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英語語法精講合集 (全面, 通俗, 有趣 | 從零打造系統(tǒng)語法體系)

2023-04-01 18:40 作者:Brynden-Tully  | 我要投稿

1.英語語法綜述

可以獨立完成的動作

主語+不及物動詞

有1個動作的承受者

??????? 主語+單及物動詞+賓語

有2個動作的承受者

??????? 主語+雙及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語

只有1個動作的承受者(但需補充說明)

??????? 主語+復雜及物動詞+賓語+賓補

動作”,賦予信息

??????? 主語+系動詞+(主語補語)/表語


句子主語后面的余下部分都是謂語,謂語動詞只是謂語的一部分


句子成分

??????? 主語(Subject)

??????? 謂語動詞(Predicate Verb)

??????? 賓語(Object)

??????? 賓語補語(Object Complement)

??????? 主語補語(Subject Complement)

??????? 定語(Attributive)

??????? 狀語(Adverbial)

??????? 同位語(Appositive)

詞類

??????? 名詞(nouns

??????? 冠詞(articles)

??????? 代詞(pronouns)

??????? 形容詞(adjectives)

??????? 數(shù)詞(numerals)

??????? 副詞(adverbs)

??????? 介詞(preposition)

??????? 感嘆詞(interjections)

??????? 連詞(conjunctions)


句子成分詞類


謂語動詞的三大功能(Tense、Aspect、Mood)??????

??? 動作

??????? 現(xiàn)在

??????? 過去

??????? 將來

??????? 過去將來

??? 動作狀態(tài)

??????? 一般

??????? 完成

??????? 進行

??????? 完成進行

??? 動作假設,情感…(語氣

??????? 虛擬語氣

??????? 陳述語氣

??????? 祈使語氣

以上三大功能,謂語動詞不能獨立完成,需借助助動詞(Auxiliary Verbs)


非謂語動詞(不再具有時間、狀態(tài)、語氣三大功能)

????動詞不定式

????現(xiàn)在分詞

????動名詞

????過去分詞


2.動詞分類

實意動詞

????按動作承受者劃分

????????及物動詞

????????不及物動詞

????按動作狀態(tài)劃分

????????動作動詞

????????狀態(tài)動詞

動詞

動詞

情態(tài)動詞

非謂語動詞

????不定式

????過去分詞

????現(xiàn)在分詞

????動名詞


3.動詞時態(tài)Verb Tenses


一般現(xiàn)在時

表達事實

表達習慣/重復的動作

表示預計發(fā)生的事

現(xiàn)在完成進行時

????現(xiàn)在這個時間點已經(jīng)完成了一部分,而且還要繼續(xù)進行


4.動詞語氣虛擬語氣

陳述語氣(Indicative Mood

????描述現(xiàn)實

祈使語氣(Imperative Mood

????表示命令、請求

????用第二人稱“你”+一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)

????去掉“你”,并保證動詞原形

虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)

一,表示不可能的假設

????1.現(xiàn)在事實相反

????????條件句動詞用過去式,主句為would+動詞原形

????2.將來事實相反(可能性很?。?/p>

????????條件句為should(were to)+動詞原形,主句為would+動詞原形

????3.過去事實相反

????????條件句為had+動詞過去分詞,主句為would have+動詞過去分詞

二,表達愿望,請求建議,命令

1.對現(xiàn)在的愿望

? ? ? wish+動詞過去式

? 2.對過去的愿望

????? wish+had+動詞過去分詞

? 3.對將來的愿望

????? wish+would/could/might+動詞原形

????

would rather,demand,suggest,insist,order后接虛擬語氣


5.非謂語動詞non-finite verbs

動詞不定式

?????? to+動詞原形

?????? 有些情況下to可以省略

可以像名詞那樣在句子中充當主語\賓語或表語,也可以像形容詞那樣充當定語,還可以像副詞那樣作狀語

?????? It's easy to say.

?????? However,they have decided to use the post office.

?????? He seems to be fond of play the guitar.

?????? I have a lot of things to deal with today.??????

?????? The only way to find out the disease was to operate.

?????? I'm?waiting?here?to?see?the?sunrise.

??????He?hurried?to?the?station?only?to?find?that?the train?had?left.

