Mark Twain

Mark Twain (①835-①9①0) is a great literary giant of America, whom H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literature."

馬克·吐溫（①835-①9①0）是美國一個偉大的文學巨頭，h·l·門肯認為他是“我們民族文學的真正之父”。

With works like Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (①844) and Life on the Mississippi (①883)?Twain shaped the world's view of America and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor

通過《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》《密西西比河上的生活》等作品，吐溫塑造了世界對美國的看法，并將美國民間幽默和嚴肅文學更廣泛地結(jié)合在一起，這是以往作家所做過的。

Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens

馬克·吐溫，筆名薩繆爾·朗霍恩·克萊門斯

In ①865, he published his frontier tale "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"?which brought him recognition from a wider public.

①865年，他出版了他的邊疆小說《卡拉維拉斯縣著名的跳蛙》，這使他得到了更廣泛的公眾的認可

his full literary career began to blossom in ①869 with a travel book Innocents Abroad, an account of American tourists in Europe which pokes fun at the pretentious, decadent and undemocratic Old World in a satirical tone.?

①869年，他的整個文學生涯開始于一本旅行書《天真的國外》，這本書講述了美國游客在歐洲的經(jīng)歷，用一種諷刺的語氣嘲弄了矯飾、頹廢和不民主的舊世界。

The first among these books is Roughing It (①872), in which Twain describes a journey?that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii

最好的作品中的第一本是《艱難困苦》，吐溫在書中描述了一段越往西越遠的旅程，穿過納瓦達，到達舊金山，然后到達夏威夷

Life on the Mississippi?tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a?riverboat pilot, this time up and down the Mississippi.

《密西西比河上的生活》講述了他童年時渴望成為一名內(nèi)河船飛行員的故事，這一次是在密西西比河上上下航行。

Two of the best books during this period are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (①876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.?The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy's book specially written for the adults

這一時期最好的兩本書是《湯姆·索亞歷險記》《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》。前者通常被認為是寫給男孩的經(jīng)典書籍，講述了他們特殊的恐懼和快樂。而后者是專為成年人寫的兒童書籍

Their episodic set of encounters presents a sample of the small-town world of America?and a survey of the social world from the bank of the river that runs through the heart of the country.?

他們偶遇的一系列事件展示了美國小鎮(zhèn)世界的一個樣本，以及從貫穿美國心臟的河流岸邊對社會世界的調(diào)查。

This transition can be traced long before in his social satire, The Gilded Age?(①873),

這種轉(zhuǎn)變在他的社會諷刺作品《鍍金時代》問世之前就已有所體現(xiàn)

The Gilded Age：Written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner, the novel explored the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values,?and gave its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post-Civil War era

這部小說與查爾斯·達德利·華納合作，探索了在一個充滿幻想的投機和不穩(wěn)定的價值觀的世界里，謹慎的個人主義，并以內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后快速致富的年代命名

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court?(①889), a parable of colonialization, Twain follows the journey of a representative of modern technology and ideas into a historically backward, feudal society.

在《亞瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格美國佬》中，吐溫講述了一個現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和思想的代表進入一個歷史落后的封建社會的旅程

A similar mood of despair permeates The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson?(①894), which shows the disastrous effects of slavery on the victimizer and the victim alike and reveals to us a Mark Twain whose conscience as a white Southerner was tormented by fear and remorse

《普德海德·威爾遜的悲劇》中也彌漫著同樣的絕望情緒，它展示了奴隸制對加害者和受害者的災難性影響，并向我們揭示了一個作為南方白人的良心受到恐懼和悔恨折磨的馬克·吐溫

The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg?(①900) and The Mysterious Stranger (①9①6), the change in Mark Twain from an optimist to an almost despairing pessimist could be felt and his cynicism and disillusionment with what Twain referred to regularly as the "damned human race" became obvious

《腐蝕哈德萊堡的人》《神秘的陌生人》，馬克·吐溫從一個樂觀主義者到一個幾乎絕望的悲觀主義者的變化，他對吐溫經(jīng)常所說的“該死的人類”的犬儒主義和幻滅變得顯而易見

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer?and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?proved themselves to be the milestone in American literature, and thus firmly established Twain's position in the literary world

《湯姆·索耶歷險記》，特別是《哈克貝利·芬恩歷險記》，證明了自己是美國文學的里程碑，從而牢固地確立了吐溫在文學界的地位

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn：

①：marks the climax of Twain's literary creativity

《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》標志著吐溫文學創(chuàng)作的高潮

2：Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which "all modern American literature comes."

