今天語法小課堂來討論”it“的用法

“it”的用法多多

大家難免有些混淆

那我們跟著劍橋詞典整理的“it”的語法

一起學(xué)習(xí)一下吧！

作為主格及賓格代詞

這應(yīng)該也是大家最熟悉的用法之一

We?commonly?use?the?pronoun?it?as?both?a?subject?and?an?object?pronoun

——Cambridge Dictionary

“我們通常用it于主格和賓格代詞”

Don’t drink the milk. It smells terrible.?

“不要喝那個(gè)牛奶，聞起來味道不好?！?/p>

這句里it為主格代詞，代的前面的milk牛奶

Has anyone seen my phone? I can’t find?it?anywhere.

“有人看到我的電話了嘛？我哪里都找不到?！?/p>

這里的it則是賓格代詞，代的是phone手機(jī)

因?yàn)槭謾C(jī)不再是主語，而是“I”是主語

用于疑問句句尾

這里直接給個(gè)例子比較直觀

That furniture is lovely.?It?isn’t too expensive for us, is?it?

“那個(gè)家具很不錯(cuò)，對我們來說不算太貴對吧？”

這里出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)it，第一個(gè)就是我們前面說的主格代詞

代的是前面提到的furniture家具

那么最后結(jié)尾的it就是疑問句句尾的用法

用于形式主語及形式賓語

當(dāng)不定式、動名詞、從句等復(fù)雜成分用作句子主語時(shí)

為保持句子平衡，通常把真正的主語放在句末，而在句首使用形式主語it

It?is?‘empty’?because?it?doesn’t?refer?to?anything?in?particular.

——Cambridge dictionary

英文里形式主語為empty subject

之所以叫“empty”空的就是指它并不特指任何東西

我們來看幾個(gè)例句

I know?it’s going to rain today!

“我知道今天會下雨！”

It’s getting a bit late now, so let’s watch a DVD at home, shall we?

“現(xiàn)在有些晚了，我們在家看DVD如何？”

當(dāng)不定式、動名詞、從句等復(fù)雜成分用作賓語且其后跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)

通常會在賓語補(bǔ)足語前使用形式賓語，而將真正的賓語移至句末

其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“動詞+it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+不定式(動名詞或從句)

形式賓語的英文是empty object

和形式主語一樣

用于形式賓語的it無任何特指含義

She doesn’t like?it?when you are so quiet.

“她不喜歡你太安靜?！?br/>

How long will?it?be before he gives up smoking?

“他還有多久才能戒煙？”

用于引入/預(yù)期主語或賓語

對于“預(yù)期”的用法

劍橋詞典是這么解釋的

We?also?use?it?to?introduce?or?‘a(chǎn)nticipate’?the?subject?or?object?of?a?sentence,?especially?when?the?subject?or?object?of?the?sentence?is?a?clause.?Most?commonly,?such?clauses?are?to?+?infinitive?and?that?clauses.

——Cambridge dictionary

“我們還會用“it”來介紹或“預(yù)期”句子的主語或賓語，尤其是當(dāng)主語或賓語是從句時(shí)。最常見的從句是“to+不定式”和“that從句”。”

We?also?call?this?use?of?it?a?‘dummy’?subject,?since?the?real?subject?is?another?part?of?the?sentence?(real?subject?underlined)

Cambridge dictionary

“這里的it也是空主語，因?yàn)檎嬲闹髡Z是句子的另一部分?！?/p>

我們這里舉幾個(gè)例子，注意真正的主語是下劃線部分

括號里是更正式的寫法

It?was nice?to talk with them again.?(or, more formally:?To talk with them again was nice.)

“和他們再交談感覺不錯(cuò)。”

It’s quite likely?that we shall be late, so please do start without us.

“我們非?？赡軙t到，所以不要等我們直接開始?！?/p>

那么如何判斷一個(gè)句子是“預(yù)期”的

劍橋詞典給出了“find”和“consider”這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)

通常用這兩個(gè)動詞在前面介紹的句子結(jié)構(gòu)里

需要用it

I find?it?amazing that they’ve never stopped arguing about football.

“我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們從未停止?fàn)幊抽蠙烨虻氖虑楹苌衿??！?/p>

用于從句作為動詞的主語

這里的動詞主要是以下這四個(gè)詞

appear, seem, look, occur

We?also?use?it?when?a?clause?is?the?subject?of?a?verb?such?as?appear,?seem,?look,?occur,?which?hedge?or?soften?the?statement,?making?it?less?direct.

——Cambridge dictionary

“用it的目的是使句子更柔和，不顯得太直接?！?/p>

It?seems they’ve all lost contact since they met at the wedding.

“看起來他們自從在婚禮上見面后就沒再聯(lián)系了?！?/p>

It?occurred to me that we might visit them while we are in South Africa.

“在我看來我們在南非的時(shí)候可能會去看望他們?！?/p>

用于強(qiáng)調(diào)

We?use?it?in?cleft?sentences.?It?emphasises?the?subject?or?object?of?the?main?clause.

——Cambridge dictionary

“我們用it于強(qiáng)調(diào)語句。It強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的主語或者賓語。”

It?was his sister who ran the marathon in New York, wasn’t it?

“是他的妹妹在紐約跑的馬拉松，不是嗎？”

It?was Mary they promoted, not Laura.

“他們提職的是Mary，不是Laura?！?/p>

用于被動語態(tài)

It?is?common?with?the?passive?voice.?It?makes?the?sentence?seem?less?personal?and?more?objective

——Cambridge dictionary

“it經(jīng)常用于被動語態(tài)。用it能讓句子聽上去不那么個(gè)人化，而是更客觀?！?/p>

這里給兩個(gè)例子

It?was decided that we should all swim across the lake before breakfast.

“決定我們都應(yīng)該在早飯前去湖里游泳?！?br/>

It?is accepted that research into cancer has advanced considerably in the last few years.

“在過去幾年內(nèi)對人們癌癥的研究已經(jīng)取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)步是公認(rèn)的?！?br/>