【簡(jiǎn)譯】羅馬人的道路

2022-07-27 12:18 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

問題與解答

What was special about Roman roads? 羅馬的道路有什么特別之處？

Roman roads were particular in that they attempted to join two locations by a direct line. This strategy meant travel was quicker but it was expensive to build such roads when natural obstacles required bridges and tunnels.

? ? ? ?? ? 羅馬道路的特別之處在于，它們?cè)噲D用一條直線連接兩個(gè)地方。這種策略意味著旅行更快，但在自然障礙需要橋梁和隧道的情況下，建造這種道路的成本很高。

What is the most famous Roman road? 最著名的羅馬道路是什么？

The most famous Roman road is the Via Appia (Appian Way). Constructed from 312 BCE and covering 121 miles / 196 km (132 Roman miles), it linked Rome to Capua.

? ? ? ? ? 最著名的羅馬道路是阿皮亞大道（Via Appia）。它建于公元前312年，長(zhǎng)121英里/196公里（132羅馬英里），連接羅馬和卡普亞。

What are two facts about Roman roads? 關(guān)于羅馬道路的兩個(gè)事實(shí)是什么？

Roman roads covered a network of over 75,000 miles (120,000 km). Most roads were around 13.5 feet (4.2 m) wide, which was enough space for two wheeled vehicles to pass each other.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬道路覆蓋了一個(gè)超過75000英里（12萬公里）的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。大多數(shù)道路的寬度約為13.5英尺（4.2米），這足以讓兩個(gè)輪子的車輛互相通行。

What were Roman roads built of? 羅馬人的道路是用什么建造的？

Most Roman roads were built using earth, a layer of rough gravel and crushed bricks, and a top layer of finer gravel. The most prestigious roads had a top surface of dressed stone blocks, cobbles or slabs of volcanic tuff, limestone, or basalt.

? ? ? ? ? 大多數(shù)羅馬道路都是用土建造的，一層是粗糙的碎石和碎磚，另一層是更細(xì)的碎石。最負(fù)盛名的道路的頂層是由火山凝灰?guī)r、石灰?guī)r或玄武巖制成的石塊、鵝卵石或石板組成。

What was the impact of Roman roads? 羅馬道路的影響是什么？

Roman roads allowed people to travel much more quickly between places, they were also used by armies to move fast across the Roman empire, and they brought different cultures together. Many Roman roads followed routes which were the basis for roads still used today and some of these still use the Roman name and even sometimes Roman bridges.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬道路使人們能夠更迅速地在各地之間旅行，它們也被軍隊(duì)用來在羅馬帝國(guó)之間快速移動(dòng)，并將不同的文化帶到一起。許多羅馬道路所遵循的路線是今天仍在使用的道路的基礎(chǔ)，其中一些道路仍然使用羅馬名稱，現(xiàn)在的人們甚至還在使用一些羅馬橋梁。

羅? 馬? 人? 的? 道? 路

The Romans built roads over ancient routes and created a huge number of new ones. Engineers were audacious in their plans to join one point to another in as direct a line as possible whatever the difficulties in geography and costs. Consequently, many of the Romans’ long straight roads across their empire have become famous names in their own right.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬人在古老的路上修建道路，并修建了許多新的路線。工程師們計(jì)劃將一個(gè)點(diǎn)與另一個(gè)點(diǎn)以盡可能直接的方式連接起來，而不管地理上的困難和成本如何。因此，羅馬人在其帝國(guó)中的許多長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的筆直的道路已經(jīng)成為其自身的著名象征。

Roman roads included bridges, tunnels, viaducts, and many other architectural and engineering tricks to create a series of breathtaking but highly practical monuments which spread from Portugal to Constantinople. The network of public Roman roads covered over 120,000 km, and it greatly assisted the free movement of armies, people, and goods across the empire. Roads were also a very visible indicator of the power of Rome, and they indirectly helped unify what was a vast melting pot of cultures, races, and institutions.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬道路包括橋梁、隧道、高架橋和許多其他建筑與工程技巧，創(chuàng)造了一系列令人嘆為觀止但又非常實(shí)用的建筑，從葡萄牙延伸到君士坦丁堡。羅馬公共道路網(wǎng)覆蓋了12萬多公里，它極大地幫助了軍隊(duì)、平民和貨物在整個(gè)帝國(guó)的自由流動(dòng)。道路也是羅馬權(quán)力一個(gè)非常明顯的指標(biāo)，它們間接地幫助了一個(gè)由文化、種族和機(jī)構(gòu)組成的巨大熔爐的形成。

羅馬道路網(wǎng) 絡(luò)

The Romans did not invent roads, of course, but, as in so many other fields, they took an idea which went back as far as the Bronze Age and extended that concept, daring to squeeze from it the fullest possible potential. The first and most famous great Roman road was the Via Appia (or Appian Way). Constructed from 312 BCE and covering 196 km (132 Roman miles), it linked Rome to Capua in as straight a line as possible and was known to the Romans as the Regina viarum or 'Queen of Roads'. Much like a modern highway, it did not go through less important towns along the way, and it largely ignored geographical obstacles. For example, the impressive 90 km stretch from Rome to Terracina was built in a single straight line. The road would later be extended all the way to Brundisium and thus reach 569 km in length (385 Roman miles).

