passage5

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

? ? ? ? ?Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an Apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place?Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the Apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

? ? ? ? ?How many men would have considered the possibility of an Apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

? ? ? ? ?In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method"a substitute for imaginative thought.I' ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said,"the data are still inconclusive.""We know that,"the men from the budget officehave said,"but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?"The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

? ? ??What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would Appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls"among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who"work well with the team".

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

? ? ? ?這是一篇關(guān)于科學(xué)思維的文章，講述了科學(xué)研究中不可預(yù)測性的重要性。

? ? ? ?第一段：給出全文的主題，即科學(xué)的進(jìn)步更依賴于科學(xué)家有所準(zhǔn)備的頭腦。進(jìn)而用牛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)萬有引力的例子加以說明。

? ? ? ?第二段：承上啟下，先通過分析牛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)萬有引力定律的原因指出不可預(yù)測的重要性。接著引起下文，指出現(xiàn)在科研人員總是忽略不可預(yù)測性在科學(xué)研究中的地位。

? ? ? ?第三段至第四段：作者使用自己親身經(jīng)歷的事說明現(xiàn)在科研人員用“科學(xué)方法”替代創(chuàng)造性思維，并指出這一趨勢的危害和錯(cuò)誤。本段主要使用了假設(shè)論證。

27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.

[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments

[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted

[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research

[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

27.作者引用牛頓的例子是想證明。

[A]好奇的頭腦比科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)更重要

[B]當(dāng)進(jìn)行富有成效的研究時(shí)，科學(xué)就會(huì)進(jìn)步

[C]科學(xué)家很少忘記研究的本質(zhì)特征

[D]在科學(xué)研究中，不可預(yù)測性不如預(yù)測性重要

28. The author asserts that scientists.

[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method"with imaginative thought

[B] shouldn' tneglect to speculate on unpredictable things

[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

[D] should be confident about their research findings

28.作者認(rèn)為科學(xué)家。

[A]不應(yīng)該用想像思維代替“科學(xué)方法”

[B]不應(yīng)該忽視對(duì)不可預(yù)測現(xiàn)象的推測

[C]應(yīng)該為學(xué)術(shù)雜志撰寫更簡明的報(bào)告

[D]應(yīng)該對(duì)自己的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有信心

29.It seems that some young scientists.

[A]have a keen interest in prediction

[B]often speculate on the future

[C]think highly of creative thinking

[D]stick to "scientific method"

29.一些年輕的科學(xué)家們似乎。

[A]對(duì)預(yù)測很感興趣

[B]經(jīng)常預(yù)測未來

[C]崇尚創(chuàng)造性思維

[D]堅(jiān)持“科學(xué)方法”

30.The author implies that the results of scientific research.

[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected

[B]can be measured in dollars and cents

[C]rely on conformity to a standard pattern

[D]are mostly underestimated by management

30.作者暗示科學(xué)研究的結(jié)果。

[A]可能不像預(yù)料的那樣有利可圖

[B]可以用美元和美分測量

[C]依賴于與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性

[D]大都被商界人士低估了

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

①advisability?

n.可取性，適當(dāng)，得當(dāng)，明智；advisablea.可取的，適當(dāng)?shù)?/span>

②auditor n.

*1.a person who officially examines a companys business financial records in order to check that they are correct審計(jì)員，稽核者

2.（大學(xué)課程的）旁聽生；auditv.查……的帳目，審計(jì)，稽查；旁聽（大學(xué)課程）；詞根aud意為to hear“聽”，如：audible a.可聽見的

③cash register收銀機(jī)，現(xiàn)金出納機(jī)；registern.名冊，登記簿v.記錄；登記

④conformity n.[U]behaviour，etc conforming to established rules，customs，etc 符合，依照（法規(guī)、習(xí)俗等）（的行為等）

例：in conformity to/with和…相適應(yīng)，和…一致、符合，遵照；conformv.遵守，依照，符合，順應(yīng)

⑤cut and dried1.（觀念等）單調(diào)乏味的，缺乏新意的，呆板的2.已成定局的，不容更改的例：The inquiry is by no means cut and dried.調(diào)查之事并未說死。

⑥discriminate vt.&vi.to recognize or make a difference between things 區(qū)別，辨別（用~between/sth from sth）

例：discriminate fact from opinion 把事實(shí)和看法區(qū)分開來

vi.*to treat（one person or group）worse/better than others in an unfair way 歧視/偏祖（某人或某些人）（后跟介詞against/in favor of）

例：Society still discriminates in favor of men.社會(huì)上仍然厚待男性。

⑦gravity n.[U]

*1.重力，地心引力例：Newton噠s law of gravity牛頓的萬有引力定律

2.the extreme importance and worrying seriousness of a situation（局勢的）嚴(yán)重性

例：Carl did not seem to understand the gravity of this situation.卡爾似乎不理解這種情況的嚴(yán)重性。