動名詞

?????? 動名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì),常在句子中充當主語、賓語或表語,又因它是從動詞變化而來,所以也可以在后面跟上自己的賓語

?????? Seeing is believing.

?????? I like swimming,while Jack likes flying.

?????? She is afraid of staying in that house alone.

現(xiàn)在分詞

?????? 現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞或副詞的性質(zhì),在句子中充當定語、狀語或補語

現(xiàn)在分詞表示與其修飾詞之間是“主動”的關系,同時強調(diào)動作是“正在發(fā)生的

?????? This is a running stream.

?????? Walking in the park the other day,I saw a bird building a nest.

過去分詞

過去分詞表示與其修飾詞之間是“被動”的關系,同時強調(diào)動作是“已經(jīng)完成了的”

????? Guided by the local farmer,We succeeded in climbing the mountain.

????? Led the waiteress of the hotel,I enter my room.


6.獨立主格

??? "名詞/代詞(邏輯主語)+邏輯謂語"

??? 邏輯謂語可以是現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式或介詞短語

??? The red traffic lights turning on,the driver stopped his car.

??? The teacher came into classroom,a book inthearm.


7.助動詞auxiliary verbs&情態(tài)動詞modal verbs

助動詞的兩大基本特征

??? 輔助主動詞

??? 不能像主動詞那樣單獨作謂語動詞

基本助動詞(也可以作實義動詞)

??? be do have

情態(tài)動詞

can / could

??? 有能力做…,會,可以

???? 表示請求或許可

???? 表示可能性

may / might

??? 表可能性

??? may表不確定,might表非常不確定

??? 表請求或許可

??? may用在句首,表祝愿

will/would

??? 構成將來時

??? 表請求、建議

??? 表推測、假設

shall/should?

??? shall

??? 構成將來時,同will

??? 表請求或征求意見

??? 表警告,命令

??? should

??? 表應當

??? 表有一定根據(jù)的推測

??? It should rain tomorrow.

??? 表“竟然

??? It's surprising that he should be late.

??? 構成虛擬語氣

??? If it should rain tomorrow,I wouldn't go.

dare/dared

??? 敢;也可作實義動詞

ought to

??? 表應當,與should用法相同,語氣更強

used to

??? 表示過去的的動作,強調(diào)和現(xiàn)在的對比

must

??? 表必須

??? 表禁止

??? 表推測,只能用于肯定句中,否定句用can't

need

??? 表需要,也可做實義動詞

半助動詞

be to

be able to

be going to

be about to

had better


8.系動詞Linking Verb

??? 賦值


9.使役動詞Causative Verb

使…,讓…,令…

??? make 迫使…做…

??? let 允許…做…

??? have 給…責任/任務

??? get? 說服/鼓勵…做


10.從句Subordinate Clause

賓語從句

??? 在許多動詞之后,that可以省略

??? 在較長的句子里,特別是當that引導的從句與動詞隔開時,that一般不可省略

??? 賓語從句出現(xiàn)并列現(xiàn)象時,第一個賓語從句可省略that,第二個不可省略

同位語從句

??? 跟在fact、idea、news、information、thought等詞后面的名詞性從句通常都是同位語從句

??? 同位語從句中的that不能省略且不作任何成分

??? 從含義上來說,它對其所修飾的詞具有同等解釋作用


形容詞從句的思維方式

??? 一根好吃的胡蘿卜

??? a tasty carrot

??? 一根兔子吃了的胡蘿卜

??? a carrot that the rabbit ate

??? 一個是兔子的老師

??? a teacher that the rabbit ate

??? 一個我昨天看見的老師

??? a teacher whom I saw yesterday

??? 兔子吃胡蘿卜的地方

??? the place where the rabbit ate the carrot

??? 兔子吃胡蘿卜的原因

??? the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot


形容詞從句的構成

關系代詞

??? that,which,who,whom,whose

??? 先行詞是唯一的:that

??? 先行詞不是唯一:which

??? why引導的定語從句的先行詞只有reason

關系副詞(= 介詞+關系代詞)

??? when(on which),where(at which),why(for which


形容詞從句的限定性非限定性

限定性定語從句

??? 一般提供被修飾名詞的重要信息,對先行詞起修飾作用,不能省略

??? 與其所修飾的詞之間沒有逗號隔開

??? The government which promises to cut taxes.