? ? ? ? ? 當(dāng)然，羅馬人并不是道路的首創(chuàng)者，但是，就像在許多其他領(lǐng)域一樣，他們采用了遠(yuǎn)在青銅時(shí)代的想法，并擴(kuò)展了這一概念，敢于從中挖掘最充分的潛力。第一條道路也是最著名的羅馬大路是阿皮亞路（或阿皮亞路）。它建于公元前312年，全長(zhǎng)196公里（132羅馬英里），以盡可能直的路線連接羅馬和卡普亞，被羅馬人稱為Regina viarum或 "道路皇后"。與現(xiàn)代的高速公路一樣，它沒有經(jīng)過沿途不太重要的城鎮(zhèn)，而且基本上忽略了地理障礙。例如，從羅馬到Terracina這段令人印象深刻的90公里路程是在一條直線上建成的。這條路在后來一直延伸到布林迪西（布倫迪西姆），因此長(zhǎng)度達(dá)到569公里（385羅馬英里）。

Other famous roads in Italy were the Via Flaminia which went from Rome to Fanum (Fano), the Via Aemilia from Placentia to Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), the Via Postumia from Aquileia to Genua (Genoa), the Via Popillia from Ariminum (Rimini) to Padova in the north and from Capua to Rheghium (Reggio Calabria) in the south, and many more besides, all with extensions made over time. The roads became so famous that they even gave their names to places and regions. The network gradually spread across the empire from Britain to Syria, and certain roads became as well-known and well-travelled as those around Rome itself. For example, the Via Domitia (begun in 116 BCE) went from the French Alps to the Pyrenees and was invaluable for troop movements in the campaigns in Spain. There was also the Via Egnatia (begun in the mid-second century BCE), which crossed the Balkan Peninsula and ended at Byzantium, making it a vital land route between the western and eastern parts of the empire.

? ? ? ? ? ?在意大利的其他著名道路有：從羅馬到Fanum（法諾）的Via Flaminia；從Placentia（皮亞琴察）到Augusta Praetoria（奧斯塔）的Via Aemilia；從Aquileia（阿奎萊亞）到Genua（熱那亞）的Via Postumia；北部從Ariminum（里米尼）到Padova（帕多瓦）和南部從Capua（卡普阿）到Rheghium（雷焦卡拉布里亞）的Via Popillia，以及其他許多道路，都隨著時(shí)間的推移進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)展。這些道路變得如此有名，以至于它們甚至被命名為地方和地區(qū)的名字。這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)逐漸擴(kuò)展到整個(gè)帝國(guó)（從英國(guó)到敘利亞），某些道路變得和羅馬周圍的道路一樣著名和好走。例如，多米提亞路（始于公元前116年）從法國(guó)阿爾卑斯山到比利牛斯山，在西班牙的戰(zhàn)役中對(duì)部隊(duì)的移動(dòng)非常便利。還有Egnatia路（始于公元前二世紀(jì)中葉），它穿過巴爾干半島，終點(diǎn)是拜占庭，使其成為帝國(guó)西部和東部之間的重要陸路通道。

To achieve the objective of constructing the shortest routes possible between two points (often not visible one to the other), all manner of engineering difficulties had to be overcome. Once extensive surveying was carried out to ensure the proposed route was actually straight and determine what various engineering methods were required, marshes had to be drained, forests cut through, creeks diverted, bedrock channelled, mountainsides cut into, rivers crossed with bridges, valleys traversed with viaducts, and tunnels built through mountains. Once all that was done, roads had to be levelled, reinforced with support walls or terracing and then, of course, maintained, which they were for over 800 years.

