太忙了一直沒(méi)更新，非常抱歉！

31『FLECT』

FLECT comes from flectere, the Latin verb meaning "to bend." The root sometimes takes the form flex-. Things that are flexible can be bent, and when you flex a muscle, you're usually bending a limb-which, as a trainer at the gym will tell you, requires the use of flexor muscles.

FLECT來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞flectere，意思是“彎曲”。詞根有時(shí)采用flex-的形式。柔韌的東西可以彎曲，當(dāng)你彎曲肌肉時(shí)，你通常是在彎曲肢體，正如健身房的教練告訴你的那樣，這需要使用屈肌。

deflect ? [d??flekt]

v.偏轉(zhuǎn);轉(zhuǎn)移;(尤指擊中某物后)偏斜,轉(zhuǎn)向,使偏斜,使轉(zhuǎn)向;引開(kāi);阻止(某人做已決定做的事)

To turn aside, especially from a straight or fixed course.

轉(zhuǎn)向一邊，尤指從直線(xiàn)或固定路線(xiàn)上轉(zhuǎn)向一邊。

The stealth technology used on bombers and fighter jets works by deflecting radar energy, making them "invisible."

轟炸機(jī)和戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)上使用的隱形技術(shù)通過(guò)偏轉(zhuǎn)雷達(dá)能量，使其“隱形”。

Use of the physical meaning of deflect is common. Thus, a soccer goalie's save might involve deflecting the ball rather than catching it, and workers wear eye shields to deflect tiny particles flying out of machines. But the nonphysical meaning may be even more common. A Hollywood actress might deflect criticism about her personal life by giving lavishly to charity, for example, and we’ve all tried to change the subject to deflect a question we really didn’t want to answer.

偏轉(zhuǎn)常用于其物理意義。因此，足球守門(mén)員的撲救可能涉及偏轉(zhuǎn)球，而不是接球，工作人員戴上眼罩來(lái)避開(kāi)從機(jī)器中飛出的微小顆粒。但非物理意義可能更為普遍。例如，一位好萊塢女演員可能會(huì)通過(guò)向慈善機(jī)構(gòu)慷慨捐款來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)她個(gè)人生活的批評(píng)，而我們都試圖改變?cè)掝}，以轉(zhuǎn)移一個(gè)我們真的不想回答的問(wèn)題。

reflective ? [r??flekt?v]

adj.反思的;沉思的;深思的;(指物體表面)反射熱的，反光的;典型的;代表性的;體現(xiàn)狀態(tài)(或本質(zhì))的

(1) Capable of reflecting light, images, or sound waves. (2) Thoughtful.

(1) 能夠反射光、圖像或聲波的。(2) 深思熟慮的。

He likes action movies and going out drinking with friends, but when you get to know him you realize he's basically reflective and serious.

他喜歡動(dòng)作片，喜歡和朋友出去喝酒，但當(dāng)你了解他時(shí)，你會(huì)意識(shí)到他實(shí)際上是深沉和認(rèn)真的。

Reflective people are people who reflect on things-that is, look back at things that have been done or said in order to think calmly and quietly about them. Most reflective people would agree with Socrates that (as he told the jury that would soon sentence him to death) "The unexamined life is not worth living." Reflective people tend to be a bit philosophical and intellectual. But almost everyone has reflective moods; gazing into a fireplace or a campfire seems to do it to almost everyone.

善于反思的人是指對(duì)事情進(jìn)行反思的人，也就是說(shuō)，回顧已經(jīng)做過(guò)或說(shuō)過(guò)的事情，以便平靜、安靜地思考這些事情。大多數(shù)善于思考的人都會(huì)同意蘇格拉底的觀點(diǎn)，即(正如他告訴向隨后判處他死刑的陪審團(tuán)所說(shuō)的)“未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)的生活不值得活下去?！鄙朴诜此嫉娜送悬c(diǎn)哲學(xué)和智慧。但幾乎每個(gè)人都有反思的情緒；凝視壁爐或篝火似乎幾乎是每個(gè)人沉思的方式。

genuflect ? [?d?enjuflekt]

vi.(在教堂禮拜時(shí))跪拜，單膝跪拜;卑躬屈膝

To kneel on one knee and then rise as an act of respect.

單膝跪下，然后起立以示尊重。

At religious shrines in China, pilgrims may not only genuflect but actually lie down flat on the ground.

