xiàn)很難調(diào)和弗恩的諷刺社會批評和她對許多傳統(tǒng)價值觀的熱情洋溢的贊揚。為了解決這一矛盾，哈里斯得出結(jié)論，弗恩有策略地使用了“華麗的修辭”，以將她的顛覆性目標隱藏在明顯的常規(guī)之下。然而，湯普金斯提出了一種關(guān)于多愁善感本身的另一種觀點：多愁善感的寫作可以服務(wù)于激進的，而不僅僅是保守的目的。Fern通過在情感上影響讀者，促使他們接受社會變革。

1. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions Fern’s “sharply humorous social ?criticism” primarily in order to?

功能題 目的題 中

女權(quán)主義者認為FF不多愁善感的證據(jù)。

C

A. contrast Fern’s apparent intentions with the impression her writing made on Harris 無關(guān)

B. suggest that many feminist critics have attributed to Fern intentions that she may not have had. 沒有that后面的證據(jù)

C. identify an aspect of Fern’s writing that strikes some scholars as incompatible with other ?attributes of her writing.? 符合后一句信息。

D. help account for the effect Fern’s writing had on critics of her own time 沒有effect的證據(jù)

E. identify the aspects of Fern’s writing for which she was primarily known prior to the 1970s 相反

2. In the context in which it appears, “reclamations” most clearly means?

詞匯題 難

reclamation:?retrieve or recover (something previously lost, given, or paid); to demand or obtain the return of

B

A. reformations 改革

B. rehabilitations 康復，復原?restore (someone) to former privileges or reputation after a period of critical or official disfavor

C. recapitulations 概括

D. retractions 撤回

E. reiterations 重說

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage.

Arts

Renaissance / context / idiosyncratic / classical texts

文藝復興時期對古典文本的引用

①Educated people in the Renaissance learned their Latin from contemporary collections, like Erasmus’ Adages and Ravisius Textor’s Epitha, that grouped pithy expressions not by author or period?but by subject.?②Thus Renaissance students encountered the many variations ancient Roman writers (ca. 100 B.C.—ca. A.D. 200) had for maxims like "War is pleasant to those who haven't tried it.” ③They could even use these sayings flawlessly themselves, for example, urging friends who worked too long on one book to “take your hand off the writing tablet." ④But they had no sense of context, instead they associated the quotations not with the original sources, but with other identical, similar, or opposite sayings cited?in their textbooks. ⑤Modern scholarship has explored this point to explain the?idiosyncratic?nature of?most Renaissance allusions to classical texts. ⑥The prevalence of this sort of secondhand classical culture?in the Renaissance should figure in any effort to assess the degree and kind of influence that Roman writers had on the educated class of the sixteenth century in Europe.?

文藝復興時期受過教育的人從當時的匯編中學習拉丁語，例如 Erasmus 的 Adages 和 Ravisius Textor 的 Epitha，這些收藏不是按作者或時期而是按主題對精練的表達進行分組。因此，文藝復興時期的學生遇到了古羅馬作家（約公元前 100 年—約公元 200 年）對諸如“戰(zhàn)爭對那些沒有嘗試過的人來說是愉快的”這樣的格言的不同表達。他們甚至可以自己完美地使用這些諺語，例如，敦促在一本書上投入時間過長的朋友“把手從寫字板上拿開”。但他們沒有上下文感，他們不會將引文與原始資料聯(lián)系起來，而是與教科書中引用的其他相同、相似或相反的說法聯(lián)系起來?，F(xiàn)代學界用這一點來解釋這種奇特的文藝復興時期對于古典文本的引用。這種間接古典文化在文藝復興時期的盛行，在評估羅馬作家對 16 世紀歐洲受過教育的階級的影響的程度和種類時，應(yīng)該被考慮進來。

3. The term “idiosyncratic” is used by the author of the passage to characterize the?

細節(jié)題 難

說明人們這種對古典文本的引用行為的態(tài)度。

C

A. manner in which educated people of Renaissance Europe learned Latin 與學習態(tài)度無關(guān)

B. interpretations by some modern scholars of Renaissance allusions to classical texts 在呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，不是描述態(tài)度。

C. way in which allusions to classical texts were usually employed by Renaissance writers 符合

D. secondhand nature of classical culture in Renaissance Europe 無關(guān)

E. influence that ancient Roman writers had on the educated class of sixteenth-century Europe 無關(guān)

4. The author of the passage suggests that when a Renaissance student quoted a Latin expression, that student would typically?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 難