非限定性定語從句

??? 提供補充信息,對先行詞起補充說明作用,可以省去

??? 與其所修飾的詞之間一般要有逗號隔開

??? The government,which promises to cut taxes will be popular.

副詞從句

時間

??? before(某個時間點之前)

??? when(某個時間點)

??? while(一段時間內(nèi))

??? as(同時進行的兩個動作)

??? after(某個時間點之后)

??? since(從之前某一時間點開始)

??? until(直到之后某一時間點)

??? as soon as(一…就

??? the next time(下次)

地點

??? where

??? wherever(不管哪里)

??? everywhere(所有地方)

??? anywhere(任何地方)

條件

??? 表示動作發(fā)生的條件

??? if

??? unless

??? as so long as

??? on condition that

??? proving/proved(that)

??? If you see him,will you tell him about it?

??? Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is concerned.

讓步

??? while

??? whereas

??? although

??? considering(that)

??? though/ as

??? even if

??? even though

??? no matter how/ however

??? Although/ Though/ Even though I felt sorry for him,I was secretly pleased that he was having difficulties.

??? While I disapprove of what you say, I would defend to the death your right to say it.

??? I told him to report to me after the job was completed,no matter how late it was.

方式

??? 回答how的問題

??? 方式狀語從句一般置于主句之后

??? I feel as if/ as though I'm floating on air.

??? Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.

原因

??? 回答由why引導的問題

??? because-引出的是實實在在的因果關系

??? since-引出的是大家都已經(jīng)知道的情況

??? as-引出的是顯而易見的事實

??? seeing(that)

??? As/ Because /Since there was very little support,the strike was not successful.

??? I'm afraid we don't stock refills for pens like yours Because there's little demand for them.

目的

??? so that / in order that

??? in case

??? for fear

??? I've arrived early so that/ in order that I can get a good view of the procession.

??? We've installed an extinguisher next to the cooker in case there is ever a fire.

??? I bought the car at once for fear (that) he might change his mind.

結果

??? 描述主句動作的結果

??? so + adj./adv. + that…

??? such + n. + that

??? that引導結果狀語從句,that可省略

??? His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him.

??? There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldn't go out.


11.冠詞articles

不定冠詞

??? a??????? 輔音音素前

??? an??????? 元音音素前

??? 泛指某一個人或物

??? 泛指某一類

??? 表示數(shù)字“一”

??? 表示“每”

??? 主謂一致

??? 固定表達

定冠詞 the

??? /e?/ 輔音音素前

??? /ei:/??????? 元音音素前

??? 特指,某個或某些特定的人或物

??? 特指,再次提到的人或事物

??? 特指,用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞的最高級前

??? 特指,獨一無二的名詞之前

??? the+形容詞,表示一類人

??? 固定表達(out of the question 不可能,沒門)

零冠詞

??? 復數(shù)泛指

??? Computers have changed our way of life.

??? 泛指“概念

??? 專有名詞

??? 固定表達(out of question 毫無疑問)


12.介詞preposition

放在名詞代詞等之前,用來給他們增添附加信息的詞,比如時間信息、空間信息、方式信息,邏輯信息(原因,目的,對象…)等等

短語介詞

一個短語充當介詞的功能,不單獨表完整義

?????? by way of

?????? at the end of

?????? along with

?????? because of

?????? previous to

表示空間的介詞

in(在…內(nèi)部

on(在…上面,接觸

at(具體的點,坐標)

over(在正上方,不接觸;若接觸,覆蓋;動態(tài))

above(在上方,高于)

under(與over相對)

below(與above相對)

near

by

beside

next to

across(表面穿過)

through(內(nèi)部穿過)

past(經(jīng)過,路過)

in front of

before(不太用做空間介詞;在眾人或觀眾前)

behind(與in front of相對

between(兩者之間)

among(三者及更多之間)

round

around

along

to

toward

towards

onto(到…上面

into(在…里面

out of(從里向外)

opposite

against(與相反;倚,靠)

up(沿向上)

down(沿…向下

off(離有一定距離)

表示時間的介詞

in

on

at

during(持續(xù);在期間)

for(因持續(xù))

since(自從)

before

after(與before相對

fromto

by(不遲于…前

until(直到…為止)

表示方式的介詞

in

through

by

with

on

表示關于的介詞

about

of

on

表示原因的介詞

for

with

because of

due to

owning to

on account of

表示數(shù)值的介詞

at

at a high price、at a fast rate

by

They get paid paid by the hour.

for

I bought these books for 100 yuan.

