作者：John Haldon約翰·哈爾頓

出版商：Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

自翻：神尾智代

Portrait of a civilian Metrios — a farmer

一個(gè)平民的描寫：Metrios——農(nóng)民

????????? The effects of warfare and fighting on individuals and on local communities at different times and the evidence for the non-military perception and perspective on war have already been alluded to in earlier chapters. One of the problems of Byzantine history is the fact that the written evidence, upon which historians have to rely for knowledge of people's opinions and attitudes, was nearly always produced by members of relatively privileged social strata. We thus have very little real idea of what ordinary people - peasants, merchants, craftsmen, simple soldiers - actually thought about their world. Of course, we can try to establish through the writings of the educated something of the views and beliefs of the non-literate, or at least non-writing part of society, and we can also work out through the actions taken by certain groups at certain times something of what they thought and why. For example, while writing for a limited and very elite readership, the Princess Anna Comnena, writing early in the 12th century, presents a graphic description of the effects of warfare on the provinces in the years before her father, the emperor Alexios I, had (in her view) rescued the empire from its troubles:

（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和戰(zhàn)斗在不同時(shí)期對(duì)個(gè)人和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的影響以及非軍事對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的看法和觀點(diǎn)的證據(jù)已在前面的章節(jié)中有所提及。拜占庭歷史的問(wèn)題之一是，歷史學(xué)家必須依靠書面證據(jù)來(lái)了解人們的意見和態(tài)度，這一事實(shí)幾乎總是由相對(duì)享有特權(quán)的社會(huì)階層成員提供。 因此，我們對(duì)普通人——農(nóng)民、商人、工匠、普通士兵——實(shí)際上對(duì)他們的世界的看法知之甚少。當(dāng)然，我們可以嘗試通過(guò)受過(guò)教育的人的著作來(lái)建立一些不識(shí)字的人的觀點(diǎn)和信仰，或者至少是社會(huì)非寫作部分的觀點(diǎn)和信仰，我們也可以通過(guò)某些群體在某些時(shí)候采取的行動(dòng)來(lái)解決。某些時(shí)候他們的想法和原因。例如，在為有限且非常精英的讀者寫作時(shí)，安娜·科姆寧娜公主 (Princess Anna Comnena) 寫于 12 世紀(jì)初期，描繪了她父親阿歷克西斯一世皇帝之前幾年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)對(duì)各省的影響。（在她看來(lái)）將帝國(guó)從困境中解救出來(lái)：）

????????? Cities were wiped out, lands ravaged, all the territories of Rome were stained with blood. Some died miserably, pierced by arrow or lance; others were driven from their homes or carried off as prisoners of war ... Dread seized on all as they hurried to seek refuge from impending disaster in caves, forests, mountains and hills. There they loudly bewailed the fate of their friends ... mourned the loss of sons or grieved for their daughters ... In those days no walk of life was spared its tears and lamentation.

（城市被摧毀，土地被蹂躪，羅馬的所有領(lǐng)土都被鮮血染紅。 有的死得很慘，被箭或長(zhǎng)矛刺穿； 其他人則被趕出家園或作為戰(zhàn)俘被帶走……當(dāng)他們急忙在洞穴、森林、山脈和丘陵中躲避迫在眉睫的災(zāi)難時(shí)，恐懼籠罩著所有人。 在那里，他們大聲哀悼朋友的命運(yùn)……哀悼失去兒子或?yàn)榕畠罕础谀切┤兆永?，所有的生活都不能幸免于眼淚和悲嘆。）

????????? It is because they tended to act in large groups and in specific circumstances about which we often possess quite a lot of information, soldiers are a very good group to study in this respect. Unfortunately, less can be said through direct evidence about civilians, and so we will necessarily rely on a certain amount of hypothesis in this chapter.