學生們不管語境，不會將引文與原始資料聯(lián)系起來，而是與教科書中引用的其他相同、相似或相反的說法聯(lián)系起來。（因為書就是這么編的呀~）

B

A. use the expression in an inappropriate context 相反。原文說了用起來flawlessly

B. be unfamiliar with the original source of the expression 符合

C. employ a garbled variation of the original expression 使用原始表達式的混亂變體。沒有證據(jù)

D. modify the expression from the form in which it appeared in contemporary collections 沒有modify的證據(jù)

E. use the expression with a similar or opposite saying learned from the same textbook 干擾項。原文是associate，不是use

5. With which of the following views of modern scholarship on the Renaissance period would the author of the passage most likely agree??

態(tài)度題 難

以下關(guān)于文藝復興時期的現(xiàn)代學術(shù)的觀點，文章作者最有可能同意哪一種??

找相同。題干在倒數(shù)第二句。

B

A. It’s devotion to the study of Renaissance allusions to classical texts has blinded it to issues that are more central to an understanding of the period. 沒有issues的證據(jù)

B. It needs to consider the means by which educated Renaissance people learned Latin in order to understand how these people were influenced by the literature of ancient Rome. 最后一句

C. It has adequately assessed the way in which Renaissance writers used ancient Roman texts, ?but it still needs to examine the original sources of these Roman texts. 沒有adequately的證據(jù)

D. It has spent most of its time exploring firsthand classical culture in the Renaissance and now?needs to take on its secondhand classical culture. 沒有firsthand的證據(jù)

E. It should incorporate a broader, interdisciplinary approach, one that addresses the overall social conditions of the Renaissance, if it hopes to gain a more complete understanding of this period. 沒有證據(jù)

生詞摘錄：

garbled?篡改的，混亂的

Question 6 is based on this passage.

Sciences/biology

fish / ocean / dark depth

深海魚為什么不游？

James: Why is it that fish living in the ocean’s dark depths do not swim around very much? It must be that the scarcity of food available there prevents them from having much energy for swimming.?

Marie: But fish swim around only to approach or avoid other creatures that they can see, and in?such conditions of darkness, almost nothing can be seen.

James: 為什么生活在海洋黑暗深處的魚很少游來游去？ 一定是因為那里的食物稀缺使它們無法獲得足夠的能量游動。

Marie: 但是魚游來游去只是為了接近或避開它們可以看到的其他生物，而在如此黑暗的條件，幾乎什么都看不見。

6. Marie responds to James by?

邏輯單題 邏輯反對 中

瑪麗給出另外一種解釋。

E

A. offering a reason to think that the question James poses is too vague to be satisfactorily?answered 沒有vague的證據(jù)

B. pointing out that what James presents as an explanation is the very thing that needs to be?explained 瑪麗并沒有糾結(jié)在J的解釋上。

C. objecting that James’s explanation accounts for only some of the cases that it is claimed to?cover 瑪麗并未說能夠解釋部分現(xiàn)象。

D. presenting a reason to doubt that what James tries to explain really happens 給出一個理由懷疑詹姆斯試圖解釋的事情（魚不游）是否真的發(fā)生了?。瑪麗并不懷疑魚不游動這件事。

E. providing a reason to doubt that the phenomenon James attempts to explain requires any explanation of the kind he offers 給出一個理由懷疑James的理由能解釋他想要解釋的現(xiàn)象。符合

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage.?

Arts

heath hen / decline / habitat / bird communities

黑琴雞數(shù)量下降

①The decline of the heath hen began when the first European arrived on the East Coast of North?America. ②Before European settlement, Native Americans used fire to maintain a mosaic of forests,?shrublands, agricultural fields, and grasslands.③?After European diseases decimated Native American populations, the formerly open habitats of the Northeast became largely forested, resulting in major?changes to bird communities and probably reducing suitable heath hen habitat. ④Although the clearing?of forests by European settlers probably once again increased heath hen habitat, hunting pressure was?extreme, and by 1821 the formerly common bird was rare in New England. ⑤The last reports of heath?hens in Pennsylvania and New Jersey are from 1869, and it is doubtful that the heath hen survived?much after that on mainland North America.?