海明威曾將這部小說描述為“所有現(xiàn)代美國文學的源頭”

3：the novel is written in a language that is?simple, direct, lucid, and faithful to the colloquial speech---"vernacular."

小說的語言簡單、直接、清晰、忠實于語言口語--白話

4：The great strength of the book also comes from the shape given to it by the course of the raft's journey down the Mississippi as Huck and Jim seek their different kinds of freedom

哈克和吉姆在密西西比河上漂流，尋求各自不同的自由，這段漂流之旅賦予了這本書巨大的力量

5：Twain knew the river intimately, uses it here both realistically and symbolically.?

對這條河了如指掌的馬克·吐溫在這里把它用得既逼真又有象征意義。

6：The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn?is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature

對哈克貝利·費恩的深刻描寫是這本書對美國文學遺產(chǎn)的又一重大貢獻

7：?"Huck," a typical American Boy whom its creator described as a boy with "a sound heart and a deformed conscience,"

哈克：典型的美國男孩描述為:心地健全但良心不健全”

8：Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society?fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain's thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.?

通過無辜而又不情愿的反叛者哈克的眼睛，我們看到了南北戰(zhàn)爭前的美國社會被充分暴露出來，同時我們也被馬克·吐溫的主題對比所深深震撼:天真與經(jīng)驗、自然與文化、荒野與文明。

吐溫的地方色彩：

①：Twain is also known as a?local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on

吐溫也被稱為“地方色彩畫家”，他喜歡通過描繪他所在地區(qū)的當?shù)厝宋飦肀憩F(xiàn)社會生活，包括生活在那里的人、風景以及其他特點，如風俗、方言、服裝等

2：the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi?became the endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippi valley and the West became his major theme

他童年在密西西比河上的豐富經(jīng)歷為他的小說提供了無盡的素材，密西西比河流域和西部成為他的主要主題

3：he wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so well and their life was the one he himself hand lived

他寫的是下層人民，因為他們是他非常熟悉的人，他們的生活和他自己的生活一樣

4：he successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrated and shed light on the contemporary society.?

他還成功地運用地方色彩和歷史背景來闡釋和闡釋當代社會。

語言風格：

①：his use of vernacular.?His words are colloquial,?concrete and direct?in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language

他使用方言。他的用詞口語化，具體而直接，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，甚至不合語法，這是典型的口語

2：Twain skillfully used the colloquialism?to cast his protagonists in their everyday life

馬克·吐溫巧妙地使用了通俗的語言，使他筆下的主人公生活在日常生活中

3：his characters, confined to a particular region?and to a particular historical moment, speak with a strong accent,?which is true of his local colorism

他的人物局限于特定的地區(qū)和特定的歷史時刻，說話帶有濃重的口音，這是他的地方色彩的真實體現(xiàn)

4：Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country

馬克·吐溫使白話成為美國文學史上公認的、受人尊敬的文學媒介

吐溫的幽默藝術(shù)：

①：most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales

他的大部分作品往往是有趣的，包含一些惡作劇的笑話，喜劇細節(jié)，機智的評論等，其中有些實際上是無稽之談

2：Mark Twain shared the popular image of the American funny man?whose punning, facetious,?irreverent articles filled the newspapers

馬克·吐溫分享了一個流行的美國滑稽人的形象，他的雙關(guān)語，滑稽的，不敬的文章充斥著報紙

3：?his humor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration,?repetition,?and anti-climax,?let alone tricks of travesty and invective

他的幽默的特點是雙關(guān)語，嚴肅的夸張，重復，和反高潮，更不用說滑稽和謾罵的技巧

4：his humor is not only of witty remarks mocking at small things or of farcical elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.?