在中國(guó)的宗教圣地，朝圣者不僅可能下跪，而且可能平趴在地上。

Genuflection, which contains the root genu-, “knee,” has long been a mark of respect and obedience. King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table genuflected not only when he knighted them but whenever they greeted him formally, and this custom remains in countries today that are still ruled by royalty. In some churches, each worshipper is expected to genuflect whenever entering or leaving a pew on the central aisle.

Genufelection包含詞根genu，“膝蓋”，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直是尊重和服從的標(biāo)志。亞瑟王的圓桌騎士團(tuán)不僅在他封他們?yōu)榫羰繒r(shí)，而且在他們正式向他致意時(shí)都會(huì)下跪，這種習(xí)俗至今仍存在于仍由皇室統(tǒng)治的國(guó)家。在一些教堂，每個(gè)禮拜者無(wú)論何時(shí)進(jìn)入或離開(kāi)中央過(guò)道的長(zhǎng)椅，都要下跪。

inflection ? [?n?flek?n]

n.(尤指詞尾的)屈折變化;語(yǔ)調(diào)的抑揚(yáng)變化

(1) A change in the pitch, tone, or loudness of the voice. (2) The change in form of a word showing its case, gender, number, person, tense, mood, voice, or comparison.

(1) 音高、音調(diào)或音量的變化。(2) 一個(gè)單詞的形式變化，顯示其大小寫(xiě)、性別、數(shù)字、人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、語(yǔ)氣或?qū)Ρ取?/span>

She couldn’t understand her grandfather’s words, but she knew from his inflection that he was asking a question.

她聽(tīng)不懂祖父的話(huà)，但從他的語(yǔ)調(diào)中她知道他在問(wèn)一個(gè)問(wèn)題。

Changing the pitch, tone, or loudness of our words are ways we communicate meaning in speech, though not on the printed page. A rising inflection at the end of a sentence generally indicates a question, and a falling inflection indicates a statement, for example. Another way of inflecting words is by adding endings: -s to make a noun plural, -ed to put a verb in the past tense, -er to form the comparative form of an adjective, and so on.

改變單詞的音高、音調(diào)或響度是我們?cè)谘哉Z(yǔ)中傳達(dá)意思的方式，盡管不是在印刷品上。例如，句子結(jié)尾的音調(diào)上升通常表示提問(wèn)，下降表示陳述。另一種變換單詞的方法是添加詞尾：-s使名詞成為復(fù)數(shù)，-ed使動(dòng)詞成為過(guò)去時(shí)，-er形成形容詞的比較形式，等等。

32『POST』

POST comes from a Latin word meaning "after" or "behind." A postscript (or PS) is a note that comes after an otherwise completed letter, usually as an afterthought. Postpartum refers to the period following childbirth, with any related events and complications. To postdate a check is to give it a date after the day it was written.

POST來(lái)自一個(gè)拉丁單詞，意思是“隨后”或“在后面”。附言(或PS)是一個(gè)在信件正文以后的注釋?zhuān)ǔＪ鞘潞蟮南敕?。產(chǎn)后是指分娩后的一段時(shí)間，包括任何相關(guān)事件和并發(fā)癥。在支票上注明日期，就是在支票寫(xiě)出來(lái)的那一天之后給它一個(gè)日期。

posterior ? [pɑ??st?ri?r]

adj.在后面的;在后部的

n.臀部;屁股

Situated toward or on the back; rear.

背對(duì)的；后方的

In a human posterior and dorsal can both refer to the back, but in a fish posterior refers to the tail area.

在人類(lèi)中，后部和背部都可以指背部，但在魚(yú)類(lèi)中，后部指尾部區(qū)域。

Posterior comes from the Latin word posterus, meaning "coming after." Posterior is often used as a technical term in biology and medicine to refer to the back side of things, and is the opposite of anterior, which refers to the front side. For example, as more people took up running as a sport, doctors began to see an increase in stress fractures along the posterior as well as the anterior surface of the lower leg bones. In some technical fields, posterior may mean “l(fā)ater.” When used as a noun, posterior simply means “buttocks.”