? ? ? ? ? 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)在兩點(diǎn)之間（往往看不到兩點(diǎn)）修建最短路線的目標(biāo)，羅馬人必須克服各種工程上的困難。一旦進(jìn)行了廣泛的測(cè)量，就要確保擬議的路線實(shí)際上是直的，并確定需要哪些不同的工程方法，沼澤地必須被排干，森林被切開，小溪被改道，基巖被疏導(dǎo)，山坡被切開，河流被橋梁穿過，山谷被高架橋穿過，隧道被建在山上。一旦完成這一切，就必須平整道路，用支撐墻或梯田進(jìn)行加固，當(dāng)然也要進(jìn)行維護(hù)，這些維護(hù)工作持續(xù)了800多年。

Besides permitting the rapid deployment of troops and, more importantly, the wheeled vehicles which supplied them with food and equipment, Roman roads allowed for an increase in trade and cultural exchange. Roads were also one of the ways Rome could demonstrate its authority. For this reason many roads began and ended in a triumphal arch, and the imperial prestige associated with realising the project was demonstrated in the fact that roads were very often named after the magistrate official who funded it; hence, for example, the Via Appia takes its name from the censor Appius Claudius Caecus.

? ? ? ? ? 除了快速部署部隊(duì)，更重要的是，為他們提供食物和設(shè)備的輪式車輛可以快速移動(dòng)；羅馬道路還促進(jìn)貿(mào)易與文化交流。道路也是羅馬展示其權(quán)威的方式之一。由于這個(gè)原因，許多道路以凱旋門為起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)，而與實(shí)現(xiàn)該項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的帝國(guó)威望則體現(xiàn)在道路經(jīng)常以資助它的地方官員的名字命名；例如，阿皮亞路的名字來自審查官阿皮烏斯·克勞迪烏斯·凱庫斯。

道路設(shè) 計(jì)?及材料

Major roads were around a standard 4.2 m wide, which was enough space for two wheeled vehicles to pass each other. Roads were finished with a gravel surface sometimes mixed with lime or, for more prestigious sections such as near towns, with dressed stone blocks of volcanic tuff, cobbles, or paving stones of basalt (silice) or limestone. First, a trench was dug and a foundation (rudus) was laid using rough gravel, crushed brick, clay materials or even wooden piles in marshy areas, and set between curb stones. On top of this a layer of finer gravel was added (nucleus) and the road was then surfaced with blocks or slabs (summum dorsum). Mountain roads might also have ridges running across the surface to give people and animals better traction and have ruts cut into the stone to guide wheeled vehicles.

? ? ? ? ? 主要道路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寬度為4.2米左右，這足以讓兩個(gè)輪子的車輛互相通行。道路的表面是用礫石鋪成的，有時(shí)還混有石灰，或者在更重要的路段，如城鎮(zhèn)附近，人們用火山凝灰?guī)r、鵝卵石或玄武巖（硅石）或石灰石鋪成的石塊。首先，挖一條溝，用粗糙的礫石、碎磚、粘土材料或甚至沼澤地區(qū)的木樁鋪設(shè)地基（rudus），并在路緣石之間設(shè)置。在此基礎(chǔ)上，再鋪上一層更細(xì)的碎石（核），然后用塊狀或板狀物鋪設(shè)道路（末梢）。山區(qū)道路也可能有橫跨表面的山脊，以使人和動(dòng)物有更好的牽引力，并在石頭上開出車轍以引導(dǎo)輪式車輛。

Roads were purposely inclined slightly from the centre down to the curb to allow rainwater to run off along the sides, and for the same purpose many also had drains and drainage canals. A path of packed gravel for pedestrians typically ran along each side of the road, varying in width from 1-3 metres. Separating the path from the road, the curb was made of regular upright slabs. In addition, every 3-5 metres there was a higher block set into the curb which stopped wheeled traffic riding onto the footpath and allowed people to mount their horses or pack animals. Busier stretches of main roads had areas where traffic could pull over and some of these had services for travellers and their animals too. Milestones were also set up at regular intervals and these often recorded who was responsible for the upkeep of that stretch of the road and what repairs had been made.

? ? ? ? ? 道路特意從中心向路邊略微傾斜，以便讓雨水沿著兩側(cè)流走，出于同樣的目的，許多道路還設(shè)有排水溝和排水渠。道路兩側(cè)通常有一條供行人使用的碎石路，寬度從1-3米不等。路緣石是由規(guī)則的直立石板制成的，將小路與道路分開。此外，每隔3-5米就有一個(gè)較高的塊狀物鑲嵌在路邊，以阻止輪式車輛騎到人行道上，并允許人們騎上他們的馬或馱獸。在比較繁忙的主干道上有一些可以停車的地方，其中一些地方還為旅行者和他們的牲畜提供服務(wù)。每隔一段時(shí)間也會(huì)設(shè)立一個(gè)里程碑，這些里程碑通常記錄了誰負(fù)責(zé)維護(hù)這段道路以及進(jìn)行了哪些維修。