表示狀態(tài)的介詞

in

in progress、in a dilemma

on

on a diet、on drugs

at

at work、at dinner

under

under construction、under discussion

表示排除的介詞

besides

except

except for

介詞短語

?????? preposition + object

?????? 意思完整,充當各種句子成分

?????? 最常充當狀語,修飾動詞


13.名詞

普通名詞

可數(shù)名詞

個體名詞

集體名詞

不可數(shù)名詞

物質(zhì)名詞

抽象名詞

專有名詞

根據(jù)具體語境判斷是否可數(shù)

名詞所有格

‘s所有格

of所有格

雙重所有格


14.代詞

相互代詞

each other - 兩者之間

one another - 3者或3者以上之間

指示代詞

this (these)

that (those)

不定代詞

many、much

few、a few、little、a little

some、any

each(可作代詞,單獨作主語)

every(+名詞,不可單獨作主語)

either、neither

both、all

other

the other(特指兩者中的另一個)

another(泛指3者及3者以上的另一個)

one、it

形容詞修飾復合不定代詞要后置

疑問代詞

who

whom

what

which

whose

連接代詞

引導主語從句,賓語從句和表語從句

關系代詞

引導定語從句


15.數(shù)詞

基數(shù)詞

百位與十位之間and連接,十位與個位之間“-”連接

三位劃分,billion,million,thousand

基數(shù)詞可充當句子的成分

序數(shù)詞

序數(shù)詞可充當句子成分,根據(jù)具體情況加“the”

分數(shù)

分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞;分子>1,分母用復數(shù)

倍數(shù)

half

twice

three times

倍數(shù)+the+計量+of

倍數(shù)+as…as…

倍數(shù)+比較級+than

I can eat three times faster than he can.

by倍數(shù)

I have increased my income by three times.

數(shù)字符號和算術

plus

minus

multiplied

divided

squared

cubed

more than

less than

度量衡

long、length

wide、width

high、height


16.形容詞

多個形容詞作前置定語的順序

限定詞+主觀特征+尺寸+形狀+新舊+顏色+來源+材料+用途

a beautiful big round new black Chinese wooden table

形容詞修飾復合不定代詞要后置

somebody nice

anybody absent

everything possible

nothing wrong


17.副詞

副詞的形式

同拼寫,同義近義

fast

同拼寫,異義

pretty

副詞=形容詞+ly,同義近義

quick,quickly

副詞=形容詞+ly,異義

large,largely


18.連詞

并列連詞

連接有著“并列的、同等語法地位的”單詞,詞組或句子

并列關系

選擇關系

轉(zhuǎn)折關系

因果關系

從屬連詞

連接主句和從句

引導名詞性從句

引導副詞從句


19. 限定詞

以詞類劃分

限定特指的范圍

冠詞

指示代詞

疑問代詞

關系代詞

不定代詞

限定所有權

名詞所有格

物主代詞

疑問代詞

關系代詞

限定數(shù)量

量詞

基數(shù)詞

序數(shù)詞

以位置劃分

前位限定詞

某些不定代詞

倍數(shù)詞

分數(shù)詞

中位限定詞

冠詞

物主代詞

某些不定代詞

后位限定詞

量詞

序數(shù)詞

基數(shù)詞


20.構詞法

派生

用希臘語或拉丁語的詞根,詞綴(前綴、后綴)構詞

詞根詞綴進行派生構詞時,出于讀音的考慮,往往會省略、添加、重復或改變字母

詞根

代表或暗示單詞的核心詞意

詞綴

和詞根一起表示單詞的意義及屬性,具有修飾功能

prefix

通常改變單詞的詞義

suffix

通常決定著單詞的詞性

合成

用源自日耳曼語的單詞合并構詞

混合

選一詞頭及另一詞尾混合構詞

smoke fog smog

smoke haze smaze

snow ice snice

website seminar webinar

beat beetles beatles

service game sega

截短

截取單詞的一部分作為新詞

mathematics

examination

application

influenza

縮寫

選取多個單詞首字母或部分字母

Test Of English as a Foreign Language

International English Language Testing System

轉(zhuǎn)化

使用一個單詞的不同詞性


21.句子的成分&句子的分類

句子成分和詞性之間沒有必然的對應關系

句子類型(按結構復雜度劃分)