他的幽默并不僅僅是嘲笑小事的俏皮話或讓人發(fā)笑的滑稽元素，而是一種批評社會不公和諷刺浪漫主義的藝術(shù)風格。

Henry James

Henry James (①843-①9①6) was the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms

亨利·詹姆斯(①843-①9①6)是第一個用國際術(shù)語來構(gòu)想自己職業(yè)生涯的美國作家

In the first period?(①865-①882), James took great interest in international themes.：

在第一階段詹姆斯對國際主題非常感興趣：

James treated with great care the clashes between tow different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America

詹姆斯都非常小心地對待兩種不同文化之間的沖突，及在歐洲的美國人或在美洲的歐洲人的情感和道德問題

The American?(①877)：a young and innocent American confronting the complexity of the European life

《美國人》講述了一個年輕天真的美國人面對歐洲生活的復雜性的故事

Daisy Miller?(①878), a novella about a young American girl who gets "killed" by the winter in Rome, brought James international fame for the first time

《黛西·米勒》是一部中篇小說，講述了一個年輕的美國女孩在羅馬的冬天被“殺死”的故事，這使詹姆斯第一次獲得了國際聲譽

In The Europeans?(①878), the scene is shifted back to America, where some Europeans, who are actually expatriated Americans, learn with difficulty to adapt themselves to the American life

《歐洲人》場景又回到了美國，在那里，一些歐洲人，實際上是移居國外的美國人，很難適應(yīng)美國的生活

The Portrait of A Lady?(①88①) is generally considered to be his masterpiece, which incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European cultural environment.

《貴婦人的畫像》被普遍認為是他的代表作，它體現(xiàn)了一個美國女孩在歐洲文化環(huán)境下的人生旅途中新舊世界的沖突

in his middle period：

The Bostonians?(①886)：satirized the women liberation movement that took place in Boston,

《波士頓人》 ：諷刺發(fā)生在波士頓的婦女解放運動

The Princess Casamassima?(①886)：exposed the anarchist conspiracy in the slum of London, 《卡薩馬西瑪公主》：揭露倫敦貧民窟無政府主義陰謀

were written in a naturalistic mode?and proved to be unsuccessful.

都以自然主義的方式進行創(chuàng)作，但均以失敗告終

短篇小說：

The Private Life?(①893),

The Death of a Lion?(①894)

The Middle Years?(posthumously ①9①7)

succeed in exploring the relationship of the artist to the society only to prove that the artist would not sacrifice the truth for the passion no matter how troubled and isolated he feels.

《私人生活》《獅子之死》《中年》成功地探索了藝術(shù)家與社會的關(guān)系，證明了藝術(shù)家無論多么煩惱和孤獨，都不會為了激情而犧牲真理

?

Another group of short fictions ：

The Turn of the Screw (①898)：a story about the troubled and abnormal psychology of oppressed children, in which a whole household is terrorized by "ghosts,"

《螺絲釘?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)動》（①898）：一個關(guān)于受壓迫兒童的麻煩和不正常心理的故事，一整個家庭都被“鬼魂”嚇壞The Beast in the Jungle (①903), which focuses on the imaginative obsession of some haunted men and women with their personal disaster in future.?

《叢林中的野獸》（①903年），其重點是一些鬧鬼的男性和女性的富有想象力的癡迷與他們的個人未來的災難。

In his last and major period：returned to his "international theme."

在他的最后和主要時期，詹姆斯回到了他的“國際主題”

①895 to ①900, he wrote some novellas and stories dealing with childhood and adolescence, the most famous of which is What Maisie Knows?(①897).

①895-①900他寫了一些關(guān)于童年和青春期的中篇小說和故事，其中最著名的是《麥齊知道什么》

After that, he successively created the following great books:

The Wings of the Dove?(①902),

The Ambassadors?(①903)

The Golden Bowl (①904).?

These demanding novels?are widely considered to be James's most influential contribution to literature

此后，他先后創(chuàng)作了《鴿子的翅膀》《大使》《金碗》。這些苛刻的小說被廣泛認為是詹姆斯對文學最具影響力的貢獻

國際主題：

These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America,?and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems

這些小說總是以更大的國際背景為背景，通常是在歐洲和美國之間，圍繞著兩種不同的文化與代表兩種不同價值體系的兩個不同群體的對抗展開

文學評論：

①：It is both concerned with form and devoted to human values.?