（正是因?yàn)樗麄儍A向于成群結(jié)隊(duì)地行動(dòng)，而且在我們通常掌握著大量信息的特定情況下，士兵是一個(gè)非常適合研究這方面的群體。不幸的是，通過(guò)關(guān)于平民的直接證據(jù)可以說(shuō)的很少，因此我們?cè)诒菊轮斜厝粫?huì)依賴一定數(shù)量的假設(shè)。）

????????? As we saw in the previous chapter, it is clear that the presence of soldiers was rarely, if ever, welcome, except perhaps when a community or the local population at large was suffering directly from enemy attacks. Whether the army was engaged in fighting the enemy or not, whole communities or individuals might still suffer at the hands of unruly or poorly disciplined soldiers. In the 10th century, members of a small monastic community on the island of Gymnopelagesion in the Aegean were forced to abandon their homes because of the frequent seizure ('requisitioning') of their animals and crops by passing vessels of the imperial fleet. ']'here are plenty of other examples: Armenian soldiers, for instance, notorious (at least in the view of the Greek sources) for their lack of discipline and poor behaviour, were especially feared by the ordinary populace of the countryside; and an 11th-century source recounts the tale of a local girl who had been robbed by a unit of Armenian troops passing through. Byzantine writers themselves often remarked on the fact that Roman troops could be poorly disciplined and even ravage imperial territory for their supplies when these were not forthcoming or thought to be inadequate. One commentator sums up the general attitude to soldiers when he makes reference to the troublesome presence of soldiers'.

（正如我們?cè)谇耙徽轮锌吹降哪菢?，很明顯，士兵的存在很少（如果有的話）是受歡迎的，除非社區(qū)或當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰苯釉馐軘橙说囊u擊。 無(wú)論軍隊(duì)是否參與了與敵人的戰(zhàn)斗，整個(gè)社區(qū)或個(gè)人仍然可能會(huì)受到不守規(guī)矩或紀(jì)律嚴(yán)明的士兵的影響。 在 10 世紀(jì)，愛琴海 Gymnopelagesion 島上的一個(gè)小修道院社區(qū)的成員被迫放棄家園，因?yàn)樗麄兊膭?dòng)物和莊稼經(jīng)常被過(guò)往的帝國(guó)艦隊(duì)的船只沒收（“征用”）。? ']'這里還有很多其他的例子：例如，亞美尼亞士兵因缺乏紀(jì)律和不良行為而臭名昭著（至少在希臘文獻(xiàn)看來(lái)），農(nóng)村的普通民眾尤其害怕； 一個(gè) 11 世紀(jì)的消息來(lái)源講述了一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)嘏⒈灰恢愤^(guò)的亞美尼亞軍隊(duì)搶劫的故事。 拜占庭作家自己經(jīng)常評(píng)論這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即羅馬軍隊(duì)可能缺乏紀(jì)律，甚至在供應(yīng)不足或被認(rèn)為不足的情況下肆虐帝國(guó)領(lǐng)土。 一位評(píng)論家在提到士兵的麻煩存在時(shí)總結(jié)了對(duì)士兵的普遍態(tài)度。）

????????? In the late 11th century the Archbishop Theophylact of Ohrid in the Byzantine provinces of Bulgaria complained in the strongest terms about the oppressive weight of the state demands on Church tenants. He was especially concerned with the labour demanded for the repair, maintenance or construction of fortifications, but he was equally vehement about special conscriptions for the army, which took men away from an already weakened local population. The oppressive demands of the imperial fiscal officials was often such that Theophylact remarks on the flight of considerable numbers of villagers to the forests, in order to escape such oppression. While the situation seems to have worsened in the later 11th century and afterwards, these requisitions and demands and the hardship they caused remained a major burden on the rural population of the Byzantine empire until its last years.

（在 11 世紀(jì)后期，保加利亞拜占庭省份奧赫里德的大主教 Theophylact 以最強(qiáng)烈的方式抱怨國(guó)家對(duì)教會(huì)租戶的要求過(guò)于沉重。 他特別關(guān)心維修、維護(hù)或建造防御工事所需的勞動(dòng)力，但他同樣強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注軍隊(duì)的特殊征兵，這將把人從已經(jīng)虛弱的當(dāng)?shù)厝丝谥袔ё摺?/span> 帝國(guó)財(cái)政官員的壓迫性要求往往是這樣的，以至于 Theophylact 評(píng)論大量村民逃往森林，以逃避這種壓迫。 雖然情況在 11 世紀(jì)后期及之后似乎有所惡化，但這些征用和要求及其造成的困難一直是拜占庭帝國(guó)農(nóng)村人口的主要負(fù)擔(dān)，直到其最后幾年。）