簡單句

復合句(并列復合句)

復雜句(主從復合句)

句子類型(按用途劃分)

陳述句

疑問句

一般疑問句

特殊疑問句

選擇疑問句

反義疑問句

祈使句

感嘆句


22.被動

主動語態(tài)(強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者)

被動語態(tài)(強調(diào)動作的承受者)


省略了to的動詞不定式作賓補,改成被動語態(tài)時要還原


23.倒裝

為強調(diào)某些信息而顛倒了原有的語序

完全倒裝(full inversion)

謂語動詞完全在主語之前

副詞/介詞短語在句首的倒裝

地點副詞在句首(here;there)

There goes the last bus.

時間副詞在句首(now;then)

Now comes the wolf's turn.

表運動方向的副詞在句首(in;out;up;down;away)

Up went the carrots into the air.

介詞短語在句首的倒裝

At the table sat a rabbit.

主語補語(表語)的倒裝

Seated on the ground is a group of dragons.

Such were the fox's tricks.

Luminous being are we.

部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)

分離助動詞和謂語動詞;助動詞提前

句首有否定意義的詞

Never before have I eaten such delicious soup.

句首有only

Only in this way can we grow delicious potatoes.

Only then did the mouse meet the cat.

if…should…構成虛擬語氣

Should I win the lottery, I would buy a huge pile of cakes.

固定句型中的倒裝

I was afraid. So was I.

He can't ride a bicycle;neither/nor can she.

形式倒裝

僅將強調(diào)內(nèi)容提至句首;謂語動詞不提前

感嘆句中的倒裝

What a delicious egg it is!

比較級句型中的倒裝(the more…the more…)

The more vegetables you eat,the healthier you become.

however、whatever引導讓步狀語從句時的倒裝

However long this video is,you should watch it till the end.

as、though引導讓步狀語從句時的倒裝

Much as he likes the housework,he doesn't want to do it.


24.強調(diào)

改變說話語氣

重讀單詞

使用感嘆詞

使用特定語音/語調(diào)/語氣

改變書寫方式

粗體

斜體

下劃線

全部大寫

標點符號

詞匯強調(diào)

添加強調(diào)詞

really

Cats really like fishes.

very

I eat very fast.

I missed the very beginning of the movie.

just

This is just unbelievable!

ever

All I ever wanted is that beef.

What in the world (on earth) are you talking about?

重復某個詞

She went on and on and on.

He walked and walked and walked.

助動詞強調(diào)謂語動詞

Sheep do like grass!

代詞強調(diào)

I can do it myself.

I myself went there.

句式強調(diào)

倒裝

I did not eat a single apple yesterday.

Not a single apple did I eat yesterday.

I have never met a dragon.

Never have I met a dragon.

You go off!

Off you go!

The dinosaur comes(here)!

Here comes the dinosaur!

感嘆

The orange is big!

How big the orange is!

You've grown a big peach!

What a big peach you've grown!

it+be動詞+that句式

I met a lovely bird in the field this morning.

強調(diào)主語

It was I that/who met a lovely bird in the field this morning.

強調(diào)賓語

t was a lovely bird that/who I met in the field this morning.

強調(diào)地點狀語

It was in the field that/who I met a lovely bird this morning.

強調(diào)時間狀語

It was this morning that/who I met a lovely bird in the field.

強調(diào)meet

I did meet a lovely bird in the field this morning.

強調(diào)lovely

I met a really lovely bird in the field this morning!

What a lovely bird I met in the field this morning!

How lovely the bird I met in the field this morning was!