3.an extremely serious way of behaving，speaking etc（指舉止、言談等的）嚴(yán)肅，莊重

例：The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.領(lǐng)事語速緩慢，而且十分嚴(yán)肅。

⑧speculate vt.&vi.*to think or talk about the possible causes or effects of sth without knowing all the facts or details 猜測，推測，思索（后跟介詞on/about）

例：We can only speculate about why he did it.我們只能猜測他為什么那樣做。

vi.to buy goods，property，shares in a company etc hoping that you will make a large profit when you sell them 投機(jī)，做投機(jī)買賣（后跟介詞in/on）

⑨supposedly?

ad.according to what is generally thought or believed but not known for certain據(jù)信，據(jù)說，按照推測

例：The novel is supposedly based on a true story.據(jù)說這部小說是以一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事為依據(jù)的。

supposeda.假定的，推測的；supposev.假設(shè)，料想，推測

⑩unpredictable a.不可預(yù)測的，不可預(yù)知的；un“非，不”，如：undesirable不受歡迎的；pre“提前”；詞根dict意為“說”，如：predictv.預(yù)言，benediction n.祝福（說好話）

⑩①unquestioned

*1.顯而易見的，無可爭議的，公認(rèn)的

例：His courage remains unquestioned.他的勇敢仍然不容置疑。

2.不假思索而認(rèn)可的，盲目接受的

例：an unquestioned assumption盲目接受的假設(shè)；unquestionable a.不成為問題的，毫無疑問的；questionablea.可疑的，有（道德或品行方面）問題的

三、閱讀答案：A B D A

四、全文翻譯：

? ? ???實(shí)際上，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步依賴于做實(shí)驗(yàn)，但更依賴于實(shí)驗(yàn)的觀察者（即做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人）有所準(zhǔn)備的頭腦。（長難句①）據(jù)說艾薩克·牛頓爵士是從蘋果落地現(xiàn)象中發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬有引力。多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，許多地方一直都有蘋果落到地面，成千上萬的人也都看過蘋果落地。但多年來只有牛頓一直對(duì)月球和行星沿軌道運(yùn)行的起因感到好奇。是什么使它們保持在現(xiàn)在的位置？它們?yōu)槭裁床粡奶焐系粝聛?？蘋果向下落到地面而不向上飛到樹上，這一事實(shí)回答了他長期以來一直對(duì)天空中更大的“果實(shí)”一—月球和行星所存有的疑問。（長難句②)

? ??多少人會(huì)考慮過蘋果向上飛到樹上的可能性呢？牛頓這樣做了，因?yàn)樗幌雽?duì)任何事情進(jìn)行預(yù)測。他只是懷有好奇心。他的頭腦在準(zhǔn)備思考不可預(yù)測的事。不可預(yù)測性是科學(xué)研究的一個(gè)基本特征。如果沒有不可預(yù)測現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生就無所謂科學(xué)研究了。科學(xué)家們在為學(xué)術(shù)刊物撰寫呆板的例行報(bào)告時(shí)往往會(huì)忘記這一點(diǎn)，而歷史上這樣的例子卻比比皆是。?

? ??在和一些科學(xué)家，特別是年輕科學(xué)家交談時(shí)，你可能會(huì)有這樣一種印象：他們認(rèn)為“科學(xué)方法”可以代替創(chuàng)造性思維。（長難句③）我出席過一些科研會(huì)議，會(huì)上有人問一位科學(xué)家繼續(xù)某項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是否是明智之舉。那位科學(xué)家皺了皺眉，又看了看圖表，然后說：“數(shù)據(jù)還是不夠確定?！鳖A(yù)算部門的人說：“這點(diǎn)我們知道，但你的意見如何？你覺得值得做下去嗎？你覺得我們可以期待什么呢？”這位科學(xué)家感到很震驚，他沒有料到人們會(huì)讓他做出預(yù)測。

? ??當(dāng)然，這幾乎等于說：這位科學(xué)家成了自己所寫報(bào)告的受害者。（佳句）他所提出的種種論斷是如此不容置疑、如此一致，以至于不僅他自己相信了，而且也說服了工商界的管理者相信其正確性。（長難句④）假如科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)像科學(xué)雜志報(bào)告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計(jì)劃去規(guī)劃和實(shí)施，那么，對(duì)管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可用美元、美分衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。（長難句⑤）審計(jì)人員也完全有理由相信，確切知道自己的目標(biāo)并知道如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的科學(xué)家們根本沒必要分心：用一只眼盯著現(xiàn)金計(jì)數(shù)器的同時(shí)，用另一只眼睛盯著顯微鏡。（長難句⑥）如果像他們的論文所反映的那樣，科學(xué)家渴望規(guī)律性和與某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式的一致性，那么管理人員歧視研究人員中的“標(biāo)新立異者”，而贊賞“善于合作”的具有傳統(tǒng)思維模式的人，也就是無可指摘的。（長難句⑦）