【文獻速遞】【Nature】【2022年】【2月】
聲明：本專欄主要對生命科學領域的一些期刊文章標題進行翻譯，所有內(nèi)容均由本人手工整理翻譯。由于本人專業(yè)為生物分析相關，其他領域如果出現(xiàn)翻譯錯誤請諒解。
The cover shows the feather-like wings of the tiny beetle Paratuposa placentis. How fast an animal can fly is usually dictated by its size: the larger the animal, the faster it flies. But at just 395 micrometres big, P. placentis bucks this trend by flying as fast as insects three times its size. In this week’s issue, Alexey Polilov and his colleagues reveal how it achieves such a feat. The researchers generated 3D reconstructions of the structure and motion of the beetle’s wings. They found that the insect moves its light, bristled wings in a very broad figure-of-eight loop and that the overall amplitude of its wing strokes is increased. The team suggests that the adaptations could help to explain the evolutionary success of extremely small insects.
封面展示了小甲蟲 Paratuposa placentis 的羽毛狀翅膀。 動物能飛多快通常取決于它的體型：動物越大，飛得越快。 但只有 395 微米大的 P. placentis 逆勢而行，飛行速度相當于其三倍大小的昆蟲。 在本周的期刊中，Alexey Polilov 和他的同事揭示了它是如何實現(xiàn)這一壯舉的。 研究人員對甲蟲翅膀的結構和運動進行了 3D 重建。 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種昆蟲以非常寬的 8 字形循環(huán)移動其輕盈的剛毛翅膀，并且其翅膀擊打的整體幅度增加了。 該團隊表示，這些適應性可能有助于解釋極小昆蟲的成功進化。
推動力
Many potential applications for artificial intelligence require making real-time decisions. Car racing, in which drivers must undertake complex tactical manoeuvres while controlling their vehicle at its performance limits, represents just such a challenge. In this week’s issue, Peter Wurman and his colleagues present an AI agent called Gran Turismo Sophy (GT Sophy) that can outcompete world champion-level human players in the PlayStation 4 racing game Gran Turismo Sport. The researchers used deep reinforcement learning to teach GT Sophy how to race. GT Sophy subsequently won head-to-head competitions against four of the world’s best Gran Turismo Sport drivers, racing over three car and track combinations. The team suggests the results could improve simulations used to train drivers and could also have applications in systems such as aerial drones and self-driving vehicles.
人工智能的許多潛在應用都需要做出實時決策。 在賽車中，駕駛員必須在將車輛控制在其性能極限的同時進行復雜的戰(zhàn)術操作，這就是這樣一種挑戰(zhàn)。 在本周的雜志中，Peter Wurman 和他的同事介紹了一個名為 Gran Turismo Sophy (GT Sophy) 的 AI 代理，它可以在 PlayStation 4 賽車游戲 Gran Turismo Sport 中擊敗世界冠軍級別的人類玩家。 研究人員使用深度強化學習來教 GT Sophy 如何比賽。 GT Sophy 隨后贏得了與四位世界上最好的 Gran Turismo Sport 車手的正面交鋒，比賽涉及三種汽車和賽道組合。 該團隊表示，這些結果可以改進用于培訓駕駛員的模擬，還可以應用于空中無人機和自動駕駛汽車等系統(tǒng)。
看見紅移
Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts that Earth’s gravity will sufficiently distort space-time so that clocks at different distances from the planet will tick at different rates — an effect called gravitational redshift. In this week’s issue, Tobias Bothwell, Jun Ye and their colleagues demonstrate this effect at a sub-millimetre scale. The researchers use a cloud of ultracold strontium atoms, effectively creating a series of atomic clocks. As illustrated on the cover, the atoms are trapped in pancake-like optical traps and then interrogated by a laser. The team was able to observe a linear change in frequency — the redshift — from one side of the cloud to the other, showing that each atomic clock was ticking at a slightly different rate.
愛因斯坦的廣義相對論預測，地球的引力會充分扭曲時空，因此距地球不同距離的時鐘將以不同的速率滴答作響——這種效應稱為引力紅移。 在本周的期刊中，Tobias Bothwell、Jun Ye 和他們的同事在亞毫米尺度上展示了這種效應。 研究人員使用超冷鍶原子云，有效地創(chuàng)建了一系列原子鐘。 如封面所示，原子被困在薄餅狀的光阱中，然后被激光詢問。 該團隊能夠觀察到頻率的線性變化——紅移——從云的一側到另一側，表明每個原子鐘的滴答速度略有不同。
Omicron & 抗體
The cover shows human bronchial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, captured using a scanning electron microscope. In this week’s issue, a collection of six papers reveals key information about the ability of the highly infectious Omicron variant to evade existing vaccines. Since it was identified last November, Omicron has spread around the globe at a remarkable rate. Together, the papers in this issue show that Omicron’s high level of mutations allows it to dodge many elements of the immune response raised against it. Crucially, however, vaccines do retain some efficacy, albeit at a reduced level, while booster shots greatly enhance protection against infection and serious illness.
