The Modern Political Tradition: Hobbes to Habermas 30-36
30 Identity Politics—Multiculturalism P29 - 00:34
?Multiculturalism: Concern for equality and diversity of ethnic groups
Affirmative action: Programs to encourage recruitment and selection of minority groups and women in schools and public-sector jobs
Israel Zangwill (1864-1926)
The Melting Pot (1908)
30 Identity Politics—Multiculturalism P29 - 07:41
?Race: Skin color, facial features, hair, and other biological characteristics
Cornel West (b. 1953)
Race Matters (1993)
Ethnicity: An ascriptive group tied to blood and locale
Nationality: Civic nationality—the state of which one is a citizen
Culture: Usually associated with ethnicity
Charles Taylor (b. 1931)
"The Politics of Recognition" (1994)
Bhikhu Parekh (b. 1935)
Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory (2000)
Response to Immigration:
Cultural assimilation: new minorities assimilated into the common culture of the state
Civic assimilation: accepts a purely civic culture of necessary assimilation, leaving private culture to be diverse
Proceduralism: no cultural predilection of the state
Multiculturalism: opens the majority culture to transformation
30 Identity Politics—Multiculturalism P29 - 18:27
?Brian Barry (1936-2009)
Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism (2001)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Will Kymlicka (b. 1962)
Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (1995); The Rights of Minority Cultures (1995)
Ronald Dworkin (1931-2013)
Kwame Anthony Appiah (b. 1954)
31 The Politics of Nature—Environmentalism P30 - 03:02
?Does the nonhuman environment have morally obligatory value, and if so, what are our obligations to the nonhuman environment?
Fact-value distinction
"Is-ought" distinction
31 The Politics of Nature—Environmentalism P30 - 04:27
?John Muir (1838-1914) preservation of the wild
Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) conservational use of the resources of the nature
Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)
31 The Politics of Nature—Environmentalism P30 - 06:02
?Peter Singer (b. 1946); utilitarian view
Animal Liberation (1975)
Tom Regan (b. 1938); Kantian view
The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
Speciesism: The unjust and irrational privileging of one's own species' moral value over others
A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes (1792)
31 The Politics of Nature—Environmentalism P30 - 15:29
?Aldo Leopold (1887-1948)
A Sand County Almanac (1949 )
31 The Politics of Nature—Environmentalism P30 - 19:26
?Bases of Environmental Ethics:
Biocentrism: Living things have intrinsic moral values
Anthropocentrism: All value that humans can recognize is human value
Pragmatism: The chief environmental value is sustainability
Holmes Rolston (b. 1932)
Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the National World (1988)
Homeostatic: Organized to maintain states as ends or goals
Arne Naess (1912-2009)
"The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movements" (1973)
Deep ecology: An understanding of human existence as one part of the biosphere
"ecosophy ... a philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium"
Paul Shepard (1925-1996)
Subversive Science: Essays toward an Ecology of Man (1969)
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 00:20
?Postmodernism
Michel Foucault
Cornel West
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Ricard Rorty
Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 05:22
?Poststructuralists
Jacques Derrida
Michel Foucault
Jean-Francois Lyotard
Luce Irigaray
Julia Kristeva
Semiotic: Mediated by cultural signs
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 08:55
?Jean-Francois Lyotard (1924-1998)
The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979)
Language games: Any social context in which language is used
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 12:36
?Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
"Each society has its regime of truth, its 'general politics' of truth."
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 18:27
Cornel West (b. 1953)
"A Genealogy of Modern Racism" (1982)
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 20:19
?Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (b. 1942)
Postcolonial studies: Literary, historical, and cultural studies of former European colonies meant to dislodge the Eurocentrism of these disciplines
Edward Said (1935-2003)
Orientalism (1978)
"Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1985)
Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998)
Autopoiesis: "self-making"
32 Postmodernism, truth, and Power P31 - 28:35
?Traits of Postmodernism
No system of positive claims about how society ought to be
Criticizes the humanism of older philosophical and Enlightenment theories
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 00:46
?Jurgen Habermas (b. 1929)
NIklas Luhmann (1927-1998)
The Theory of Communicative Action (1981)
Theodor Adorno (1903-1969)
Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)
Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947)
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 05:55
?Communicative rationality
Communicative action
Actions of a Speech Act
Locutionary: expressing words
Illocutionary: performing by saying
Perlocutionary: producing an effect by saying
What is true: constative
What ought to be done: normative
What expresses personal states: expressive-dramaturgical
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 10:04
?Strategic communication
Communication is moralized.