橋?梁、高架橋和隧道

Lasting symbols of the imagination of Roman engineers are the many arched bridges and viaducts still standing around the empire. From early bridges such as the Ponte di Mele near Velletri with its single vault and modest span of 3.6 m to the 700 m long, 10-arch viaduct over the Carapelle River, these structures helped achieve the engineers' straight-line goal. The Romans built to last, and the piers of bridges which crossed rivers, for example, were often built with a more resistant prow-shape and used massive durable blocks of stone, while the upper parts were either built of stone blocks strengthened with iron clamps, used cheaper concrete and brick, or supported a flat wooden superstructure. Perhaps the most impressive bridge was at Narni. 180 m long, 8 m wide and as high as 33 m, it had four massive semicircular arches, one of which, stretching 32.1 m, ranks as one of the longest block-arch spans in the ancient world. Two of the best surviving bridges are the Milvian bridge in Rome (109 BCE) and the bridge over the river Tagus at Alcantara (106 BCE) on the Spanish-Portuguese border.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬工程師的想象力的持久象征是帝國(guó)各地仍然存在的許多拱形橋梁和高架橋。從早期的橋梁，如Velletri（韋萊特里）附近的Ponte di Mele，其單一拱頂和3.6米的小跨度，到Carapelle（卡拉佩萊）河上700米長(zhǎng)的10拱高架橋，這些結(jié)構(gòu)有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)工程師們的直線道路目標(biāo)建設(shè)。羅馬人的建筑耐久度很高，例如，跨越河流的橋梁的橋墩通常采用更有抵抗力的突起形狀，并使用巨大的耐用石塊，而上部則由石塊建成，用鐵夾子加固，使用更便宜的混凝土和磚，或支撐一個(gè)平坦的木制上層建筑。也許最令人印象深刻的橋是在納爾尼。它長(zhǎng)180米，寬8米，高33米，有四個(gè)巨大的半圓形拱門，其中一個(gè)拱門長(zhǎng)32.1米，是古代世界最長(zhǎng)的磚拱橋之一。現(xiàn)存最好的兩座橋是羅馬的米爾維安橋（公元前109年）和西班牙與葡萄牙邊境阿爾坎塔拉的塔古斯河橋（公元前106年）。

Tunnels were another essential feature of the road network if lengthy detours were to be avoided. The most important include three tunnels built in the 1st century BCE: Cumaea, which stretched 1,000 m in length, Cripta Neapolitano measuring 705 m, and Grotta di Seiano 780 m long. Tunnels were often built by excavating from both ends (counter-excavation), a feat which obviously required precise geometry. To make sure both ends met, shafts were sometimes drilled down from above to check the progress of the work, and shafts could also be used to speed up excavation and work at the rock from two angles. Nevertheless, when working through solid rock, progress was tediously slow, perhaps as little as 30 cm a day, resulting in tunnel projects lasting years.

? ? ? ? ? 如果要避免冗長(zhǎng)的繞行，隧道是道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的另一個(gè)重要設(shè)施。最重要的包括建于公元前1世紀(jì)的三條隧道。Cumaea長(zhǎng)1000米，Cripta Neapolitano長(zhǎng)705米，Grotta di Seiano長(zhǎng)780米。隧道通常是通過從兩端開挖（反開挖）來建造的，這顯然需要運(yùn)用到精確的幾何形狀知識(shí)。為了確保兩端相接，有時(shí)會(huì)從上面鉆下豎井，以檢查工作的進(jìn)展，豎井也可以用來加快挖掘速度，從兩個(gè)角度對(duì)巖石進(jìn)行施工。然而，當(dāng)在堅(jiān)硬的巖石中工作時(shí)，進(jìn)展是乏味且緩慢的，也許每天只有30厘米，這導(dǎo)致隧道工程持續(xù)多年。

總? ?結(jié)

Roman roads were, then, the arteries of the empire. They connected communities, cities, and provinces, and without them, the Romans could surely not have conquered and held onto the vast territories they did over so many centuries. Further, such were the engineering and surveying skills of the Romans that many of their roads have provided the basis for hundreds of today's routes across Europe and the Middle East. Many roads in Italy still use the original Roman name for certain stretches, and even some bridges, such as at Tre Ponti in modern Fàiti, still carry road traffic today.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬道路就是帝國(guó)的動(dòng)脈。它們連接著社區(qū)、城市和省份，如果沒有它們，羅馬人肯定不可能在這么多世紀(jì)里征服并守住他們廣大的領(lǐng)土。此外，由于羅馬人的工程和測(cè)量技能，他們的許多道路為今天橫跨歐洲和中東的數(shù)百條路線提供了基礎(chǔ)。意大利的許多道路在某些路段上仍然使用原來的羅馬名稱，甚至一些橋梁，如現(xiàn)代法伊蒂的特雷龐蒂，今天仍在承載著公路交通。