【簡譯】稻荷神（Inari）

2022-09-07 21:17 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

Inari is the Shinto god of rice, the protector of food, and bringer of prosperity. He has over 40,000 shrines dedicated to him large and small across Japan, the oldest and most important of which is the Fushimi Inari Shrine near Kyoto with its famous red torii gates and fox statues in honour of the animal which is considered the god's messenger and guardian.

? ? ? ? ? 稻荷神是神道教中的米神，是食物的保護者，也是繁榮的帶來者。全日本有超過4萬座大大小小的神社供奉他，其中最古老和最重要的是京都附近的伏見稻荷神社，那里有著名的紅色鳥居與狐貍雕像，狐貍被認為是神的使者和守護者。

名字來源

Inari's name derives from ine, meaning rice seedling and so his name can be translated as 'rice carrier'. The rice god may go by another name, that of Ta-no-kami or 'the god of the paddy field'. He is sometimes called Susshe Inari (Success Inari) or Manzoku Inari (Fulfillment Inari). Yet another title is Ukanomitama-no-kami, meaning 'the god of nourishment'. Inari is also closely associated with the ancient rice or food goddess Ukemochi okami. Another association and one typical of the crossover of divine figures in Shinto and Japanese Buddhism is Daikiniten/Daikokuten (from the Hindu Dakini), the Buddhist god of the kitchen and the Five Grains, which include, of course, rice. In Buddhism, the god is considered a disciple of the Buddha and he may also be known as Inari Daimyojin.

? ? ? ? ? 稻荷神的名字源自ine，意思是“稻苗”，因此他的名字可以翻譯為 "稻谷的搬運工"。稻荷神可能有另一個名字，即Ta-no-kami或 "稻田之神"。他有時被稱為Susshe Inari（成功稻神）或Manzoku Inari（愿望實現(xiàn)之稻神）。還有一個稱號是Ukanomitama-no-kami，意思是 "滋養(yǎng)之神"。稻荷神也與古代大米或食物女神Ukemochi okami密切相關(guān)。另一個關(guān)聯(lián)，也是神道教和日本佛教中神性人物交叉的典型，是大金天/大國天（來自印度教的Dakini），是佛教的廚房之神和五谷之神，當然包括米神。在佛教中，該神被認為是佛祖的弟子，他也可能被人們稱為稻城大明神。

信仰的傳播

According to legend, Inari was first worshipped on Mount Inari from the 8th century CE following a discovery by a man called Hata no Irogu. One day Irogu was practising his archery skills using sticky rice cakes (mochi) as targets. One shot hit directly through a cake which then magically transformed into a white dove. Irogu followed the flight of the bird which eventually landed on a peak of Mt. Inari called Mitsumine, and there he found rice growing and so began the worship of Inari as a spirit or Shinto kami.

? ? ? ? ? 傳說，從公元8世紀開始，一個叫Hata no Irogu的人發(fā)現(xiàn)了稻城山，于是人們開始崇拜稻城山。有一天，Irogu用粘稠的年糕（mochi）作為目標練習他的射箭技巧。有一次，他直接射中了一個年糕，然后年糕神奇地變成了一只白鴿子。Irogu跟隨這只鳥飛行，最終落在了稻城山一個叫Mitsumine的山峰上，在那里他發(fā)現(xiàn)了水稻的生長，于是人們開始了對稻城精神或神的崇拜。

As the god of rice, the staple food of ancient Japan and so vital to the lives of all people from the lowly farmer to the emperor himself, Inari, unsurprisingly would become one of the major figures of Shinto. Festivals and rituals involving rice and rice farming, especially in the periods of sowing and harvest, have been practised ever since rice cultivation was introduced into southern Japan during the Yayoi Period (300 BCE - 250 CE). Given the food's importance, Inari's cult, thus, reached all corners of the Japanese islands and he acquired all manner of other attributes, too. Regarded as the bringer of prosperity in general, the protector of food, finder of lost property, protector of lovers and married couples, patron of swordsmiths, friend of merchants, traders, and artisans, and all-round general problem solver.

? ? ? ? ? 稻米是古代日本的主食，從卑微的農(nóng)民到天皇本人的生活，都離不開稻米，稻荷神成為神道的主要人物之一，這一點不足為奇。自從彌生時代（公元前300年-公元前250年）將水稻種植引入日本南部以來，特別是在播種和收獲期間，人們一直在舉行有關(guān)水稻和水稻種植的節(jié)日與儀式。鑒于食物的重要性，稻荷的崇拜傳到了日本島嶼的各個角落，他也被日本人冠以各種名頭。他被認為是繁榮的帶來者，食物的保護者，失物的尋找者，戀人和已婚夫婦的保護者，劍匠的守護者，商人、貿(mào)易商和工匠的朋友，以及全方位問題的解決者。

Inari's cult spread from that of a purely local deity in the 9th century CE when the famous scholar monk and founder of Shingon Buddhism in Japan, Kukai, aka Kobo Daishi (774-835 CE), made the god the guardian of the To-ji temple in Heiankyo (Kyoto), then the capital of Japan. Kukai had claimed to have met an old man carrying rice on the Inari Mountain and he considered it a meeting with the god himself. When the emperor fell seriously ill, it was only by giving Inari a high court rank that he ensured his recovery.