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 13:06
?democracy: An institutionalization of communicative action as the seat of political power
Performative contradiction
Discourse ethics: Valid norms are capable of satisfying a consensus of those affected, reached in communication
Lebenswelt ("lifeworld"): Socially stabilized actions coordinated through communicative action or discussion
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 20:09
?"systematically stabilized actions of a socially integrated group"
"System": functional, third-person, teleological, money-and-power organization
"Socially integrated": lifeworld communicative action between individuals and their first-person perspectives
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 22:01
Released politics, culture, and economics from traditional, illiberal, premodern rules
Money and power "media" of the system replaces communicative action as what coordinates our actions
Karl Polanyi
The Great Transformation
33 Habermas—democracy as Communication P32 - 27:34
?The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (1985)
German critical theory (Frankfurt School) vs. French critical theory (poststructuralists)
Deliberative democracy: The encouragement of local democratic processes
Amy Gutmann (b. 1949)
Beyla Benhabib (b. 1950)
34 The End of History Clash of Civilizations P33 - 00:30
?Francis Fukuyama; The End of History and the Lat Man
Benjamin Barber; Jihad vs. McWorld: Terrorism's Challenge to democracy
Samuel P. Huntington; The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
34 The End of History Clash of Civilizations P33 - 02:03
?Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979
End of the Cold War (1989-1992)
Gilles Kepel, The Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World (1991)
34 The End of History Clash of Civilizations P33 - 05:37
?The Future of Geopolitics:
Francis Fukuyama (b. 1952) The End of History and the Lat Man (1922)
Benjamin Barber (b. 1939) Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World (1995)
Samuel P. Huntington (1927-2008) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996)
34 The End of History Clash of Civilizations P33 - 06:16
?Universal and homogeneous state: A pacific state of equality without legal distinctions among classes of citizens
M's of American Culture:
McDonald's
Macintosh
MTV
Thomas Friedman (b. 1953)
The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (1999)
34 The End of History Clash of Civilizations P33 - 13:08
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
The West
Eastern Europe
Greater China
Islamic Belt
India
Japan
Latin America
Buddhist Zone
Sub-Saharan Africa
Thomas Friedman
The World is Flat: The Globalized World in the Twenty-First Century (2007)
Types of Human Societies:
Bands: Extended families or clans
Tribes: Larger societies of multiple clans
State: Large society ruled by a sovereign government
Nation: State tied to a people, an ethnicity, or a culture
Edward Shils (1910-1995)
Ernest Gellner
Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Rivals (1994)
Modern civil society: A society of institutional and ideological pluralism
Ideocracies: Unified moral systems
Ummah: "Religious community"
Muslim Society (1981)
Hyperpower
35 Just Wars The Problem of Dirty Hands P34 - 02:59
?Pacific Camps
"Resist Not Evil" pacifists; Leo Tolstoy
Nonviolent political resisters; Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Just war pacifists
Jus and bellum: "justice in going to war"
Jus in bello: "justice in waging war"
Are under responsible command
Exercise control of territory so as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military operations.
Carry weapons openly during operations. If so they are to be treated as soldiers by law.
35 Just Wars The Problem of Dirty Hands P34 - 11:34
?Michael Walzer (b. 1935)
Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (1977)
Arguing about War (2004)
Arab-Israeli Six-Day War (1967): Preemptive war
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714): Preventive war
Balance of gourd operations and air operations
The agent must take steps to reduce the foreseeable evil effect on civilians, inducing "accepting costs to himself."
UN Genocide Convention of 1948
Legalist paradigm
35 Just Wars The Problem of Dirty Hands P34 - 22:07
?Prevention and Response System
International civil society organizations (Red Cross, Doctors without Borders)
Regional associations of states (European community)
Global federations of states (United Nations)
"Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands" (1973)
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 01:22
?Government must be limited to serve political power flowing from a society of equals with individual liberties.
Modern liberal republicanism or democracy=Civil society
Disparate Values in Civil Society
Self-rule
Individual liberty
Community preservation
Egalitarian provision
Material progress
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 07:59
?Greater centralized authority seems necessary in the face of increasingly interdependent economic and social conditions
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 10:32
Low-level war: increasing
Intensity of war: decreasing
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 13:06
?Stances on Cultural Diversity:
Government neutrality regarding culture
Recognition of a dominant culture with acceptance of others
Embodiment of a "mega-culture" that combines all cultures as equals
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 17:19
?Science + market economy + rational management of human endeavors = progress
Postmodern: A life and society that always combines new and old, progress and remembrance
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 20:41
?Difference in Our Core Beliefs
Do you believe in fascism, communism, aristocracy, royalism, or theocracy?
Do you believe that the power of government and the majority should not be limited?
Do you believe unequal rewards and socioeconomic advantages, no matter how achieved, are intrinsically unjust?
Do you believe that government should play no role in redistributing income, regulating professions, or establishing agencies to provide resources?
Do you believe government should close our borders and adopt politics that locate power among particular ethnic or racial groups?
Do you believe that no private citizen anywhere should be able to won any firearm for hunting or self-defense?
Do you believe there should be no restrictions or regulations on anyone's ability to purchase any kind of gun and carry it anywhere?
36 Why Political Philosophy Matters P35 - 26:04
?No social unity or need to compromise short of disaster
"A state without a means of some change is without the means of its preservation."—Edmund Burke
