原文地址：https://sturgeonshouse.ipbhost.com/topic/912-bolt-carrier-bounce-causes-and-solutions/

翻譯：MoronNoob

也可以看看：http://www.qiangyou.org/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=43774

Most automatic weapons, with the exception of really weird designs like the Madsen LMG and Hino-Komuro, have a linear reciprocating breech member; either the bolt or a bolt carrier group.? This reciprocating member is supposed to move rearward (the recoil stroke) and pull the spent case from the chamber, and then rebound off of a spring to shove a new round into the chamber (the counter-recoil stroke).? After the counter-recoil stroke the reciprocating mass should come to a halt in its forward-most position; the "in-battery" position.? When the bolt carrier group is in battery the case is entirely surrounded by the walls of the firing chamber and the locking mechanism is fully engaged, so it is safe to fire.? Things do not always work ideally, however, and sometimes this reciprocating mass bounces instead of coming to rest.? This is called (somewhat erroneously in the case of gas-operated weapons) "bolt-bounce."

大多數(shù)自動武器，除了個別非常奇特的設(shè)計，如麥德森輕機槍和日野-小室步槍/手槍，都有一個線性往復(fù)式后膛部件：槍機或槍機框。這個往復(fù)運動的部件應(yīng)該向后移動（后坐行程）并將擊發(fā)后的彈殼從彈膛中拉出，然后被彈簧推回以將新的子彈推入彈膛（反沖行程）。在反沖行程之后，往復(fù)運動的槍機部件應(yīng)當(dāng)在待擊位置處停止。當(dāng)槍機組在待擊位置時，彈殼完全被彈膛內(nèi)壁包圍并且閉鎖機構(gòu)完全嚙合，因此可以安全發(fā)射。然而，事情并不總是理想的，有時往復(fù)運動的槍機框這樣的重物會反彈而不是停止。這就是所謂的“槍機框彈跳”。

Andrew Tuohy removed the buffer weights from the buffer in an AR-15 to make the action bouncier for illustrative purposes:https://youtu.be/y2GeugjmeF0

出于說明目的，Andrew Tuohy拿掉了他的AR-15緩沖器的一部分配重，來讓槍機框彈跳的幅度更大：https://youtu.be/y2GeugjmeF0

There are two ways that bolt carrier rebound can be a problem.? In extreme cases the bolt carrier will rebound, but a combination of high friction in the action and weak return springs will mean that the bolt carrier gets stuck and does not go back into battery.? Hopefully the designer was smart enough to design the thing so that it absolutely cannot fire when it is out of battery, because out of battery cartridge ignition is an excellent way to convert a firearm into a pipe bomb.? If they were so wise, then there will be a failure to fire of some variety.? Generally speaking a weapon has to be unusually dirty, worn, or poorly designed for this problem to occur.? Return springs are usually strong enough to get the moving parts into battery even if they aren't fully compressed.? I have, however, witnessed this problem in German K43 rifles because they are a pile of suck and fail.

槍機框彈跳會在兩種情況下成為問題。在極端案例中，槍機框反彈后在與機匣較大的摩擦力和較孱弱復(fù)進簧的共同作用下會卡住從而導(dǎo)致復(fù)進不到位。幸好設(shè)計者足夠聰明的設(shè)計出不到位保險，使復(fù)進不到位時絕對無法擊發(fā)，不然閉鎖不到位時擊發(fā)會把你的槍變成一個鐵管炸彈。如果他們足夠聰明，那就不會導(dǎo)致你的槍發(fā)生某種擊發(fā)故障。一般來說一把武器只有在非常臟，破損，或者設(shè)計得稀爛的情況下才會發(fā)生這種問題。就算沒有完全壓縮，復(fù)進簧也通常能提供足夠大的力量把運動部件（槍機組）推到待擊位置。然而，我也在一把G43步槍上見過這種問題，因為它們就是一坨史。（作者也同樣承認G43很漂亮）

The second, more likely problem only rears its ugly head in fully auto fire.? In most full auto weapons there is an auto-sear, which a secondary sear which releases the hammer as long as the trigger is depressed.? The auto-sear is tripped by the bolt carrier during counter-recoil, usually when or just before the bolt carrier goes into battery.? If the bolt carrier rebounds off the front of the receiver and the timing is just wrong, the hammer (or striker) will hit the bolt carrier when it is slightly out of battery.? Again, competent designs have means of preventing out of battery ignition and the attendant facial and manual reorganization that tends to go with that.? However, when the hammer or striker hits the out of battery bolt carrier its kinetic energy will be spent.? This means a failure to fire.

第二種問題大多數(shù)情況下只會在全自動射擊時發(fā)生。在大多數(shù)（閉膛的）全自動武器中都有一個全自動阻鐵，作為第二個阻鐵以在扣住扳機的情況下自動釋放擊錘。全自動阻鐵會在槍機框的反沖行程中，通常是槍機框到位的同時或者前一刻被觸發(fā)。（存疑，釋放擊錘的應(yīng)該是不到位保險）如果槍機從機匣前端反跳開并且時機不對的情況下，擊錘（或者擊針）會在略微不到位的情況下打在槍機框上。同樣，有學(xué)識的設(shè)計會防止在復(fù)進不到位的情況下?lián)舭l(fā)以及隨之而來的面部和手部的毀容修復(fù)。然而，當(dāng)擊錘或者擊針打在不到位的槍機框上會消耗掉它的一部分動能。這就意味著擊發(fā)失敗。

Early M16s had rebound problems, particularly during full auto fire.? Originally the buffer was intended simply to be a hollow spring guide, but a problem with light primer strikes forced a redesign of this component in 1966.

