1902年第二屆諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予了英國(guó)醫(yī)生羅納德?羅斯，表彰其發(fā)現(xiàn)蚊子傳播瘧疾的途徑。

羅納德·羅斯出生在印度的阿爾莫拉，為英屬印度陸軍將軍坎貝爾·羅斯爵士的十個(gè)孩子中的老大。八歲時(shí)，他被送回英國(guó)，與他的姑姑和叔叔一起住在懷特島，后續(xù)在英國(guó)完成學(xué)業(yè)。羅納德·羅斯對(duì)藝術(shù)充滿興趣，但父親仍然讓羅斯選擇了醫(yī)學(xué)。由于對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)缺乏興趣，導(dǎo)致其在醫(yī)學(xué)生階段并不出色。

畢業(yè)后，羅斯于 1881 年 9 月 22 日乘坐軍艦前往印度工作。1883 年，他被派往班加羅爾擔(dān)任駐軍代理外科醫(yī)生，在此期間，他注意到通過(guò)限制蚊子取水來(lái)控制蚊子數(shù)量的可能性。

1894 年 3 月，與家人一起回倫敦休假，結(jié)識(shí)了帕特里克·曼森爵士。曼森向他介紹了瘧疾研究中的真正問(wèn)題，并堅(jiān)信印度是最適合研究瘧疾的地方。

羅斯于 1895 年 3 月 20 日返回印度，正式開始了他對(duì)瘧疾的研究。在他的行李在海關(guān)清關(guān)之前，他就直奔孟買民用醫(yī)院，尋找瘧疾患者并開始制作血片。

1895 年 5 月，羅斯觀察到蚊子胃內(nèi)瘧原蟲的早期階段，這是發(fā)現(xiàn)蚊子傳播瘧疾的重要一步。然而，隨后他被派往班加羅爾調(diào)查霍亂，他的研究熱情與計(jì)劃也被打斷。

1897 年 7 月，羅斯設(shè)法從收集的幼蟲中培養(yǎng)出 20 只成年“棕色”蚊子，并且讓這些蚊子成功的吸取瘧疾患者的血液，隨后他解剖了蚊子。

1897 年8 月 20 日，他證實(shí)了蚊子腸道內(nèi)存在瘧原蟲，他最初將其鑒定為“斑翅”（后來(lái)證明是按蚊屬的一種）。 8 月 21 日，他證實(shí)了瘧原蟲在蚊子體內(nèi)的生長(zhǎng)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)于 1897 年 8 月 27 日在印度醫(yī)學(xué)公報(bào)上發(fā)表， 12 月在英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上發(fā)表。

1897 年 9 月，羅斯被轉(zhuǎn)移到一個(gè)沒有瘧疾的地方工作，因此他的研究也中斷了。

1898年2月17日，羅斯抵達(dá)加爾各答，在總統(tǒng)府總醫(yī)院工作。羅斯立即開展了瘧疾和內(nèi)臟利什曼?。ㄒ卜Q為黑熱病）的研究。但后續(xù)的研究并沒有成功，因?yàn)榛颊呖偸橇⒓吹玫剿幬镏委?。后?lái)曼森說(shuō)服他使用鳥類作為研究模型。

最后確定受感染的麻雀為適合的研究模型，到 1898 年 7 月，羅斯確定了庫(kù)蚊作為禽瘧疾中間宿主的重要性。7月4日，他發(fā)現(xiàn)唾液腺是蚊子體內(nèi)瘧原蟲的儲(chǔ)存場(chǎng)所。 7 月 8 日，他確信寄生蟲是在咬人時(shí)從唾液腺中釋放出來(lái)的。他后來(lái)證明了瘧原蟲整個(gè)傳播過(guò)程，蚊子將瘧原蟲從感染的麻雀?jìng)鞑ソo健康的麻雀。

羅納德·羅斯因發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥類瘧原蟲的生命周期而獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，他沒有在人類中建立他的瘧疾傳播概念，而是在鳥類中。羅斯是第一個(gè)證明瘧疾寄生蟲是通過(guò)受感染的蚊子叮咬傳播的，在他的案例中是禽瘧原蟲。1897 年，意大利醫(yī)生和動(dòng)物學(xué)家喬瓦尼·格拉西和他的同事們確定了瘧原蟲在按蚊體內(nèi)的發(fā)育階段；第二年描述了惡性瘧原蟲、間日瘧原蟲和瘧疾瘧原蟲的完整生命周期。

當(dāng)考慮 1902 年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，諾貝爾委員會(huì)最初打算由羅斯和格拉西分享該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，但羅斯指責(zé)格拉西故意欺詐，最終有羅斯獨(dú)享這一獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。