封面顯示感染了 SARS-CoV-2 的人類支氣管細胞，使用掃描電子顯微鏡拍攝。 在本周的期刊中，六篇論文的合集揭示了有關高傳染性 Omicron 變體逃避現(xiàn)有疫苗能力的關鍵信息。 自去年 11 月被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來，Omicron 以驚人的速度在全球傳播。 總之，本期的論文表明，Omicron 的高水平突變使其能夠躲避針對它產(chǎn)生的免疫反應的許多因素。 然而，至關重要的是，疫苗確實保留了一些效力，盡管水平有所降低，而加強針大大增強了對感染和嚴重疾病的保護。
1.A subset of immune-system T cells branded as seeds for type 1 diabetes
免疫系統(tǒng)T細胞的子集，將其標記為1型糖尿病的種子
2.Lost magnetism pinned on atomic rotations
失去的磁性固定在原子旋轉上
3.Important genomic regions mutate less often than do other regions
重要的基因組區(qū)域的突變頻率少于其他區(qū)域
4.Search for single magnetic charges in the largest of fields
在最大的字段中搜索單磁電荷
5.Reproducibility in the fabrication and physics of moiré materials
Moiré材料的制造和物理學的可重復性
6.An open science study of ageing in companion dogs
一項關于同伴狗衰老的開放科學研究
7.Microwave background temperature at a redshift of 6.34 from H2O absorption
從H2O吸收的6.34紅移的微波背景溫度
8.Search for magnetic monopoles produced via the Schwinger mechanism
搜索通過Schwinger機制生產(chǎn)的磁單孔
9.Domain-wall dynamics in Bose–Einstein condensates with synthetic gauge fields
Bose-Einstein中的域壁動力學與合成規(guī)場凝結
10.Polarized phonons carry angular momentum in ultrafast demagnetization
極化聲子在超快速反應中攜帶角動量
11.Selective sulfidation of metal compounds
金屬化合物的選擇性硫化
12.Fluctuation-induced quantum friction in nanoscale water flows
波動引起的納米級水流中的量子摩擦
13.Irreversible synthesis of an ultrastrong two-dimensional polymeric material
超強二維聚合材料的不可逆合成
14.Novel flight style and light wings boost flight performance of tiny beetles
新穎的飛行風格和輕翅增強了小甲蟲的飛行性能
15.Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana
突變偏見反映了擬南芥中的自然選擇
16.Malaria protection due to sickle haemoglobin depends on parasite genotype
鐮狀血紅蛋白引起的瘧疾保護取決于寄生蟲基因型
17.Androgens increase excitatory neurogenic potential in human brain organoids
雄激素增加了人腦類器官中的興奮性神經(jīng)源性潛力
18.A speech planning network for interactive language use
互動語言使用的語音計劃網(wǎng)絡
19.Toroidal topology of population activity in grid cells
網(wǎng)格細胞中種群活性的環(huán)形拓撲
20.Brahma safeguards canalization of cardiac mesoderm differentiation
心臟中胚層分化的Brahma保障措施
21.Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics
甲氧西林耐藥性的出現(xiàn)早于抗生素的臨床使用
22.Petabase-scale sequence alignment catalyses viral discovery
Petabase尺度序列比對催化病毒發(fā)現(xiàn)
23.Signature of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection
急性SARS-COV-2感染中長壽記憶CD8+ T細胞的簽名
24.An autoimmune stem-like CD8 T cell population drives type 1 diabetes
自身免疫性莖狀CD8 T細胞種群驅(qū)動1型糖尿病
25.Life histories of myeloproliferative neoplasms inferred from phylogenies
從系統(tǒng)發(fā)育推斷出的骨髓增生性腫瘤的生命史
26.No freshwater-filled glacial Arctic Ocean
沒有充滿淡水的冰川北極海洋
27.Reply to: No freshwater-filled glacial Arctic Ocean
回復：沒有充滿淡水的冰川北極海洋
28.Rainfall an unlikely factor in Kīlauea’s 2018 rift eruption
降雨不太可能是Kīlauea2018 Rift爆發(fā)的因素
29.Reply to: Rainfall an unlikely factor in Kīlauea’s 2018 rift eruption
回復：降雨不太可能是Kīlauea2018 Rift爆發(fā)的因素
30.Neural networks overtake humans in Gran Turismo racing game
在Gran Turismo賽車游戲中神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡超越人類
31.A hard graft problem solved for key global food crops
硬移植問題用于解決全球關鍵糧食作物問題
32.Electrons go loopy in a family of superconductors
電子在一個超導體家族中循環(huán)
33.From the archive
來自檔案
34.Inflammation in the gut is encoded by neurons in the brain
腸道中的炎癥由大腦中的神經(jīng)元編碼
35.A white dwarf accreting planetary material determined from X-ray observations