后部來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)單詞posterus，意思是“在后面”。后部通常用作生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)中的一個(gè)技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)，指的是事物的背面，與前部相反，前者指的是正面。例如，隨著越來(lái)越多的人將跑步作為一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，醫(yī)生開(kāi)始發(fā)現(xiàn)小腿骨骼后部和前部表面的應(yīng)力性骨折增加。在一些技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，posterior可能意味著“以后”。當(dāng)用作名詞時(shí)，posterior的意思只是“臀部”。

posthumous ? [?pɑ?st??m?s]

adj.死后發(fā)生(或做、出版等)的

(1) Published after the death of the author. (2) Following or happening after one's death.

(1) 作者去世后出版。(2) 死后的，死后發(fā)生的。

Though Van Gogh scarcely sold a single painting during his lifetime, he rose to posthumous fame as one of the world's great artists.

盡管梵高生前幾乎沒(méi)有賣(mài)出過(guò)一幅畫(huà)，但他作為世界上最偉大的藝術(shù)家之一，在死后聲名鵲起。

Posthumous fame is fame that comes a little late. In fact, its original meaning in English is "born after the death of the father." Bill Clinton was the posthumous son of a father who died in an automobile accident. The word is now mostly used of artistic works that appear after the death of the artist, or the changing reputation of a dead artist. Such posthumous works as Herman Melville's Billy Budd, the diary of Anne Frank, and almost all the poetry of Emily Dickinson have become legendary, and in each case they had a major influence on the writer's reputation.

后名聲是指來(lái)得有點(diǎn)晚的名聲。事實(shí)上，它在英語(yǔ)中的原意是“父親死后出生”。比爾·克林頓是一位死于車(chē)禍的父親的遺腹子。這個(gè)詞現(xiàn)在主要用于藝術(shù)家去世后出現(xiàn)的藝術(shù)作品，或已故藝術(shù)家不斷變化的聲譽(yù)。赫爾曼·梅爾維爾(Herman Melville)的《比利·巴德》(Billy Budd)、安妮·弗蘭克(Anne Frank)的日記以及艾米麗·迪金森(Emily Dickinson)幾乎所有的詩(shī)歌等遺作都已成為傳奇，每一部都對(duì)作家的聲譽(yù)產(chǎn)生了重大影響。

postmodern ? [?po?st?mɑ?d?rn]

adj.后現(xiàn)代主義的;受后現(xiàn)代主義影響的

Having to do with a movement in architecture, art, or literature that is a reaction against modernism and that reintroduces traditional elements and techniques in odd contexts as well as elements from popular culture.

與建筑、藝術(shù)或文學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)，這是對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義的反應(yīng)，在奇怪的背景下重新引入傳統(tǒng)元素和技術(shù)，以及流行文化中的元素。

The postmodern AT&T building in New York, with the "Chippendale" top that reminds viewers of an antique dresser, aroused a storm of criticism.

紐約的后現(xiàn)代AT&T大樓，其齊爾德本式頂部讓觀眾想起了一個(gè)古董梳妝臺(tái)，引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)批評(píng)風(fēng)暴。

With its prefix post-, postmodern describes a movement that has reacted against modernism. Modernism, dating from around the start of the 20th century, represented a sharp break from 19th-century styles. But in the 1970s architects began to be dissatisfied with the stark simplicity of most modern architecture and began including in their mostly modern designs such traditional elements as columns, arches, and keystones and sometimes startling color contrasts such as might have come from advertising and pop culture. In art and literature, as in architecture, postmodernism often seems to be making fun of tradition, especially by denying that there's any real distinction between serious and popular art or writing. Wherever it has shown up, postmodernism has been greeted with a mixture of approval, disapproval, and sometimes amusement.

后現(xiàn)代主義以post-為前綴，描述了一場(chǎng)反對(duì)現(xiàn)代主義的運(yùn)動(dòng)。現(xiàn)代主義可以追溯到20世紀(jì)初左右，代表著與19世紀(jì)風(fēng)格的急劇決裂。但在20世紀(jì)70年代，建筑師們開(kāi)始對(duì)大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代建筑的純粹簡(jiǎn)潔感到不滿(mǎn)，并開(kāi)始在他們大部分的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)中加入柱子、拱門(mén)和鑰匙石等傳統(tǒng)元素，有時(shí)還會(huì)出現(xiàn)令人震驚的顏色對(duì)比，比如可能來(lái)自廣告和流行文化。在藝術(shù)和文學(xué)中，就像在建筑中一樣，后現(xiàn)代主義似乎經(jīng)常取笑傳統(tǒng)，尤其是否認(rèn)嚴(yán)肅和流行的藝術(shù)或?qū)懽髦g有任何真正的區(qū)別。無(wú)論后現(xiàn)代主義在哪里出現(xiàn)，都會(huì)受到贊同、反對(duì)，有時(shí)甚至是調(diào)笑。

postmortem ? [po?st?m?rt?m]

n.尸體檢驗(yàn);驗(yàn)尸;尸體解剖;(尤指對(duì)失敗或出差錯(cuò)的事情的)事后分析，事后檢討

adj.死后的;驗(yàn)尸的

(1) Occurring after death. (2) Following the event.