現(xiàn)在我們都已經(jīng)了解瘧疾的傳播路徑，瘧疾是由瘧原蟲組的單細(xì)胞微生物引起的。它通過(guò)受感染的按蚊叮咬傳播，蚊子將唾液中的寄生蟲引入人的血液中，從而導(dǎo)致人類的感染。瘧原蟲隨著血液循環(huán)到達(dá)肝臟并在那里成熟和繁殖。

癥狀通常在被受感染的蚊子叮咬后十到十五天開始出現(xiàn)。 瘧疾引起的癥狀通常有發(fā)燒、疲倦、嘔吐和頭痛。嚴(yán)重的情況下，它會(huì)導(dǎo)致黃疸、癲癇、昏迷，甚至死亡。如果治療不當(dāng)，人們可能會(huì)在數(shù)月后復(fù)發(fā)。在那些最近從感染中幸存下來(lái)的人，再感染引起的癥狀較輕。如果該患者沒有持續(xù)接觸瘧疾，這種部分抵抗力會(huì)在數(shù)月至數(shù)年內(nèi)消失。

English version：

The second Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 was awarded to the British physician Ronald Ross for his discovery of the way mosquitoes transmit malaria.

Ronald Ross was born in Almora, India, the eldest of ten children of British Indian Army General Sir Campbell Ross. At the age of eight, he was sent back to England to live with his aunt and uncle on the Isle of Wight, where he completed his studies. Ronald Ross was interested in art, but his father still let Ross choose medicine. Due to lack of interest in medicine, it is not very good at the medical student stage.

After graduation, Ross went to work in India on a warship on September 22, 1881. In 1883, he was sent to Bengaluru as an acting garrison surgeon, during which time he noticed the possibility of controlling mosquito populations by restricting their access to water.

In March 1894, he returned to London with his family on vacation and met Sir Patrick Manson. Manson introduced him to the real problems in malaria research and was convinced that India was the best place to study malaria.

Ross returned to India on March 20, 1895, to formally begin his research on malaria. Before his luggage cleared customs, he headed straight to the Mumbai Civil Hospital to look for malaria patients and start making blood films.

In May 1895, Ross observed the early stages of Plasmodium in the stomach of mosquitoes, an important step in the discovery that mosquitoes transmit malaria. However, his enthusiasm and plans were interrupted when he was dispatched to Bangalore to investigate cholera.

In July 1897, Ross managed to grow 20 adult "brown" mosquitoes from the larvae he collected, and had them successfully suck the blood of malaria patients, before dissecting the mosquitoes.

On August 20, 1897, he confirmed the presence of Plasmodium in the mosquito gut, which he initially identified as "Spotted Wing" (which later turned out to be a species of Anopheles). On August 21, he confirmed the growth of Plasmodium in mosquitoes. The discovery was published in the Indian Medical Bulletin on August 27, 1897, and in the British Medical Journal in December.

In September 1897, Ross was transferred to work in a malaria-free location, so his research was discontinued.

On February 17, 1898, Ross arrived in Calcutta to work at the Presidential General Hospital. Ross immediately began research on malaria and visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar. But follow-up studies were unsuccessful because patients were always given the drug right away. Manson later persuaded him to use birds as research models.

Finally identifying the infected sparrow as a suitable model for the study, by July 1898 Ross had identified the importance of the Culex mosquito as an intermediate host for avian malaria. On July 4, he discovered that the salivary glands serve as storage sites for the malaria parasite in mosquitoes. On July 8, he was convinced that the parasite was released from the salivary glands when it bit people. He later demonstrated the entire process of Plasmodium transmission, in which mosquitoes transmit the parasite from infected sparrows to healthy sparrows.

Ronald Ross, who won the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the life cycle of the avian malaria parasite, established his concept of malaria transmission not in humans, but in birds. Ross was the first to show that the malaria parasite was transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, in his case Plasmodium fowl. In 1897, Italian physician and zoologist Giovanni Grassi and his colleagues determined the developmental stages of Plasmodium in the Anopheles mosquito; full life cycle.

When considering the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Nobel committee originally intended that the prize be shared by Ross and Grassi, but Ross accused Grassi of deliberate fraud, and Ross ended up with the prize alone.

Now we all understand the transmission route of malaria, which is caused by the single-celled microorganisms of the Plasmodium group. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the parasite in its saliva into a person's bloodstream, causing infection in humans. Plasmodium circulates through the bloodstream to the liver where it matures and reproduces.

Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms of malaria usually include fever, tiredness, vomiting and headache. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, and even death. If not treated properly, people can relapse months later. In those who had recently survived infection, reinfection caused milder symptoms. If the patient does not have ongoing exposure to malaria, this partial resistance disappears within months to years.