由X射線觀測確定的白矮人積聚的行星材料
36.Outracing champion Gran Turismo drivers with deep reinforcement learning
憑借深厚的加強學習的冠軍Gran Turismo司機
37.Evidence for the association of triatomic molecules in ultracold 23Na40K?+?40K mixtures
三位星分子在超冷23NA40K+40K混合物中的締合的證據(jù)
38.Real-space visualization of intrinsic magnetic fields of an antiferromagnet
抗鐵磁鐵的內(nèi)在磁場的真實空間可視化
39.Ferroelectric incommensurate spin crystals
鐵電不良自旋晶體
40.Time-reversal symmetry-breaking charge order in a kagome superconductor
kagome超導體中的時間反轉對稱性充電順序
41.A highly distorted ultraelastic chemically complex Elinvar alloy
高度扭曲的超拉伸化學復雜的Elinvar合金
42.Superionic iron alloys and their seismic velocities in Earth’s inner core
超級離子鐵合金及其地球核心的地震速度
43.A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data
哺乳動物進化的物種水平時間表整合系統(tǒng)基因組數(shù)據(jù)
44.Autism genes converge on asynchronous development of shared neuron classes
自閉癥基因融合了共享神經(jīng)元類的異步發(fā)展
45.Cortical preparatory activity indexes learned motor memories
皮質(zhì)預備活動指數(shù)學會的電機記憶
46.Monocotyledonous plants graft at the embryonic root–shoot interface
單子葉植物移植處的胚胎根 - 絲界面
47.Morphogen gradient scaling by recycling of intracellular Dpp
通過回收細胞內(nèi)DPP的形態(tài)梯度縮放
48.The N501Y spike substitution enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission
N501Y SPIKE替換增強了SARS-COV-2感染和傳播
49.Enhanced fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Delta P681R mutation
SARS-COV-2 DELTA P681R突變的增強的融合性和致病性
50.Enhanced fitness of SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Alpha but not Beta
SARS-COV-2的適應性增強了關注Alpha的變體，而不是Beta
51.Broadly neutralizing antibodies target a haemagglutinin anchor epitope
廣泛中和抗體的靶向血凝素錨錨表位
52.Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults
兒童和成人對SARS-COV-2感染的局部和全身反應
53.Activation mechanism of PINK1
pink1的激活機制
54.Crystallographic snapshots of a B12-dependent radical SAM methyltransferase
B12依賴性自由基SAM甲基轉移酶的晶體學快照
55.Structure of a B12-dependent radical SAM enzyme in carbapenem biosynthesis
B12依賴性自由基SAM酶在碳青霉烯生物合成中的結構
56.Ear anatomy traces a family tree for bats
耳朵解剖學追蹤蝙蝠的家譜
57.Identification of human and mosquito receptors for alphaviruses
鑒定α病毒的人和蚊子受體
58.The glowing dusty heart of a hidden quasar
隱藏類星體的塵土飛揚的心臟
59.Atomic clouds stabilized to measure dilation of time
原子云穩(wěn)定以測量時間的擴張
60.Towards enduring autonomous robots via embodied energy
通過具身能量維持自主機器人
61.Thermal imaging of dust hiding the black hole in NGC 1068
NGC 1068中隱藏黑洞的灰塵的熱成像
62.Nuclear spin-wave quantum register for a solid-state qubit
核自旋波量子寄存器 用于固態(tài)量子比特
63.Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning
通過強化學習對Tokamak等離子體的磁控制
64.Resolving the gravitational redshift across a millimetre-scale atomic sample
在毫米級原子樣品中解析重力紅移
65.Differential clock comparisons with a multiplexed optical lattice clock
差分鐘與多路復用光晶格時鐘的比較
66.Scaling of the strange-metal scattering in unconventional superconductors
在非常規(guī)超導體中奇怪金屬散射的縮放
67.Hydrogen trapping and embrittlement in high-strength Al alloys
高強度合金中的氫氣捕獲和封閉
68.Warming weakens the night-time barrier to global fire
變暖削弱了全球大火的夜間障礙
69.Evolution of inner ear neuroanatomy of bats and implications for echolocation
蝙蝠的內(nèi)耳神經(jīng)解剖學的演變及其對回聲定位的影響
70.Genome-edited powdery mildew resistance in wheat without growth penalties
基因組編輯的白粉病抵抗小麥沒有生長損失
71.Moving bar of light evokes vectorial spatial selectivity in the immobile rat hippocampus