(1) 死后發(fā)生的。(2) 事件之后。

In their postmortem discussion of the election, the reporters tried to explain how the polls and predictions could have been so completely wrong.

在對(duì)選舉的事后討論中，記者們?cè)噲D解釋民意調(diào)查和預(yù)測(cè)是如何完全錯(cuò)誤的。

Post mortem is Latin for "after death." In English, postmortem refers to an examination, investigation, or process that takes place after death. A postmortem examination of a body (often simply called a postmortem) is often needed to determine the time and cause of death; the stiffening called rigor mortis is one postmortem change that doctors look at to determine when death occurred. Today we’ve come to use postmortem to refer to any examination or discussion that takes place after an event.

驗(yàn)尸是拉丁語(yǔ)中“死后”的意思。在英語(yǔ)中，死后是指死后進(jìn)行的檢查、調(diào)查或過(guò)程。通常需要對(duì)尸體進(jìn)行尸檢(通常簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為尸檢)來(lái)確定死亡時(shí)間和原因；被稱(chēng)為尸僵的僵硬是一種尸檢變化，醫(yī)生會(huì)通過(guò)觀察來(lái)確定死亡發(fā)生的時(shí)間。今天，我們用postmortem來(lái)指代事件發(fā)生后進(jìn)行的任何檢查或討論。

33『MAL』

MAL comes from a Latin word meaning "bad." A malady is a bad condition-a disease or illness-of the body or mind. Malpractice is bad medical practice. Malodorous things smell bad. And a malefactor is someone guilty of bad deeds.

MAL來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)，意思是“壞”。疾病是一種糟糕的狀況——身體或精神的疾病。不當(dāng)行為是一種不良的醫(yī)療行為。有臭味的東西聞起來(lái)很臭。而犯罪分子是指犯有不良行為的人。

malevolent ? [m??lev?l?nt]

adj.惡毒的;有惡意的;有壞心腸的

Having or showing intense ill will or hatred.

具有或表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的惡意或仇恨。

Captain Ahab sees Moby Dick not simply as a whale but as a powerfully malevolent foe.

亞哈船長(zhǎng)認(rèn)為白鯨不僅僅是一頭鯨魚(yú)，而是一個(gè)惡毒的敵人。

Malevolence runs deep. Malevolent enemies have bitter and lasting feelings of ill will. Malevolent racism and bigotry can erupt in acts of violence against innocent people. Malevolence can also show itself in hurtful words, and can sometimes be seen in something as small as an angry look or gesture.

惡意根深蒂固。惡毒的敵人有苦澀而持久的惡意。針對(duì)無(wú)辜人民的暴力行為可能會(huì)爆發(fā)惡毒的種族主義和偏執(zhí)。惡意也可以表現(xiàn)在傷人的話(huà)語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)可以表現(xiàn)在憤怒的眼神或手勢(shì)等微小的東西中。

malicious ? [m??l???s]

adj.惡意的;惡毒的

Desiring to cause pain, injury, or distress to another.

渴望給他人帶來(lái)痛苦、傷害。

The boys didn't take the apples with any malicious intent; they were just hungry and didn't know any better.

男孩們沒(méi)有惡意地拿走蘋(píng)果；他們只是餓了，什么都不知道。

Malicious and malevolent are close in meaning, since both refer to ill will that desires to see someone else suffer. But while malevolent suggests deep and lasting dislike, malicious usually means petty and spiteful. Malicious gossipers are often simply envious of a neighbor's good fortune. Vandals may take malicious pleasure in destroying and defacing property but usually don’t truly hate the owners. Malice is an important legal concept, which has to be proved in order to convict someone of certain crimes such as first-degree murder.

