重難點(diǎn)分析

在英語(yǔ)中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用的頻率比漢語(yǔ)要多、要普遍，但大多數(shù)句子都使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中極為重要。高考語(yǔ)法填空中通常把時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)合起來考查。

動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(the active voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(the passive voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：

People speak English all over the world. 全世界的人都在講英語(yǔ)。(the active voice)

English is spoken by people all over the world. (the passive voice)

一、動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成一覽表(以ask為例)

常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

構(gòu)成

常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

構(gòu)成

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

am/is/are asked

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

have/has been asked

一般過去時(shí)

was/were asked

過去完成時(shí)

had been asked

一般將來時(shí)

will/shall be asked

過去將來時(shí)

would/should be asked

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

am/is/are being asked

過去將來完成時(shí)

would/should have been ? asked

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

was/were being asked

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

can/must/may…be asked

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注意事項(xiàng)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not；短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介、副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, ? used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：We are not ? allowed to smoke. 不允許我們抽煙。/ He is often made fun of by his classmates. 他經(jīng)常被他的同班同學(xué)捉弄。/ Newspaper ? used to be sent here at 10 a.m. 過去報(bào)紙常常是上午10點(diǎn)被送到的。

據(jù)說類動(dòng)詞，如：It is ? said/believed/supposed/reported that…, It is generally considered that…, It ? is well known that…等，及It must be admitted/pointed out that…等結(jié)構(gòu)常以被動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn)。

以下主動(dòng)形式常表被動(dòng)意義：The bike ? needs/wants/requires repairing. 這輛自行車需要修理。/ The film is worth ? seeing. 這部電影值得看。/ The door won’t shut/open. 這門不能關(guān)/開。/ The play won’t ? act. 這部戲不能演。/ The clothes wash well. 這些衣服很好洗。/ The book ? sells well. 這本書很暢銷。/ The dish tastes delicious. 這份菜嘗起來很美味。/ Water feels ? very cold. 水摸上去很冷。

不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(即多數(shù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞)：appear, die, ? disappear, end, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break ? out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等

不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：fit, have, ? hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at/in, shake ? hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, ? belong to等

系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(“keep”除外)：be, appear, ? become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, ? turn等

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二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示以主語(yǔ)為承受者的動(dòng)作，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)。如：

The cup was broken by a boy. 這個(gè)杯子是被一個(gè)男孩打破的。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

The cup is broken. 這杯子是破的。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

2. 前者可有多種時(shí)態(tài)，而后者通常只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。如：

My bike is being / will be / was repaired. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 我的自行車正在被修理/將被修理/被修理過了。

He is/was interested in his work. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 他對(duì)他的工作感興趣。

3. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可跟by短語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：

The dress was made by my mother. 這件衣服是我媽媽做的。

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考點(diǎn)練透

一、單句填空 用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. When money __________(spend), we can earn it back, but when time is lost, it will never return.

2. Customers are asked to make sure that they __________(give) the right change before leaving the shop.

3. Great changes __________(take place) in the city, and a lot of factories __________(set up).

4. The police found that the house __________(break into) and a lot of things __________(steal).

5. The discussion __________(come) alive when an interesting topic was brought in.

6. The head teacher says that all the preparations for the party __________(complete) by Friday.

7. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold frost __________(expect) to arrive.

8. The careless driver is __________(blame) for the traffic accident that __________(happen) yesterday.

9. Flowers usually __________(sell) well on Valentine’s Day, so their flowers __________(sell) in no time that day.

10. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I __________(tell) the cloth __________(wash) well.

11. Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) __________(say) to have bought birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.

12. — Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?

— Yes, I have. I guess it __________(grade) now.

13. If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what __________(discover) in science and technology.

14. The work needs __________(complete) by 6 p.m.

15. The number of deaths from heart disease __________(reduce) greatly if people are persuaded to eat more vegetables.

16. We should get into the good habit of saving time and never leave what can __________(do) today until tomorrow.

17. I hold the belief that more measures will __________(take) to prevent loss of soil along the Yellow River.

18. In recent years, more and more highways and overpasses __________(build up) in Guangzhou.

19. Many man-made satellites __________(send up) into space so far by many countries.

20. Many more trees __________(plant) next year.

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二、語(yǔ)法填空 閱讀下面短文, 在空白處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

There is no doubt that the job interview is an important part of job hunting, as the impression you create during the job interview can make the interviewer feel “with you” or “against you”. The job interview is the time to “sell” ???1 ??(you) by giving examples of experiences you have had related to the job and ???2 ???revealing (展現(xiàn)) your good point. In order to make ???3 ???solid impression with success, you had better keep the following two rules in mind:

One is to present yourself and your ???4 ???(able) to do the job. However, don’t exaggerate the truth; just be honest. Second, do more listening than talking. Listen carefully and get involved in ???5 ???the interviewer is saying. A good ???6 ???(listen) is often a considerate person and ???7 ???(appreciate) by everyone staying with you.