既關(guān)心形式，又致力于人類的價值

2：The theme of his essay "The Art of Fiction" clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life,?so it is not surprising to find in his writings human experiences explored in every possible from: illusion, despair, reward, torment, inspiration, delight, etc

他的文章“小說的藝術(shù)”的主題清楚地表明，小說的目的是當下，所以在他的作品中發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的經(jīng)驗，從各種可能的:幻覺，絕望，獎勵，痛苦，靈感，快樂，等等，是不足為奇的

3：He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him,?even the disagreeable, the ugly and the commonplace.?

他也提倡藝術(shù)家可以自由地寫任何與他有關(guān)的東西，即使是令人不快的、丑陋的和平凡的東西

4：The?artist should be able to "feel" the life,?to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.?

藝術(shù)家應(yīng)該能夠“感受”生活，理解人性，然后以自己的藝術(shù)形式記錄下來。

現(xiàn)實主義：

①：James's realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter

詹姆斯的現(xiàn)實主義思想還具有心理處理題材的特點

2：His fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings

他的小說世界關(guān)注的更多的是人類的內(nèi)在生活

3：His best and most mature works will render the drama of individual consciousness?and convey the moment-to-moment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery

他最優(yōu)秀和最成熟的作品將呈現(xiàn)個人意識的戲劇，并傳達作為困惑和發(fā)現(xiàn)的人類經(jīng)驗的即時感覺

4：we as readers observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in his experience

作為讀者，我們觀察通過個人意識過濾出來的人和事，并參與到他的經(jīng)歷中

5：James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-chentury "stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism

詹姆斯被普遍認為是20世紀“意識流”小說的先驅(qū)者和心理現(xiàn)實主義的創(chuàng)始人。

創(chuàng)作技巧和語言風格：

①：One of the James's literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative "point of view."?This narrative method proves to be successful in bringing out his themes

詹姆斯為迎合這種心理強調(diào)而創(chuàng)新的文學技巧之一就是他的敘事“視角”，這種敘述方法成功地引出他的主題

2：As to his language, He is often?highly refined and insightful.他的語言經(jīng)常是高度精煉和有洞察力的

3：With a?large vocabulary,?he is always accurate in word selection,

他的詞匯量很大，在遣詞造句方面總是很準確

Therefore Henry James is not only one of the most important realist of the period before the First World War, but also the?most expert stylist of his time.?

因此，亨利·詹姆斯不僅是第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前時期最重要的現(xiàn)實主義作家之一，是他那個時代最專業(yè)的作家之一。

選讀作品：

Daisy Miller：

①：Published in ①878, the novella is one of James's early works that dealt with the international theme

這部中篇小說出版于①878年，是詹姆斯早期處理國際主題的作品之一

2：?Daisy Miller has ever since become the American girl in Europe, a celebrate cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World

黛西·米勒從此成為歐洲的美國女孩，一個體現(xiàn)新世界精神的慶祝文化類型

3：innocence, the keynote of her character, turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures

她的性格基調(diào)——天真，卻被證明是一種令人羨慕但又危險的品質(zhì)，她對舊世界社會禁忌的蔑視，最終使她在兩種不同文化的沖突中陷入災難

Emily Dickinson

Altogether, she wrote ①,775 poems, of which only seven had appeared during her lifetime

她總共寫了①775首詩，其中只有7首是在她有生之年出現(xiàn)的

Dickinson called this stream of tiny, aphoristic poems a continuous fragmented "letter to the world," a way to bridge her private world with the public.

