語(yǔ)法王:考研/雅思句子分析(2023年6月26日)
Studies of the teeth of Natufians also strongly suggest that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them, but they were also still hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones.
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這個(gè)句子的難點(diǎn)在于對(duì)并列連詞所并列成分的分析,尤其是and in the process of domesticating them這部分。
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連詞分為兩種:并列連詞和從屬連詞。從屬連詞的使用方式比較簡(jiǎn)單,從屬連詞+句子構(gòu)成狀語(yǔ)從句,用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子,給整個(gè)句子添加信息。并列連詞用來(lái)并列前后兩個(gè)或者多個(gè)相同詞性、相同等級(jí)、相同句子成分的結(jié)構(gòu)。關(guān)于并列連詞,我前面講過(guò)很多遍了,我再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)一遍,并列連詞是用來(lái)并列的,不是用來(lái)連接的,并列、并列、并列,只要遇到并列連詞,你的思維定勢(shì)就是去思考和分析它并列的是什么,并列的是什么,并列的是什么。
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第一個(gè)and不難分析,并列的前后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分,specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them,第二個(gè)and并列的成分非常不好分析,and in the process of domesticating them,and后面這個(gè)介詞詞是和前面的什么成分進(jìn)行并列呢?這個(gè)地方第一反應(yīng)肯定是往前找一個(gè)可以和它并列的介詞詞組,但是,前面沒(méi)有可以和它相并列的介詞詞組,in collecting cereals ,這個(gè)不是介詞詞組,這是不及物動(dòng)詞specialized +介詞in+賓語(yǔ) collecting cereals,而且,它們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)義上也并列不起來(lái),而且,它們之間相隔了太多東西。
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(that)these people specialized in collecting cereals? and ?may have been cultivating them ?and? in the process of domesticating them,我們把that后面這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句單獨(dú)摘出來(lái)看一下,第一個(gè)and并列的是specialized in collecting cereals和may have been cultivating them,這是并列的句子除了主語(yǔ)之外的謂語(yǔ)部分,而and后面的in the process of domesticating them前面其實(shí)是省略了和前面相同的may have been,也就是:
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may have been cultivating them? and (may have been) in the process of domesticating them
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這里and并列的是may have been cultivating them和(may have been) in the process of domesticating them,也就是說(shuō),第二個(gè)and并列的也是前后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分,前面部分是may have been cultivating them(及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)),后面部分是may have been in the process of domesticating them(系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)),只不過(guò)前后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)有重復(fù)的may have been,所以省略了。這個(gè)情況很特殊,非常不好分析。
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也就是說(shuō),這個(gè)that賓語(yǔ)從句其實(shí)是一個(gè)主語(yǔ),三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分,分別是:
these people specialized in collecting cereals
and (these people) may have been cultivating them
and (these people may have been) in the process of domesticating them
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所以,but前面部分的句子分析可以是這樣的:
Studies of the teeth of Natufians (主語(yǔ),名詞詞組)also strongly suggest (動(dòng)詞部分,單賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞)that(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,名詞性從句) these people(主語(yǔ)) specialized(賓從動(dòng)詞1,不及物動(dòng)詞) in(介詞) collecting cereals(賓語(yǔ),-ing分詞詞組) and(并列連詞,并列前后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分) may have been cultivating(賓從動(dòng)詞2) them(賓語(yǔ)) and(并列連詞,并列前后兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分) in the process of domesticating them(介詞詞組,做表語(yǔ))?
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另外,may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them,這部分的翻譯,對(duì)于有些同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō),也不容易。我們需要清晰地意識(shí)到:作者在寫(xiě)這部分內(nèi)容的時(shí)候,肯定是多一個(gè)單詞也不行,少一個(gè)單詞也不行的,每一個(gè)單詞都有每一個(gè)單詞的用途,你在閱讀和理解的時(shí)候,能夠體會(huì)到這些嗎,作者所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,你能get到多少?
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may(可能) have(已經(jīng),助動(dòng)詞表示完成) been(在,助動(dòng)詞,表示進(jìn)行) cultivating them and(并) in(處于...之中,介詞) the process of domesticating them(馴化它們的過(guò)程)
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所以,這部分的翻譯可以是:可能已經(jīng)在種植它們并處于馴化它們的過(guò)程中。
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然后分析,but后面部分:
這里的but也是并列連詞,這個(gè)并列連詞前后并列的部分也不好分析,也算是比較難,但是,沒(méi)有前面那個(gè)and那么難。這里的but并列的是前后兩個(gè)句子,因?yàn)楹竺婧苊黠@是個(gè)句子,關(guān)鍵是去看和前面哪個(gè)句子并列,從語(yǔ)義上去推敲就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),這里but并列的就是 that后面的這兩個(gè)句子,因?yàn)閎ut后面的內(nèi)容,也是對(duì)納圖芬人牙齒的研究所顯示的內(nèi)容。也就是說(shuō),這里that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,是并列連詞but并列的兩個(gè)句子共同構(gòu)成的:
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主語(yǔ):Studies of the teeth of Natufians
動(dòng)詞:also strongly suggest
賓語(yǔ):that these people specialized in collecting cereals and may have been cultivating them and in the process of domesticating them, but they were also still hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones.
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But后面這部分整體是一個(gè)主系表句型:
主語(yǔ):they
系動(dòng)詞:were also still,also和still都是副詞,都是修飾前面的系動(dòng)詞were。副詞修飾系動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)候,詞位是位于系動(dòng)詞be的后面,這里就是這種情況,were also still的意思是“也仍然是、還仍然是”,和我們漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)順序剛好相反。
表語(yǔ):hunter-foragers who intensively hunted gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones,這是“名詞hunter-foragers + who定語(yǔ)從句”構(gòu)成的一個(gè)名詞詞組,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的名詞。
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在后面這個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中:
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Who(主語(yǔ)) intensively hunted(動(dòng)詞) gazelle and deer in more lush areas and wild goats and equids in more arid zones(賓語(yǔ)).
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這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中三個(gè)and ,分別并列的是:
And 1并列 gazelle and deer
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And 2 并列g(shù)azelle and deer in more lush areas和wild goats and equids in more arid zones這兩個(gè)作賓語(yǔ)的名詞詞組
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And 3 并列wild goats and equids
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譯文(僅供參考):對(duì)納圖夫亞人牙齒的研究亦強(qiáng)烈表明:納圖夫亞人專門(mén)采集谷物,可能已經(jīng)在種植它們并處于馴化它們的過(guò)程中;然而,納圖夫亞人還仍然是狩獵者,他們?cè)诓菽据^為茂盛之地廣泛獵殺羚羊與小鹿,并在較為干旱的地方捕獵野山羊與馬。

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