早期M16就有反彈的問題，特別是在全自動射擊時。原始的緩沖器只是簡單的設(shè)計成一個空心的復(fù)進簧導(dǎo)柱，擊錘擊打力度不足的問題促使這個部件在1966年重新設(shè)計。

This image, from the patent for the improved buffer shows the series of sliding weights that were added to the buffer.? These work like the sliding pellets in a deadblow hammer and arrest the tendency for the bolt carrier to bounce.? The additional mass had the added benefit of slowing down the velocity of the bolt carrier, which reduced wear on the parts and lowered the cyclic rate of fire, which improved full auto control.

這張來自于改進緩沖器專利的圖片展示了一組被加入緩沖器的滑動配重塊。這些配重塊的作用就像死錘（一種專門的木槌，有助于最大限度地減少對被擊打表面的損壞并控制打擊力，同時最大限度地減少從被擊打表面的反彈，通常錘頭部分填充有松散的鋼丸）里的鋼珠一樣來抵消槍機框反跳的趨勢。額外的質(zhì)量降低了槍機框運動的速度，有著降低零件磨損和降低射速以改善全自動射擊時槍械操控性的益處。

The HK roller-retarded blowback guns, owing to their extremely high bolt carrier velocities, have a strong tendency to rebound unless somehow checked.? The solution HK engineers hit on is an anti-rebound claw

HK的滾柱延遲后座槍械由于槍機框極快的復(fù)進速度，槍機框反彈的趨勢除非通過某種方式檢查過（不知道如何翻譯，可能有誤）的話否則會很強。HK工程師的解決方案是槍機框上的反跳爪。（多見于步槍上，MP5的解決方案類似AR15，在槍機框內(nèi)裝入鉛砂，通過鉛砂的慣性來防止槍機框的反跳）

Labeled as the "bolt head locking lever" in this diagram.? This is a spring-loaded claw mounted on the bolt carrier that grabs the bolt head as the bolt carrier group goes into battery.? The lever essentially ratchets into place with friction, providing enough resistance to being re-opened that the bolt carrier does not rebound.

在此圖（圖掛了）中被標(biāo)記為“槍機頭鎖定杠桿”的部件是個裝在槍機框上的帶彈簧的金屬爪，在槍機組進入待擊位置時鉤住槍機頭。杠桿通過摩擦力像棘爪一樣鉤進位置，提供了足夠強的阻力防止槍機框反跳導(dǎo)致槍機開鎖。

The FAMAS, which has a similarly insanely high bolt carrier velocity, solves the problem in a very similar way.? In this case, however, the charging handle is the anti-rebound device.? The arrangement is similar to the locking catch on an AR-15's charging handle, except that it's much more robust because the catch is responsible for arresting the rebound of the entire bolt carrier.

FAMAS步槍同樣有著極高的槍機框復(fù)進速度，解決這個問題的辦法也很相似。但在FAMAS步槍上，拉機柄則是槍機框的防跳裝置。這種設(shè)計與AR-15拉機柄上的鎖扣很相似，但它因為需要防止整個槍機框的反彈而設(shè)計得更加堅固。

There are other ways still to arrest the rebound of the bolt carrier.? The Ruger MP-9 (the one designed by Uziel Gal, not the insanely over complex B&T product of the same name) is supposed to have a spring-cushioning pad at the front of the receiver which brings the bolt to a stop instead of bouncing.? The upcoming Desert Tech MDR has, by one account, "an asymmetrical bolt carrier face. This is accomplished with a protruding boss on one side of the carrier. As the carrier moves forward to go into battery, the asymmetrical face contacts the barrel extension first. Tolerances within the axial motion of the back end of the carrier group permit the energy to be redirected through a sideways movement. This micro-movement of the rear end of the carrier impedes the bounce and assures full function of the weapon, especially in select-fire operation."? Large caliber autocannons often have complex, articulated secondary locks that prevent bolt carrier bounce, since autocannon bolt carriers are enormous and have a great deal of residual kinetic energy.

除了上述內(nèi)容，還有一些其他方式阻止槍機框的反跳。魯格MP-9（由烏茲蓋爾設(shè)計的那一把而不是布魯加托梅的那把同名但是巨復(fù)雜的MP9）應(yīng)該在機匣前端設(shè)計了一個彈簧緩沖墊來讓槍機停止而不是反跳。根據(jù)一種說法，即將推出的沙漠科技MDR（本文寫于2015年）有"一個不對稱的槍機框面。這是在槍機框的一側(cè)有一個突出的凸起來完成的。當(dāng)槍機框向前移動以進入待擊位置時，不對稱的表面首先接觸到槍管節(jié)套部分。槍機組后端的軸向運動中的公差允許能量通過側(cè)向運動重新定向。槍機框后端的這種微動阻礙了反彈，并保證了武器的全部功能，特別是在選擇射擊模式中。（MDR段太復(fù)雜所以擺爛機翻）大口徑自動炮通常有著復(fù)雜的鉸接副鎖，因為自動炮的自動機巨大，帶有很多的剩余動能

So, when I read that the SIG MCX has some problems with full auto function that sound suspiciously exactly like the same problems the M16 had prior to the addition of the weighted buffer (the same weighted buffer the MCX does away with), I can only roll my eyes.? This is nothing new, and there are a half-dozen ways of fixing it.? Do your homework.

所以，當(dāng)我知道SIG MCX在全自動功能上出了問題，而這些問題聽上去很可疑，和M16改進緩沖器之前出的問題非常相似（MCX拿掉了那種改進的緩沖器）我只能翻白眼了。這根本不是什么新問題，有十萬種甚至九萬種辦法來解決它。SIG能不能有點腦子。

（b站專欄編輯器就是一坨）