Malicious和malevolent的意思相近，因?yàn)閮烧叨贾傅氖窍Ｍ吹絼e人受苦的惡意。malevolent意味著深深而持久的厭惡，而malicious通常意味著卑鄙和惡毒。malicious的流言蜚語(yǔ)者往往只是嫉妒鄰居的好運(yùn)。破壞者可能會(huì)以破壞和污損財(cái)產(chǎn)為樂(lè)，但通常不會(huì)真正憎恨業(yè)主。惡意是一個(gè)重要的法律概念，必須證明這一點(diǎn)，才能判定某人犯有一級(jí)謀殺等特定罪行。

malign ? [m??la?n]

vt.(公開(kāi)地)誹謗，毀謗，中傷

adj.有害的;引起傷害的

To make harsh and often false or misleading statements about.

對(duì)…做出嚴(yán)厲的、經(jīng)常是虛假的或誤導(dǎo)性的陳述。

Captain Bligh of the Bounty may be one of the most unjustly maligned figures in British naval history.

賞金獵人布萊船長(zhǎng)可能是英國(guó)海軍歷史上最不公正的誹謗人物之一。

Malign is related to verbs like defame, slander, and libel. The person or group being maligned is the victim of false or misleading statements, even if the maligner isn't necessarily guilty of deliberate lying. Someone or something that's frequently criticized is often said to be "much maligned," which suggests that the criticism isn’t entirely fair or deserved. Malign is also an adjective, and writes often refer to a person's malign influence. The very similar malignant, which used to be a common synonym of malign, today tends to describe dangerous medical conditions, especially cancerous tumors.

Malign與defame、slander、libel(都是誹謗)等動(dòng)詞有關(guān)。被誹謗的個(gè)人或團(tuán)體是虛假或誤導(dǎo)性陳述的受害者，即使誹謗者不一定故意撒謊。經(jīng)常被批評(píng)的人或事經(jīng)常被說(shuō)成是“備受誹謗”，這表明這種批評(píng)并不完全公平或應(yīng)得。惡意也是一個(gè)形容詞，寫(xiě)作中經(jīng)常提到一個(gè)人的惡意影響。非常相似的惡性，過(guò)去是惡性的常見(jiàn)同義詞，現(xiàn)在傾向于描述危險(xiǎn)的醫(yī)療狀況，尤其是癌性腫瘤。

malnourished ? [?m?l?n??r??t]

adj.營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的

Badly or poorly nourished.

營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良。

When they finally found the children in the locked cabin, they were pale and malnourished but unharmed.

當(dāng)他們終于在鎖著的小屋里找到孩子們時(shí)，他們臉色蒼白，營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良，但沒(méi)有受傷。

Malnourished people can be found in all types of societies. Famine and poverty are only two of the common causes of malnutrition. In wealthier societies, malnutrition is often the result of poor eating habits. Any diet that fails to provide the nutrients needed for health and growth can lead to malnutrition, and some malnourished people are actually fat.

營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的人在所有類(lèi)型的社會(huì)中都有。饑荒和貧困只是營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的兩個(gè)常見(jiàn)原因。在富裕社會(huì)，營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良往往是不良飲食習(xí)慣造成的。任何不能提供健康和生長(zhǎng)所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飲食都可能導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)不良，而一些營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的人實(shí)際上是肥胖的。

34『CATA』

CATA comes from the Greek kata, one of whose meanings was "down." A catalogue is a list of items put down on paper, and a catapult is a weapon for hurling missiles down on one's enemies.

CATA來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)kata，其含義之一是“向下”。目錄是寫(xiě)在紙上的物品清單，彈射器是向敵人投擲導(dǎo)彈的武器。

cataclysm ? [?k?t?kl?z?m]

n.大災(zāi)變;(突然降臨的)大災(zāi)難;大動(dòng)亂

(1) A violent and massive change of the earth's surface. (2) A momentous event that results in great upheaval and often destruction.

(1) 地球表面劇烈而巨大的變化。(2) 一個(gè)重大事件，導(dǎo)致巨大的動(dòng)蕩和經(jīng)常的破壞。

World War I was a great cataclysm in modern history, marking the end of the old European social and political order.

第一次世界大戰(zhàn)是現(xiàn)代史上的一場(chǎng)大災(zāi)難，標(biāo)志著舊的歐洲社會(huì)和政治秩序的終結(jié)。

The -clysm part of cataclysm comes from the Greek word meaning "to wash," so cataclysm's original meaning was "flood, deluge," and especially Noah's Flood itself. A cataclysm causes great and lasting changes. An earthquake or other natural disaster that changes the landscape is one kind of cataclysm, but a violent political revolution may also be a cataclysmic event. Many cataclysms could instead be called catastrophes.