狄金森把這些短小的、警句式的詩歌稱為連續(xù)不斷的“寫給世界的信”，一種連接她的私人世界和公眾世界的方式

詩歌范圍：

永恒主題：

①：Dickinson's poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys

狄金森的詩通常是基于她自己的經(jīng)歷，她的悲歡離合

2：within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immorality, love, and nature

但在她的小歌詞中，狄金森表達了那些涉及到整個人類的問題，包括宗教、死亡、不道德、愛和自然

3：In some of her poems she wrote about her?doubt and belief about religious subjects

她的一些詩中，她寫了她對宗教主題的懷疑和信仰

4：Closely related to Dickinson's religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immorality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death

與狄金森的宗教詩歌密切相關(guān)的是她關(guān)于死亡和不道德的詩歌，涵蓋了死亡的生理、心理和情感方面

Love is another subject Dickinson dwelt on.?One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause.

愛情主題：

①：Love is another subject Dickinson dwelt on.

愛情是狄金森思考的另一個主題

2：One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration?love can cause.

她的一組愛情詩講述了愛情所帶來的痛苦和挫折

3：These poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience, closely related to her deepest and most private feelings

這些詩明顯地反映了她自己的不幸經(jīng)歷，與她最深最私密的感受密切相關(guān)

4：The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspects of desire,?

另一組愛情詩側(cè)重于欲望的生理方面，

5：However, it is those poems dealing with marriage?that have aroused critical attention first.

然而，首先引起批評界關(guān)注的是那些描寫婚姻的詩歌

自然主題：

①：More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed

狄金森寫了五百多首關(guān)于自然的詩，在這些詩中，她對人與自然關(guān)系的普遍懷疑態(tài)度得到了很好的表達

2：On the one hand, she believed that a mythical bond between man and nature existed,?that nature revealed to man things about mankind and universe

一方面，相信人與自然之間存在著一種神秘的聯(lián)系，自然向人類揭示了關(guān)于人類和宇宙的事物

3：On the other hand, she felt strongly about nature's inscrutability and indifference to the life and interests of human beings

另一方面，她強烈地感受到大自然對人類生命和利益的神秘和冷漠

4：?Her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive, from sketches of flowers, insects, birds, to the sunset, the fully detailed summer storms, the change of seasons

她觀察敏銳，注重細節(jié)，對大自然的興趣無處不在，從花、蟲、鳥的素描，到日落、詳盡的夏季風暴和季節(jié)變化

詩歌創(chuàng)新與藝術(shù)特色：

①：Dickinson's poetry is unique and unconventional?in its own way.狄金森的詩歌特立獨行，不落俗套

2：Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines

她的詩沒有標題，總是在開頭幾行就被引用

3：In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern,?in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters?as a means of emphasis

在她的詩歌中有一種特殊的重音模式，破折號被用作一種音樂手段來創(chuàng)造節(jié)奏，大寫字母作為一種強調(diào)手段

4：The form of her poetry is familiar,?communal, and sometimes, irregular

她的詩歌形式是熟悉的，公共的，有時是不規(guī)則的

5：her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness

她的詩歌風格以簡潔、直接和樸素而著稱

6：Her poems are usually short, rarely more than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or symbol?and focused on one subject matter.

她的詩通常很短，很少超過二十行，許多詩集中在一個形象或象征，集中在一個主題上

7：her poems tend to be very personal and meditative.

她的詩歌往往帶有個人色彩和沉思性

8：She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader, and personification to vivify some abstract ideas

她經(jīng)常使用人物形象來使讀者更熟悉語氣，用擬人手法使一些抽象的想法生動起來

9：Dickinson's poetry?is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness?;?her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.?

狄金森的詩歌以其多樣、微妙和豐富而聞名；她有限的私人世界從未限制過她的創(chuàng)造力和想象力的無限力量。

選讀作品：

①：This is my letter to the World：communication with the outside world???2：I heard a Fly buzz - when I died:the moment of death???3：I like to see it lap the Miles：makes the train part of nature by animalizing it??4：Because I could no stop for Death -?：personifies death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt.