? ? ? ? ? 公元9世紀，著名學者及真言宗創(chuàng)始人空海（又名弘法大師）（公元774-835年）將稻荷神作為當時日本首都平安京（京都）東寺的守護神，稻荷神逐漸從一個純粹的地方神成為全國信仰的神?？蘸Ｔ暦Q在稻城山上遇到了一個背著大米的老人，他認為那是他與神靈本人的會面。當天皇病重時，只有通過給稻荷神一個高級的宮廷級別，才能確保他的康復(fù)。

During the Edo Period (1603-1868 CE) Inari took on an association with commerce and thus came to represent wealth and prosperity. This developed further as Japan's economy grew and life became more commercialised so that, by the Meiji Period (1868-1912 CE), Inari was considered the kami of finance and industry, a position he still holds for many today. Consequently, Inari shrines are still very much in use and also appear in miniaturised form in such places as market squares and the roofs of office blocks.

? ? ? ? ?在江戶時代（公元1603-1868年），稻荷神與商業(yè)有關(guān)聯(lián)，因此他代表著財富和繁榮。隨著日本經(jīng)濟的增長和生活的商業(yè)化，這種情況進一步發(fā)展；到了明治時期（公元1868-1912年），稻荷被認為是金融和工業(yè)的神，今天他仍然是許多人心中信仰的神。因此，稻荷神社仍然被廣泛開設(shè)，并以小型化的形式出現(xiàn)在市場廣場和辦公大樓的屋頂?shù)鹊胤健?/p>

狐? ? ?貍

In art the god is sometimes represented with a beard, he wears court clothes, carries a sack of rice, sometimes a flaming jewel which grants wishes, and may hold a key to a granary. Very often he is riding a white fox, the animal regarded as Inari's messenger and guardian. For this reason, Inari became the yashikigami or household deity of warriors in the medieval period as they too were imagined to ride foxes.

? ? ? ? ? 在藝術(shù)作品中，稻荷神有時留著胡子，穿著宮廷服裝，背著一袋大米；有時帶著能實現(xiàn)愿望的火焰珠寶，可能還拿著一把通往糧倉的鑰匙。他經(jīng)常騎著一只白狐，這種動物被視為稻城的信使和守護者。出于這個原因，在日本中世時期，稻荷神成為戰(zhàn)士們的家神，戰(zhàn)士們也被想象為騎著狐貍。

Many Inari shrines have fox sculptures, often wearing red bibs for good luck and holding a key to a rice granary in their mouths. Each shrine also has a symbolic hole in one of its perimeter walls to allow Inari's fox messenger ease of entry and exit. Worshippers frequently leave an offering for the fox at Inari shrines, typically inari-zushi, which is cooked rice wrapped in fried tofu and soaked in a sweet rice liquor. It is hoped that pleased with this offering the fox will only pass on good things about the worshipper to his master and thus ensure a favourable response from the god for whatever is being asked for.

? ? ? ? ? 許多稻城神社都有狐貍雕塑，它們通常戴著紅色圍兜，以示吉祥，嘴里叼著一把通往米倉的鑰匙。每個神社的圍墻上都有一個象征性的洞，以便稻城的狐貍使者能夠輕松進出。崇拜者經(jīng)常在稻城神社為狐貍留下祭品，通常是稻城壽司，即用炸豆腐包裹的熟米飯，浸泡在甜米酒中。人們希望狐貍對這一供品感到滿意，把崇拜者所求之事傳給他的主人，從而確保稻荷神對所求之事作出有利的回應(yīng)。

伏見稻荷神社

Inari is one of the most popular deities in Japan, and he has thousands of shrines across the country, especially in rural areas, but it is the Fushimi Inari Taisha temple complex near Kyoto which is the oldest, largest and the most important. Aside from being the headquarters of Inari worship, the Fushimi shrine is also famous for the large number of red gates (torii) of all sizes at the site, which are donated by the faithful looking for the god to favour them (starting price around 3000 US dollars at the time of writing). The paths at the complex have over 5,000 torii, and they are placed so close together as to almost form covered walkways.

? ? ? ? ? 稻荷神是日本最受歡迎的神靈之一，他在全國各地有數(shù)千座神社，特別是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，但京都附近的伏見稻荷大社廟宇群是最古老、最大和最重要的稻荷神社。該地除了是稻荷崇拜的總部外，伏見神社還因現(xiàn)場大量的大小紅色門（鳥居）而聞名，這些門是由尋求神靈眷顧的信徒捐贈的（在撰寫本文時起價約為3000美元）。該建筑群的道路上有5000多座鳥居，它們被緊密地放置在一起，幾乎形成了有蓋的走道。

The Fushimi Inari shrine was founded in 711 CE by the Hata clan and moved from its original location on the top of Mt. Inari to its present location lower down in the 9th century CE. Like several other Shinto shrines, it was administered by Buddhist monks until the formal separation of the two religions in 1873 CE. The large round stone outside the main temple represents the presence (shintai) of Inari and is flanked by a large pair of fox sculptures. The main building was, unfortunately, destroyed by fire in 1468 CE during the Onin Wars (1467-1477 CE), but it was rebuilt in 1499 CE and has since been regularly restored. The Fushimi shrine is a popular visitor attraction all year round but especially in the New Year for the Hatsumode festival and at the beginning of February for the Hatsuuma Taisai festival.

? ? ? ? ? 伏見稻荷神社建于公元711年，建設(shè)者的羽田氏；公元9世紀，該神社從稻荷山頂?shù)脑愤w至低處（現(xiàn)址）。像其他幾個神道教的神社一樣，它一直由佛教僧侶管理，直到公元1873年神道教與佛教正式分離。主廟外的大圓石代表稻荷神的存在（shintai），兩邊是一對大狐貍雕塑。遺憾的是，主建筑在公元1468年的應(yīng)仁之亂（公元1467-1477年）期間被火燒毀，它于公元1499年重建，此后定期修復(fù)。伏見稻荷神社全年都是一個受歡迎的旅游景點，特別是在新年的Hatsumode節(jié)（初詣，又稱新年參拜）和二月初的Hatsuuma Taisai節(jié)（初馬大齋）。