Cataclysm的-clysm部分來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)，意思是“洗滌”，所以大災(zāi)難的原意是“洪水”，尤其是諾亞洪水本身。大災(zāi)難會(huì)帶來(lái)巨大而持久的變化。地震或其他改變景觀的自然災(zāi)害是一種大災(zāi)難，但暴力的政治革命也可能是一種災(zāi)難性事件。許多災(zāi)難可以被稱(chēng)為catastrophes。

catacomb ? [?k?t??ko?m]

n.(尤指城市下方的古代)地下墓窟

An underground cemetery of connecting passageways with recesses for tombs.

一種地下墓地，由連接通道和墳?zāi)拱疾劢M成。

The early Christian catacombs of Rome provide a striking glimpse into the ancient past for modern-day visitors.

羅馬早期的基督教地下墓穴為現(xiàn)代游客提供了一個(gè)對(duì)古代歷史的驚人一瞥。

About forty Christian catacombs have been found near the roads that once led into Rome. After the decline of the Roman empire these cemeteries were forgotten, not to be rediscovered until 1578. Catacomb has come to refer to different kinds of underground chambers and passageways. The catacombs of Paris are abandoned stone quarries that were not used for burials until 1787. The catacombs built by a monastery in Palermo, Sicily, for its deceased members later began accepting bodies from outside the monastery; today you may wander through looking at hundreds of mummified corpses propped against the catacomb walls, dressed in tattered clothes that were once fashionable.

在曾經(jīng)通往羅馬的道路附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了大約四十座基督教地下墓穴。羅馬帝國(guó)衰落后，這些墓地被遺忘，直到1578年才被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)。Catacomb指的是不同類(lèi)型的地下室和通道。巴黎的地下墓穴是廢棄的采石場(chǎng)，直到1787年才用于埋葬。西西里島巴勒莫的一座修道院為其已故成員建造的地下墓穴后來(lái)開(kāi)始接受修道院外的尸體；今天，你可能會(huì)看到數(shù)百具靠在地下墓穴墻上的干尸，他們穿著曾經(jīng)很時(shí)髦的破舊衣服。

catalyst ? [?k?t?l?st]

n.催化劑;促使變化的人;引發(fā)變化的因素

(1) A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lets it take place under different conditions. (2) Someone or something that brings about or speeds significant change or action.

(1) 一種加速化學(xué)反應(yīng)或使其在不同條件下發(fā)生的物質(zhì)。(2) 帶來(lái)或加速重大變化或行動(dòng)的人或事。

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 turned out to be the catalyst for World War I.

1914年，斐迪南大公在薩拉熱窩遇刺，成為第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的催化劑。

Chemical catalysts are substances that, in very small amounts, can bring about important chemical changes in large quantities of material. The catalytic converter in your car's exhaust system, for instance, uses tiny amounts of platinum to swiftly convert the engine's dangerous gases to carbon dioxide and water vapor. And it's easy to see how the meaning of catalyst could broaden to include nonchemical situations. We can now say, for example, that the Great Depression served as the catalyst for such important social reforms as Social Security.

化學(xué)催化劑是指極少量的物質(zhì)，可以對(duì)大量材料產(chǎn)生重要的化學(xué)變化。例如，汽車(chē)排氣系統(tǒng)中的催化轉(zhuǎn)化器使用少量鉑，將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的危險(xiǎn)氣體迅速轉(zhuǎn)化為二氧化碳和水蒸氣。很容易看出催化劑的含義是如何擴(kuò)大到包括非化學(xué)情況的。例如，我們現(xiàn)在可以說(shuō)，大蕭條是社會(huì)保障等重要社會(huì)改革的催化劑。

catatonic ? [?k?t??tɑ?n?k]

adj.緊張癥的;緊張性的

(1) Relating to or suffering from a form of schizophrenia. (2) Showing an unusual lack of movement, activity, or expression.

(1) 與精神分裂癥有關(guān)或患有某種形式的精神分裂癥。(2) 缺乏動(dòng)作、活動(dòng)或表情的。

After an hour, extreme boredom had produced a catatonic stupor in those of the audience who were still awake.