????????? As in the earlier chapter which portrayed the life of a 'typical' soldier, therefore, I will look at the daily life of an ordinary Byzantine through the eyes and experiences of an invented individual, based on a composite derived from a range of sources combined together to generate an impressionistic account: all the events described in what follows can be found in medieval sources of the period from the 7th to the 12th centuries. In this case, our subject is called Metrios — there is a short 10th-century account of a peasant farmer of this name from Paphlagonia. We will assume that he was a farmer of some means in his community, the village of Katoryaka in Paphlagonia, and the time is the middle of the 9th century. Although his village is situated only three days' travel from the large coastal fortress town of Amastris, the villagers rarely undertake this journey, partly because the roads are riot particularly safe — there were always small bands of refugees moving northwards from the most exposed frontier zones and, while many of them settled down in and around the smaller towns and fortresses of the region, there were always a few who fell into a life of banditry and brigandage. There was also the fact that Metrios could provide little from his land that villages much nearer the town could not produce, and so his markets would have tended to be located much closer to his home village. In spite of the distance from the nearest active front, Katoryaka was regularly affected by the war, lying on one of the major routes east from Dorylaion and Constantinople, a route frequently used by the army. This meant that the villagers would regularly have had to provide accommodation and board for officers and imperial officials — fiscal, military and others — who would frequently pass through while carrying out their duties. Although the disadvantages of having to put up such people was the cause of frequent grumbling, it also meant that the village was never short of news, since inevitably the attendants of the officials in question would be willing to pass on gossip to those with whom they came into contact in the course of their duties.

（因此，正如在前面描繪“典型”士兵生活的章節(jié)中一樣，我將通過(guò)一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的個(gè)人的眼睛和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看待普通拜占庭人的日常生活。 在一起形成一個(gè)印象派的描述：下面描述的所有事件都可以在 7 世紀(jì)到 12 世紀(jì)的中世紀(jì)資料中找到。 在這種情況下，我們的主題稱為 Metrios — 有一個(gè) 10 世紀(jì)的簡(jiǎn)短描述，描述了來(lái)自 Paphlagonia（帕夫拉戈尼亞） 的一位同名農(nóng)民。 我們假設(shè)他是他所在社區(qū)帕夫拉戈尼亞 Katoryaka 村的某個(gè)農(nóng)民，時(shí)間是 9 世紀(jì)中葉。 盡管他的村莊距離大型沿海堡壘城鎮(zhèn)阿馬斯特里斯只有三天的路程，但村民們很少踏上這段旅程，部分原因是道路特別安全——總是有一小群難民從最暴露的邊境地區(qū)向北遷移 而且，雖然他們中的許多人在該地區(qū)的小城鎮(zhèn)和堡壘及其周圍安頓下來(lái)，但總有一些人陷入了土匪和強(qiáng)盜的生活。 還有一個(gè)事實(shí)是，Metrios 幾乎無(wú)法從他的土地上提供距離城鎮(zhèn)更近的村莊無(wú)法生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，因此他的市場(chǎng)往往更靠近他的家鄉(xiāng)。 盡管距離最近的活躍前線有一定距離，但Katoryaka 經(jīng)常受到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響，位于Dorylaion 和君士坦丁堡以東的主要路線之一，這是軍隊(duì)經(jīng)常使用的路線。 這意味著村民們將經(jīng)常不得不為官員和帝國(guó)官員——財(cái)政、軍事和其他人——提供住宿和食宿，他們?cè)趫?zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)經(jīng)常經(jīng)過(guò)。 不得不放這樣的人的壞處雖然是經(jīng)常抱怨的原因，但這也意味著村子里從來(lái)不缺消息，因?yàn)檫@些官員的隨從不可避免地愿意把八卦傳給他們身邊的人。 在他們的工作過(guò)程中接觸過(guò)。）