25.省略

詞法省略

省略冠詞

“獨一無二”

并列關系

某些獨立主格結構

省略介詞

時間介詞

I ate 10 strawberries on that day.

I worked for 60 hours in last week.

做某事

I am busy in making videos.

There's no use in crying over spilled milk.

省略動詞不定式

并列關系

He wanted to stay here and read.

裸不定式

The teacher helped me to do the homework.

省略從句引導詞

定語從句中,在從句中作賓語的關系代詞可省略

句法省略

簡單句的省略

祈使句

You open the door!

感嘆句

What a smart fox he is!

How fast time flies!

口語表達

省略主謂

What did you eat?

I ate a banana.

省略部分賓語不定式

Would you like to eat a cherry?

Yes, I'd like to eat a cherry.

并列句的省略

省略主謂

The story made her happy,but the story made me sad.

省略謂語動詞

Tom likes lemon and Jane likes watermelon.

復雜句的省略

從句省略

Michael will eat the chicken,but I don't know when he will eat it.

If it is possible,I'll be there on time.

I can eat more blueberries than you can eat blueberries.

You are smarter than I am smarter.

主句省略

I am sorry to hear that.

—Shall I give you a thumbs-up?

—If you'd like you can give me a thumbs-up.


26.主謂一致

語法一致

句子的謂語動詞在形式上和主語的單復數(shù)保持一致

非謂語動詞作主語時,相當于單數(shù)名詞

To eat an apple every day is good for you.

Eating vegetables is healthy.

假象主語(就遠原則)

as well as

except

but

The monkey as well as other animals gets a banana.

All the animals except the tiger get the certificate.

不定代詞作主語

謂語動詞要和不定代詞表達的概念保持一致

Everyone gets a diploma.

Each of them robot.

Both of them like Hamburg

Some of them are afraid of the snake.

None of them get/gets a trophy.

Neither of them is/are afraid of the lion.

意義一致

同一個主語多重身份

The painter and video creator is a teacher.

The musician and the video creator are teachers.

復數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)意義

Ten years is a long time.

A knife and fork is needed for eating the steak.

Bread and butter is also needed at dinner.

不定代詞的單復數(shù)意義

All is quiet.

All are quiet.

名詞的形和意

形復意單,謂語動詞用單數(shù)

Physics is my favorite subject.

形單意復,謂語動詞用復數(shù)

The cattle are on the hill.

單復數(shù)同形名詞,謂語動詞單復都可

The sheep are eating grass.

多數(shù)集合名詞,謂語動詞單復都可

The young are expected to learn from the old.

The new is going to replace the old.

All the furniture here is expensive.

就近一致

連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞和離得最近的詞一致

or……

eitheror

neithernor

not onlybut also

Either you or I am going to the party.

There be句型


27.英文標點

逗號

斷句

Let's eat rabbit.

Let's eat,rabbit.

列舉

Let's eat strawberries,green olive and bananas.

Let's eat strawberries,green olive,and bananas.

同位語

Serial Comma(Oxford Comma、Harvard Comma)

I love my cousin,the Phoenix and Dragon.

I love my cousin,the Phoenix,and Dragon.

引語

The cat said to the mouse,“l(fā)et's eat,mouse.”

“Well,yes,let's eat,my dear cat,”said the mouse.

插入語

“Well,yes,”said the mouse,“l(fā)et's eat,my dear cat.”

并列句,復雜句

She was hungry ,and she ate some kiwi.

She ate some mutton,but she still hungry.

She didn't eat more food,because she was on a diet.

時間地點數(shù)字格式

Shanghai,China

Dec 1st,2021

數(shù)字每三位用逗號隔開

句號句點

陳述句的結尾

用于縮略語之后(一般書寫中也可省略)

Mr. Lee

Dec.

8:30 A.M.

分號

表并列;連接兩個獨立的句子

冒號

用于被列舉的事物前,用來介紹或解釋后面的內(nèi)容

引語

The wolf said,"I want to eat rabbits."

The wolf:I want to eat rabbits.

分開主副標題

時間的表達

引號

單引號用于雙引號的內(nèi)部

可以表強調(diào)

破折號

解釋說明

作句中說明部分(如同位語)的界限

表示一句話突然中斷
















































































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