當歐洲人來到北美東海岸時，黑琴雞的數(shù)量就開始減少。在歐洲人定居之前，美洲原住民使用火來維持森林、灌木叢、農(nóng)田和草原各自的面積。在歐洲疾病摧毀了美洲原住民人口之后，東北部以前開闊的棲息地大部分被森林覆蓋，導致鳥類群落發(fā)生了重大變化，并可能減少了適宜的黑琴雞棲息地。盡管歐洲定居者對森林的砍伐可能再次增加了黑琴雞的棲息地，但因為人們的捕獵，到 1821 年，這種以前常見的鳥類在新英格蘭已經(jīng)很少見了。 賓夕法尼亞州和新澤西州的最后一次關(guān)于黑琴雞的報道是在1869年，在那之后北美大陸上就很難再見到了。

7. Which of the following can be inferred about the action mentioned in the highlighted portion?of the passage??

細節(jié)題 推斷題

給出一個可能使黑琴雞數(shù)量再次上升的可能，但是又被取反。

C

A. It was facilitated by the use of fire to maintain a mosaic of forests and open habitats. 無關(guān)。這是上句信息。

B. It partially reversed changes to bird communities that occurred in the previous century. 沒有reversed證據(jù)

C. It failed to compensate for the effects of overhunting the species. 符合

D. It resulted from a deliberate effort to conserve the species. 沒有這個effort

E. It had a significant positive impact on a species that was already close to extinction. 沒有positive impact

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

8. Which of the following statements about the impact of European settlers on the heath hen?is supported by the passage? ?

細節(jié)題 中

ABC

A. The first Europeans indirectly precipitated a decrease in suitable heath hen habitats 符合3句描述。

B. European settlers hastened the decline of the heath hen through hunting. 符合

C. The growth of European settlements may have increased suitable heath hen habitats 符合

背景拓展：

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage.?

Sciences/environmental science

wilderness / conservation / stable environment

不存在什么原始荒野

①Academics have been reconsidering the meaning of “wilderness” and its usefulness to?conservation strategies.?②The idea of pristine wilderness is historically inaccurate, argue scholars of?Native American history, who have demonstrated that Native Americans shaped their environments?with their agricultural practices and residential patterns.?③Other scholars argue that wilderness is simply?a cultural construct created in opposition to modern society, not a real place?untouched by humans. ④Scientists, in turn, have argued that the goal of wilderness preservation is based on a model in which?ecosystems progress toward a stable equilibrium state, a model replaced in the 1970s with one?stressing constant change.?⑤These insights complicate wilderness management which critics charge?aims to preserve a supposedly stable environment that existed prior to human disturbance.?

學術(shù)界一直在重新考慮“荒野”的含義及其對保護荒野策略的實用性。研究美洲原住民歷史的學者認為，原始荒野的概念在歷史上是不準確的。他們已經(jīng)證明，美洲原住民通過他們的農(nóng)業(yè)實踐和居住模式塑造了他們的環(huán)境。 其他學者認為，荒野只是一種與現(xiàn)代社會相對立的文化結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是人類未觸及的實際地方。 反過來，科學家們認為，荒野保護的目標是建立在一個模型上的，在這個模型里，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)趨向穩(wěn)定平衡狀態(tài)發(fā)展，該模型在 1970 年代被一個強調(diào)不斷變化的模型所取代。 這些見解使荒野管理變得復雜，批判者們批評保護所謂的人類干擾之前的穩(wěn)定環(huán)境的目標。

9. Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence??

功能題 目的題 易

順承服務(wù)上一句觀點。

C

A. It undermines a claim made in the previous sentence. 相反

B. It introduces a perspective that the author disputes. 相反

C. It elaborates on a claim made earlier in the passage. 符合

D. It introduces a traditional point of view 相反

E. It describes a recent scholarly controversy. 沒有controversy的證據(jù)

10. The author suggests that the model “stressing constant change” is significant because it?

細節(jié)題 推斷題 易

作者認為不存在不受到人為影響的荒野。保護一個平衡穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境沒有意義。

B

A. points a way in which wilderness management can be conducted in a modern society 沒有way的證據(jù)

B. undermines an assumption underlying wilderness management 符合

C. helps to explain why wilderness management efforts have been unsuccessful 沒有unsuccessful的證據(jù)

D. calls into question the idea that wilderness is a cultural construct 相反/無關(guān)

E. suggests that wilderness areas are more threatened than was previously thought 沒有比較的證據(jù)