????????? We encounter Metrios at the beginning of an important week. In the first place, it is the feast of the patron saint of the village, St Mokios, and the villagers traditionally have a fair, with a market and a great deal of feasting, culminating in a liturgical celebration in the village church conducted by the local bishop, who has travelled down specially for the occasion. The fair attracts a good number of villagers from the neighbouring communities who come both to join in the festivities and to help any relatives they may have — many of the village girls marry young men from neighbouring settlements — as well as a sizeable number of traders and merchants who come, often considerable distances, with their trains of pack-mules to sell their wares or buy goods that cannot be found elsewhere. It is a good time for the villagers. They can buy goods from the traders whom they only rarely see in their village, in spite of its location on a major route; they can exchange gossip and news; there is the chance for the youngsters to expand their social horizons, and for the young men and women to eye one another up！By far the most interesting visitors to the fair for most villagers are the traders, especially those from far away, distant provinces within the empire bringing the luxury products of those regions — Pontic cloths from the region around Trehizond far to the east, leather goods from Cappadocia in the south, spices and exotic medicines from Syria and the lands further to the east that few of the villagers had even heard of, still less visited themselves. Knowledge of such places came from merchants alone and the occasional slave or former prisoner of the Arabs who had obtained his release by some means or other.

（我們?cè)谥匾囊恢荛_始時(shí)遇到了 Metrios。 首先，它是村莊守護(hù)神圣莫基奧斯的節(jié)日，村民們傳統(tǒng)上有集市、市場(chǎng)和大量的宴席，最終在村莊教堂舉行由村民主持的禮儀慶典。 當(dāng)?shù)刂鹘?，他專門為這個(gè)場(chǎng)合而來(lái)。 集市吸引了許多來(lái)自鄰近社區(qū)的村民前來(lái)參加慶?；顒?dòng)并幫助他們可能擁有的任何親戚——許多村里的女孩嫁給了來(lái)自鄰近定居點(diǎn)的年輕人——以及大量的商人和 商人，通常是長(zhǎng)途跋涉，帶著一隊(duì)馱騾來(lái)出售他們的商品或購(gòu)買在別處找不到的商品。 這是村民們的好時(shí)光。 他們可以從他們村里很少見到的商人那里購(gòu)買商品，盡管它位于一條主要路線上； 他們可以交流八卦和新聞； 年輕人有機(jī)會(huì)拓寬社會(huì)視野，青年男女有機(jī)會(huì)互相關(guān)注！ 到目前為止，大多數(shù)村民最感興趣的參觀者是商人，尤其是來(lái)自遙遠(yuǎn)省份的商人 帝國(guó)內(nèi)部帶來(lái)了這些地區(qū)的奢侈品——來(lái)自遠(yuǎn)東特雷希宗附近地區(qū)的龐蒂克布料、來(lái)自南部卡帕多西亞的皮革制品、來(lái)自敘利亞的香料和異國(guó)藥物以及更遠(yuǎn)的東部土地，那里幾乎沒有村民擁有 就算聽說(shuō)過(guò)，自己也很少去拜訪。 這些地方的知識(shí)僅來(lái)自商人和偶爾通過(guò)某種方式獲得釋放的阿拉伯人的奴隸或前囚犯。）

????????? Metrios himself faces two problems this week. In the first place, he has to take his two mules to the neighbouring village of Palaiokastro to collect his injured nephew, a soldier hurt in an accident, and whom he has undertaken to look after, and at the same time purchase some products he cannot get in his own village — his own village produces olives and olive oil in abundance, but goodquality wine, a well-known product of Palaiokastro, is difficult to come by and Metrios wishes to stock up in this respect (the fact that Metrios possesses two mules, incidentally, is a sign of his relative wealth — a good mule could cost as much as 12 or even 15 gold nomismata, the basic gold coin and unit of account of the Byzantine world). In addition, he has been informed by a passing government official that he will be required to put up an officer of a unit passing through the area during the week of the fair. This is his second problem, for he must provide food and a bed for this visitor and his servant as well as fodder for their animals, and if he wishes to avoid having problems he must ensure that his hospitality is appreciated by the officer in question.

