朱永濤英美文化基礎(chǔ)教程筆記題庫資料
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3.1復(fù)習(xí)筆記
【本章要點】
1The Evolution of Old English
2Middle English BModern English:the Language of Shakespeare
4Souvenirs from Abroad
5Standard English and Social Class
6English Today
【核心筆記】
English originated in 450 AD,when the Anglo-Saxon and Jutes from northwest Germany and Denmark continuously invaded Britain.The tribes used to have their own Germanic dialects,but when they controlled the country and settled there,four main English dialects emerged:Messiah;Northumberland,Kent,and West Saxon.
英語的歷史真正開始于公元450年,那時來自于德國西北部和丹麥的盎格魯-撒克遜人和朱特人部落不斷地入侵英國。各部落都有自己的日耳曼方言,但當(dāng)他們控制全國并在那定居后,出現(xiàn)了四個主要的方言:麥西亞語;諾森伯蘭語、肯特郡語和西撒克遜語。
1The Evolution of Old English(古英語的演變)
(1)Prehistoric Old English(c.450 to 650)
During this period,Old English was mainly the reconstruction of the language.The literary worksof the time did not survive.This language spoken by the Saxons and Jutes,or the language of the group,is also called primitive Old English.
(2)Early Old English(c.650 to 900)
The period of the oldest manuscript traditions,with authors such as Cedmon,Bede,Cynewulf and Aldhelm.
(3)Late Old English(c.900 to 1066)
The final stage of the language leading up to the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent transition to Early Middle English.
(1)史前古英語(公元450~650)這一時期,古英語主要是重建語言,因為沒有當(dāng)時的文學(xué)作品留存下來。這種撒克遜人和朱特人所說的語言,或集團(tuán)的語言也被稱為原始古英語。
(2)早期古英語(公元650~900)最古老的手稿時期,那時的作者有,如Cedmon,比德,Cynewul和奧爾德赫姆。
(3)晚古英語(公元900~1066)語言的最后階段處于英格蘭諾爾曼征服時期,隨后過渡到了早期中古英語。
2、Middle English(中世紀(jì)英語)(1)Early Middle English The second half of the 1lth century was the transitional period from Late Old English to Early Middle English.Early Middle English was the language of the 12th and 13th centuries.MiddleEnglish was fully developed as a literary language by the second half of the 14th century.
(2)Late Middle English Late Middle English and the transition to Early Modern English took place from the early 15th century and were taken to have been complete by the beginning of the Tudor period in 1485.
(1)早期中世紀(jì)英語
從晚古英語到早期中古英語的過渡是在十一世紀(jì)的后半段。早期中世紀(jì)英語是十二和十三世紀(jì)的語言。十四世紀(jì)下半葉中世紀(jì)英語全面發(fā)展為文學(xué)語言。
(2)中世紀(jì)晚期英國
中世紀(jì)晚期英語以及向現(xiàn)代英語的過渡發(fā)生在十五世紀(jì)初,于1485年都鐸王朝的開始而結(jié)束。
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