一個(gè)小時(shí)后，極度無(wú)聊使那些仍然清醒的觀眾產(chǎn)生了緊張性昏迷。

Catatonia is primarily a form of the terrible mental disease known as schizophrenia, though it may show up in patients with a variety of other mental conditions. A common symptom is extreme muscular rigidity; catatonic patients may be "frozen" for hours or even days in a single position. Its causes remain mysterious. Serious though the condition is, most nondoctors use catatonic humorously to describe people who seem incapable of moving or changing expression.

緊張癥主要是一種被稱(chēng)為精神分裂癥的可怕精神疾病，盡管它可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在患有各種其他精神疾病的患者身上。一種常見(jiàn)的癥狀是肌肉極度僵硬；緊張癥患者可能會(huì)在一個(gè)單一的位置上被“冷凍”數(shù)小時(shí)甚至數(shù)天。其原因仍然很神秘。盡管情況很?chē)?yán)重，但大多數(shù)非醫(yī)生都幽默地使用緊張性緊張來(lái)形容那些似乎無(wú)法移動(dòng)或改變表情的人。

35『PROT/PROTO』

PROT/PROTO comes from Greek and has the basic meaning "first in time" or "first formed." Protozoa are one-celled animals, such as amoebas and paramecia, that are among the most basic members of the biological kingdom. A proton is an elementary particle that, along with neutrons, can be found in all atomic nuclei. A protoplanet is a whirling mass of gas and dust that astronomers believe may someday become a planet.

PROT/PROTO來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)，基本意思是“時(shí)間第一”或“第一次形成”。原生動(dòng)物是單細(xì)胞動(dòng)物，如變形蟲(chóng)和草履蟲(chóng)，是生物王國(guó)最基本的成員之一。質(zhì)子是一種基本粒子，與中子一起，可以在所有原子核中找到。原行星是一團(tuán)旋轉(zhuǎn)的氣體和塵埃，天文學(xué)家認(rèn)為它們有朝一日可能會(huì)成為一顆行星。

protagonist ? [pr??t?ɡ?n?st]

n.主角;(戲劇、電影、書(shū)的)主要人物;主人公;主要參與者;(政策、運(yùn)動(dòng)的)倡導(dǎo)者;擁護(hù)者

The main character in a literary work.

文學(xué)作品中的主角。

Macbeth is the ruthlessly ambitious protagonist of Shakespeare's play, but it is his wife who pulls the strings.

麥克白是莎士比亞戲劇中野心勃勃的主人公，但幕后操縱者是他的妻子。

Struggle, or conflict, is central to drama. The protagonist or hero of a play, novel, or film is involved in a struggle of some kind, either against someone or something else or even against his or her own emotions. So the hero is the "first struggler," which is the literal meaning of the Greek word protagonistes. A character who opposes the hero is the antagonist, from a Greek verb that means literally "to struggle against.”

斗爭(zhēng)或沖突是戲劇的核心。戲劇、小說(shuō)或電影的主人公或主人公參與了某種斗爭(zhēng)，要么是與某人或其他人的斗爭(zhēng)，甚至是與他或她自己的情緒的斗爭(zhēng)。因此，英雄是“第一個(gè)奮斗者”，這是希臘語(yǔ)單詞protaginates的字面意思。反對(duì)英雄的角色就是反對(duì)者，來(lái)自希臘動(dòng)詞，字面意思是“與之斗爭(zhēng)”。

protocol ? [?pro?t?kɑ?l]

n.協(xié)議;議定書(shū);禮儀;外交禮節(jié);條約草案;(協(xié)議或條約的)附件;(數(shù)據(jù)傳遞的)規(guī)程;規(guī)約;科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)計(jì)劃

v.擬(草案)；(把…)記入議定書(shū)

(1) A code of diplomatic or military rules of behavior. (2) A set of rules for the formatting of data in an electronic communications system.

(1) 外交或軍事行為準(zhǔn)則。(2) 電子通信系統(tǒng)中數(shù)據(jù)格式化的一組規(guī)則。

The guests at the governor's dinner were introduced and seated according to the strict protocol governing such occasions.