（本周，Metrios 本人面臨兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。 首先，他得帶著他的兩只騾子到鄰近的Palaiokastro村去接他受傷的侄子，一個(gè)在事故中受傷的士兵，并承諾照顧他，同時(shí)購(gòu)買一些他無(wú)法購(gòu)買的產(chǎn)品 進(jìn)入他自己的村莊——他自己的村莊出產(chǎn)豐富的橄欖和橄欖油，但優(yōu)質(zhì)的葡萄酒，Palaiokastro 的知名產(chǎn)品，很難獲得，Metrios 希望在這方面儲(chǔ)備（事實(shí)上，Metrios 順便說(shuō)一下，擁有兩只騾子是他相對(duì)財(cái)富的標(biāo)志——一頭好的騾子可能要花費(fèi) 12 甚至 15 金幣，這是拜占庭世界的基本金幣和記賬單位）。此外，一位路過(guò)的政府官員告訴他，他將被要求在展會(huì)的一周內(nèi)安排一名經(jīng)過(guò)該地區(qū)的單位的官員。 這是他的第二個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樗仨殲檫@位訪客和他的仆人提供食物和床鋪，并為他們的動(dòng)物提供飼料，如果他希望避免出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，他必須確保他的款待得到有關(guān)官員的贊賞。）

????????? Leaving his home shortly after dawn, his journey to Palaiokastro takes nearly six hours. Once there he visits the garrison where his nephew is recovering from his accident, leaves his mules with some of the soldiers, whom he pays to water them and look after them, before walking down the hill to the village, where he stops for a drink of wine with some acquaintances in the village guest-house and tavern. There he rests until the midday heat has abated, playing a couple of games of tavli (backgammon) and eating a light meal, before walking back up to the fortress to collect his mules and nephew. By late afternoon he has loaded the broad basketwork panniers on one of the two mules with large leathern bags filled with the wine he has purchased, and set off homewards. Having left it fairly late in the day, the second half of the trip is in the dark, of course, and the fear of bandits on the road gives Metrios and his nephew some cause for concern, although the latter has his sword and spear with him. But they are on a fairly well-used road, and at this particular time of the year there are still a number of other travellers to be seen, mostly on their way to his own village for the fair which begins in two days' time.

（黎明后不久離開他的家，他前往帕萊奧卡斯特羅的旅程需要將近六個(gè)小時(shí)。 在那里，他參觀了他侄子正在從事故中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)的駐軍，將他的騾子留給一些士兵，他付錢給他們澆水并照顧他們，然后下山到村莊，在那里他停下來(lái)喝一杯 和一些熟人在村里的賓館和小酒館里喝了酒。 他在那里休息，直到中午的炎熱消退，玩了幾場(chǎng) tavli（西洋雙陸棋）游戲并吃了一頓便餐，然后走回堡壘收集他的騾子和侄子。 傍晚時(shí)分，他將寬大的籃筐籃筐裝在兩只騾子中的一只上，里面裝滿了他購(gòu)買的葡萄酒的大皮袋，然后啟程回家。 當(dāng)天很晚才離開，行程的后半部分當(dāng)然是在黑暗中，對(duì)路上強(qiáng)盜的恐懼讓 Metrios 和他的侄子有些擔(dān)心，盡管后者有他的劍和長(zhǎng)矛 他。 但是他們?cè)谝粭l相當(dāng)發(fā)達(dá)的道路上，在一年中的這個(gè)特殊時(shí)期，他仍然看到了許多其他旅行者，他們大多是在前往他自己的村莊參加兩天后開始的集市的路上。）

????????? Metrios has a day to prepare for the arrival of his unbidden military guest, but he finds a good deal of commotion on returning to the village. It appears that during his absence another train of imperial fiscal officials had arrived and, presenting a series of documents to the village headman, informed the villagers that, in view of the military expedition being planned for the summer that year, they would have to produce an extra supply of grain and olive oil for the army. The village had already paid its regular tax demands for the year, so this imposition, coming as it did at the time of the fair, was especially unwelcome. Katoryaka was not a poor community, unlike those higher up in the mountains to the south, so the burden could at least be managed without substantial suffering.

（Metrios 有一天時(shí)間為不速之客的到來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備，但他發(fā)現(xiàn)返回村莊時(shí)發(fā)生了很多騷動(dòng)。 看來(lái)，在他不在的時(shí)候，又來(lái)了一列皇家財(cái)官，向村長(zhǎng)出示了一系列的文件，通知村民，鑒于當(dāng)年夏天的軍事遠(yuǎn)征計(jì)劃，他們將不得不生產(chǎn) 為軍隊(duì)提供額外的谷物和橄欖油。 該村已經(jīng)繳納了當(dāng)年的常規(guī)稅收要求，因此這種征收，就像在集市時(shí)一樣，特別不受歡迎。 與南部山區(qū)較高的社區(qū)不同，Katoryaka 并不是一個(gè)貧窮的社區(qū)，因此至少可以在不遭受實(shí)質(zhì)性痛苦的情況下管理負(fù)擔(dān)。）

????????? Unfortunately, the tax officer in charge of this extra assessment was a particularly unpleasant sort, and made a lot of extra demands in terms of hospitality and 'gifts' from the village. With his own military escort and the additional presence of a unit of regular troops passing through the village, the inhabitants had little option to paying up and getting rid of the official in question as quickly as possible. Inevitably, he decided to prolong his stay to include the fair.