Theodore Dreiser

Theodore Dreiser (①87①-①945) is generally acknowledged as one of American's literary naturalists

西奧多·德萊塞是公認的美國文學博物學家之一

his true literary influences were from Balzac, Charles Darwin?and Herbert Spenser

他真正的文學影響來自巴爾扎克、查爾斯·達爾文和赫伯特·斯賓塞

Sister Carrie?(①900) is the best-known, tracing the material rise of Carrie Meeber?and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood

《嘉莉妹妹》最為著名，描寫了嘉莉·米伯的物質(zhì)崛起和赫斯渥的悲劇性衰落

In his early period?some of his best short fictions were written, among which are Nigger Jeff?and Old Rogaum and His Theresa

在他早期創(chuàng)作的一些最好的短篇小說中，有《黑鬼杰夫》和《老羅根姆和他的特蕾莎》

In ①9①①, Jennie Gerhardt?came out, followed by two volumes of his "Trilogy of Desire," The Financier?(①9①2) and The Titan?(①9①4), the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in ①947

①9①①年，《珍妮·葛哈德》問世，接著是他的“欲望三部曲”的兩卷，《金融家》《泰坦》，第三卷《斯多葛學派》，在他死后的①947年出版

The Genius?(①9①5), a classic story of a "misunderstood artist", was once condemned for "obscenity and blasphemy."

《天才》是一個“被誤解的藝術(shù)家”的經(jīng)典故事，曾因“淫穢和褻瀆”而被譴責

①925 Dreiser's greatest work An American Tragedy appeared.?But it was banned in Boston in ①927.?

①925年，德萊塞最偉大的作品《美國悲劇》問世。但它在①927年在波士頓被禁止。

In ①927 he accepted an invitation to?visit Russia?and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia?the following year

①927年，他接受了訪問俄羅斯的邀請，并在第二年寫了《德萊塞看俄羅斯》一書

德萊瑟的自然主義：

①：With the publication of Sister Carrie，make him one of the most significant American writers of the school later known as literary naturalism

隨著《嘉莉妹妹》的出版，他成為后來被稱為文學自然主義的流派中最重要的美國作家之一

2：As a genre, naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances

作為一種體裁，自然主義強調(diào)遺傳和環(huán)境是塑造個性人物的重要決定性力量，這些人物在特殊而詳細的環(huán)境中呈現(xiàn)出來

3：In his works, man is a "victim of forces over which he has no control."

在他的作品中，人是“他無法控制的力量的受害者”

4：the characters in his books are often subject to the control of the natural forces?- especially those of environment and heredity.?

他書中的人物經(jīng)常受到自然力量的控制——尤其是環(huán)境和遺傳的力量。

5：Sex is another human desire?that Dreiser explored to considerable lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature

性是德萊塞為揭示人性陰暗面而在小說中進行了大量探索的另一種人類欲望

德萊瑟作品中的達爾文主義

:①：The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering.

達爾文“適者生存”思想的影響是毀滅性的。

2：It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where "kill or to be killed" was the law

在德萊塞的小說中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)一個以“殺或被殺”為法則的叢林世界

3：In Sister Carrie?Dreiser expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness of life and attacking the conventional moral standards

在《嘉莉妹妹》中，德萊塞通過闡述生命的無目的性和對傳統(tǒng)道德標準的攻擊來表達他的自然主義追求

4：In his "Trilogy of Desire,"?Dreiser's focus shifted from the pathos of the helpless protagonists at the bottom of the society to the power of the American financial tycoons in the late ①9th century

在他的“欲望三部曲”中，德萊塞的關(guān)注點從社會底層無助主人公的悲愴轉(zhuǎn)向了①9世紀晚期美國金融大亨的權(quán)力

5：An American Tragedy proves?to be his greatest work and by entitling this book with such a name, Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable

《美國悲劇》被證明是他最偉大的作品，德萊塞給這本書起這樣的名字，是想告訴我們，正是社會壓力使克萊德的垮臺不可避免

貢獻：

①：Dreiser's contribution?to the American literary history cannot be ignored.

德萊塞對美國文學史的貢獻不容忽視

2：He broke away from the genteel tradition?of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.?

他打破了文學的文風傳統(tǒng)，以非?，F(xiàn)實的方式將生活戲劇化

3：There is no comment, no judgment but facts of life in the stories.

故事里沒有評論，沒有判斷，只有生活的事實

4：His style is not polished but very serious?and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sought.?

他的風格并不華麗，但非常嚴肅，并經(jīng)過精心設(shè)計以達到他所追求的主題目的