移動的光線喚起了固定大鼠海馬中的矢量空間選擇性
72.Sensory representation and detection mechanisms of gut osmolality change
腸滲透壓變化的感覺表示和檢測機制
73.VLDLR and ApoER2 are receptors for multiple alphaviruses
VLDLR和APOER2是多個α病毒的受體
74.SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer
自由白尾鹿中的SARS-COV-2感染
75.Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2
SARS-COV-2增強先天免疫逃避的進化
76.Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B cleaves GSDMA and triggers pyroptosis
鏈球菌熱毒素B裂解GSDMA，并觸發(fā)凋亡
77.Decade-long leukaemia remissions with persistence of CD4+ CAR T cells
使用持久性CD4+ CAR T細胞恢復長期的白血病
78.Mapping clustered mutations in cancer reveals APOBEC3 mutagenesis of ecDNA
癌癥中的映射聚類突變揭示了eCDNA的apobec3誘變
79.Glioblastoma mutations alter EGFR dimer structure to prevent ligand bias
膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤突變改變EGFR二聚體結構以防止配體偏置
80.A backbone-centred energy function of neural networks for protein design
蛋白質(zhì)設計神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡的骨干為中心的能量功能
81.Mechanisms of inhibition and activation of extrasynaptic αβ GABAA receptors
抑制作用和激活外交鏈αβGABAA受體的機制
82.Atomic changes can map subterranean structures
原子變化可以繪制地下結構
83.Unwinding the mutational signatures of a DNA topoisomerase enzyme
松弛DNA拓撲異構酶的突變特征
84.Fragile nanosheets stripped from crystals
從晶體中剝離的脆弱納米片
85.Radio bursts from among the oldest stars
最古老的星星中的電波爆發(fā)
86.A repeating fast radio burst source in a globular cluster
在球狀群集中重復的快速電波爆發(fā)來源
87.Quantum sensing for gravity cartography
重力制圖的量子傳感
88.Hyperbolic shear polaritons in low-symmetry crystals
低對稱晶體中的雙曲線剪力層
89.Evidence for a single-layer van der Waals multiferroic
單層范德華多鐵性證據(jù)
90.Free-standing homochiral 2D monolayers by exfoliation of molecular crystals
通過剝落分子晶體的獨立式同型2D單層
91.Emergent constraints on future precipitation changes
對未來降水變化的緊急限制
92.Observed poleward freshwater transport since 1970
自1970年以來觀察到的極發(fā)淡水運輸
93.Signatures of TOP1 transcription-associated mutagenesis in cancer and germline
癌癥和種系中TOP1轉錄相關誘變的特征
94.A nutrient-specific gut hormone arbitrates between courtship and feeding
營養(yǎng)特定的腸道激素在求愛和喂養(yǎng)之間進行仲裁
95.A discrete neuronal population coordinates brain-wide developmental activity
離散的神經(jīng)元種群協(xié)調(diào)腦范圍的發(fā)育活動
96.A gut-derived metabolite alters brain activity and anxiety behaviour in mice
腸道衍生的代謝物改變了小鼠的大腦活動和焦慮行為
97.Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization
Omicron 廣泛但不完全逃脫輝瑞B(yǎng)NT162B2中和
98.Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies
Omicron逃脫了大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有的SARS-COV-2中和抗體
99.Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift
廣泛中和抗體克服SARS-COV-2 OMICRON抗原轉移
100.Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization
SARS-COV-2 OMICRON相當大的抗體中和逃避
101.Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2
SARS-COV-2的OMICRON變體表現(xiàn)出醒目的抗體逃避
102.Activity of convalescent and vaccine serum against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
康復和疫苗血清與SARS-COV-2 Omicron的活性
103.Early prediction of preeclampsia in pregnancy with cell-free RNA
早期預測無細胞RNA妊娠前啟示性的預測
104.Visualizing protein breathing motions associated with aromatic ring flipping
可視化與芳香環(huán)翻轉相關的蛋白質(zhì)呼吸運動
105.Mechanism-based traps enable protease and hydrolase substrate discovery
基于機理的陷阱可實現(xiàn)蛋白酶和水解酶底物發(fā)現(xiàn)