（不幸的是，負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)額外評(píng)估的稅務(wù)官員是一個(gè)特別令人討厭的類型，并提出了許多額外的要求，如好客和來(lái)自村莊的“禮物”。由于有他自己的軍隊(duì)護(hù)送，再加上有一支正規(guī)軍部隊(duì)經(jīng)過(guò)村子，村民們幾乎沒有辦法盡快付錢把那個(gè)官員打發(fā)走。不可避免地，他決定延長(zhǎng)逗留時(shí)間，把集市也包括在內(nèi)。）

????????? The arrival of the officer took place the evening of the day before the fair. Metrios and his wife and daughter - his son had married some years earlier and had only recently moved into his own house on the other side of the village - greeted the officer politely and after offering him the usual gift of wine and bread showed him to his quarters. The two servants were billeted in the outhouse which served as a storehouse and occasional shelter for the mules. Fortunately, the officer seemed a pleasant sort of man who demanded only what was his due, greatly to the relief of Metrios and his family - particularly the daughter: the reputation of soldiers, and officers in particular, was only too well known. That evening the family went to the village church for a mass preparatory to the fair and to mark the inauguration of the feast of the village's patron saint, and the officer accompanied them. The village priest, a relatively learned man for such a humble position, chose as the text for his homily a passage from the writings of Anastasios of Sinai, a famous holy man of a couple of centuries ago, on the dangers to the soul posed by lack of attention and piety during the holy liturgy: men staring at the women in the gallery (or at the back of the church in the case of Metrios' village); chattering and discussing matters of business or village gossip while ignoring the priest; and rushing out at the end of the service as though chased by dogs. The congregation listened attentively and soberly - but the attractions of preparing for the fair were too much, and the rush to leave the church at the end of the service was just what father Efthymios did not want to see.

（官員的到來(lái)發(fā)生在博覽會(huì)前一天的晚上。? Metrios 和他的妻子和女兒——他的兒子幾年前結(jié)婚，最近才搬進(jìn)村子另一邊的自己的房子——禮貌地向警官打招呼，并在向他提供了通常的酒和面包禮物后，向他展示了 宿舍。 這兩個(gè)仆人被安置在外屋里，外屋是騾子的倉(cāng)庫(kù)和偶爾的住所。 幸運(yùn)的是，這位軍官似乎是一個(gè)討人喜歡的人，他只要求他應(yīng)得的東西，這讓 Metrios 和他的家人——尤其是女兒——大為寬慰：士兵的名聲，尤其是軍官的名聲，實(shí)在是太廣為人知了。 那天晚上，一家人去村里的教堂為集市做群眾準(zhǔn)備，并慶祝村里守護(hù)神的盛宴開幕，官員陪同。 村里的牧師是一位相對(duì)博學(xué)的人，地位如此卑微，他選擇了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)前著名的圣人西奈的阿納斯塔西奧斯 (Anastasios of Sinai) 的著作中的一段話作為他的講道文本，關(guān)于 在神圣的禮儀中缺乏關(guān)注和虔誠(chéng)：男人盯著畫廊里的女人（或者在 Metrios 村的情況下盯著教堂的后面）； 喋喋不休地談?wù)撋虡I(yè)或鄉(xiāng)村八卦，而忽視牧師； 并在服務(wù)結(jié)束時(shí)像被狗追趕一樣沖出去。 會(huì)眾認(rèn)真而冷靜地聽著——但為集會(huì)做準(zhǔn)備的吸引力太大了，而在禮拜結(jié)束時(shí)匆忙離開教堂正是埃夫西米奧斯神父不想看到的。）

未完待續(xù)