???8 ???it is important to talk about your successful experiences, don’t come on too strong and sound like a boaster (吹噓者). ???9 ???you are not sure what the job will require of you, ask questions to see whether you do feel qualified. Most ???10 ???(interview) will appreciate your questions and your ability to listen and respond.

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三、佳作欣賞 下面是一篇摘自全國(guó)英語(yǔ)高考書面表達(dá)的范文，文中有許多精彩且靈活的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，其中也包含有動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，用心體會(huì)其用法。

No doubt every grade three student wishes to be successful in the National College Entrance Examination. Yet what should we do in order to achieve success? Here are some suggestions.

First, it’s very important to have a right attitude, for a normal state of mind and self-confidence not only helps us to relax but also enables us to overcome difficulties bravely. Meanwhile, we should have a definite goal and a correct estimation of ourselves. Only in this way will we not be easily pleased or disappointed with what we have known and done. Besides, we’d better sometimes talk with our parents, teachers or classmates, who may help us out when we’re in trouble. Finally, striking a proper balance between study and rest keeps us energetic and a healthy diet is useful as well.

With these done, I think we can greatly improve our performance.

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參考答案

考點(diǎn)練透

一、單句填空

1. is spent? 2. have been given? 3. have taken place; have been set up? 4. had been broken into; stolen? 5. came? 6. will have been completed? 7. is expected? 8. to blame; happened? 9. sell; were sold? 10. have been told; washes? 11. is said? 12. is being graded? 13. has been discovered? 14. completing / to be completed? 15. will be reduced ?16. be done? 17. be taken? 18. have been built up? 19. have been sent up? 20. will be planted

二、語(yǔ)法填空

本文作者就如何在工作面試時(shí)給別人留下可靠印象給讀者提供建議。

1. yourself? 考查代詞。缺少賓語(yǔ)填代詞。根據(jù)句意可知，此處是指推銷自己或推薦自己。故填反身代詞yourself符合上下文語(yǔ)境和邏輯。

2. by? 考查介詞。根據(jù)空后的revealing和句子成分可知，此處與前面by giving examples of experiences是兩個(gè)并列成分。故填by。

3. a? 考查冠詞。不定冠詞的最基本用法，在此意為“一個(gè)(可靠的印象)”。

4. ability? 考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。形容詞性物主代詞后用名詞形式。

5. what? 考查連詞。根據(jù)句意可知此處是指，仔細(xì)聽并參與到面試官所說的東西。因此填what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。

6. listener? 考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。作主語(yǔ)填代詞。根據(jù)句意可知此處是指傾聽者。

7. is appreciated? 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。分子句子成分可知，appreciate在此作謂語(yǔ)，故考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，根據(jù)空后的by可知應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填is appreciated正確。

8. Although? 考查連詞?？蘸笫莾蓚€(gè)分句，故填連接詞。再根據(jù)句意可知，此處顯然應(yīng)該填一個(gè)表讓步的連接詞，故填A(yù)lthough。注意首字母要大寫。

9. If? 考查連詞。根據(jù)句意可知，you are not sure what the job will require of you是個(gè)條件，故填I(lǐng)f。注意首字母要大寫。

10. interviewers? 考查名詞的數(shù)。此空在句中做主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用名詞形式。根據(jù)句意和空前的most可知，此處應(yīng)指面試官，且要用復(fù)數(shù)，故填interviewers。

助讀詞匯

interviewer n. 面試官??????????? solid adj. 可靠的????????

present vt. 呈現(xiàn)；介紹?????????? exaggerate vt. 夸大???????

considerate adj. 體貼的?????????? qualified adj. 合格的

appreciate vt. 欣賞?????????????? job hunting 求職?????????

related to 與……有關(guān)??????????? keep…in mind 記住……

get involved in 參與???????????? There is no doubt that… 毫無(wú)疑問……