州長(zhǎng)晚宴上的客人是按照嚴(yán)格的禮儀介紹和就座的。

The basic meaning of proto- is a little harder to follow in this word. Protocol comes from a Greek word for the first sheet of a papyrus roll. In English, protocol originally meant "a first draft or record," and later specifically the first draft of a diplomatic document, such as a treaty. The "diplomatic" connection led eventually to its current meaning of "rules of behavior." Someone wearing Bermuda shorts and sandals to a state dinner at the White House would not be acting "according to protocol,” and royal protocol forbids touching the queen of England except to shake her hand. But protocol is also now used for other sets of rules, such as those for doing a scientific experiment or for handling computer data.

proto的基本含義在這個(gè)詞中有點(diǎn)難以理解。Protocol來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)，意思是紙莎草卷的第一張紙。在英語(yǔ)中，議定書(shū)最初的意思是“初稿或記錄”，后來(lái)特別是外交文件(如條約)的初稿。這種“外交”聯(lián)系最終導(dǎo)致了它現(xiàn)在的“行為規(guī)則”的含義。穿著百慕大短褲和涼鞋參加白宮國(guó)宴的人不會(huì)“按照禮儀”行事，王室禮儀禁止觸摸英國(guó)女王，除非與她握手。但該協(xié)議現(xiàn)在也被用于其他規(guī)則集，例如用于進(jìn)行科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)或處理計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)的規(guī)則集。

protoplasm ? [?pro?t?pl?z?m]

n.原生質(zhì)

The substance that makes up the living parts of cells.

構(gòu)成細(xì)胞活性部分的物質(zhì)。

A mixture of organic and inorganic substances, such as protein and water, protoplasm is regarded as the physical basis of life.

原生質(zhì)是蛋白質(zhì)和水等有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)的混合物，被視為生命的物理基礎(chǔ)。

After the word protoplasm was coined in the mid-19th century for the jellylike material that is the main substance of a cell, it began to be used widely, especially by scientists and others who imagined that the first life-forms must have arisen out of a great seething protoplasmic soup. Since protoplasm includes all the cell's living material, inside and outside the nucleus, it is a less useful scientific word today than more precise terms such as cytoplasm, which refers only to the living material outside the nucleus. But many remain fascinated by the image of that soup bubbling away as the lightning flashes and the volcanoes erupt.

原生質(zhì)一詞在19世紀(jì)中期被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)，用來(lái)指作為細(xì)胞主要物質(zhì)的果凍狀物質(zhì)，之后它開(kāi)始被廣泛使用，尤其是科學(xué)家和其他人，他們認(rèn)為第一種生命形式一定是從沸騰的原生質(zhì)湯中產(chǎn)生的。由于原生質(zhì)包括細(xì)胞核內(nèi)外的所有細(xì)胞活性物質(zhì)，因此與細(xì)胞質(zhì)等更精確的術(shù)語(yǔ)相比，原生質(zhì)在今天是一個(gè)用處不大的科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，細(xì)胞質(zhì)僅指細(xì)胞核外的活性物質(zhì)。但許多人仍然對(duì)閃電和火山爆發(fā)時(shí)湯冒泡的畫(huà)面著迷。

prototype ? [?pro?t?ta?p]

n.原型;雛形;最初形態(tài)

(1) An original model on which something is patterned. (2) A first, full-scale, usually working version of a new type or design.

(1) 一種原始模型，上面有圖案。(2) 一種新型或設(shè)計(jì)的第一種、全尺寸的、通?？晒ぷ鞯陌姹?。

There was great excitement when, after years of top-secret development, the prototype of the new Stealth bomber first took to the skies.

經(jīng)過(guò)多年的絕密研制，新型隱形轟炸機(jī)的原型機(jī)首次升空，人們非常興奮。

A prototype is someone or something that serves as a model or inspiration. A successful fund-raising campaign can serve as a prototype for future campaigns, for example, and the legendary Robin Hood is the prototypical honorable outlaw, the inspiration for countless other romantic heroes. But the term is perhaps most widely used in the world of technology; every new "concept car," for example, starts off as a unique prototype.

原型是指作為模型或靈感來(lái)源的人或物。例如，一場(chǎng)成功的籌款活動(dòng)可以作為未來(lái)競(jìng)選活動(dòng)的原型，而傳奇的羅賓漢是典型的光榮的亡命之徒，是無(wú)數(shù)其他浪漫英雄的靈感來(lái)源。但這個(gè)詞可能在科技界使用最為廣泛；例如，每一輛新的“概念車(chē)”一開(kāi)始都是一輛獨(dú)特的原型車(chē)。