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Pedunculopontine nucleus

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Pedunculopontine nucleus

Details

Identifiers

Latin

nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus

MeSH

D045042

NeuroNames

504

NeuroLex?ID

birnlex_1437

TA

A14.1.06.336

FMA

72429

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

[edit on Wikidata]

The?pedunculopontine nucleus?or?pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus?is a collection of neurons located in the upper?pons?in the?brainstem.[1][2]?It lies?caudal?to the?substantia nigra?and adjacent to the?superior cerebellar peduncle. It has two divisions of subnuclei; the pars compacta containing mainly?cholinergic?neurons, and the pars dissipata containing mainly?glutamatergic?neurons and some non-cholinergic neurons.[2]?The pedunculopontine nucleus is one of the main components of the?reticular activating system.[3][4]?It was first described in 1909 by?Louis Jacobsohn-Lask, a German?neuroanatomist.[5][6]

Contents

·?1Projections

·?2Functions

·?3Parkinson disease

·?4References

·?5External links

Projections[edit]

Pedunculopontine nucleus?neurons?project?axons?to a wide range of areas in the brain,[7]?particularly parts of the?basal ganglia?such as the?subthalamic nucleus,?substantia nigra pars compacta, and?globus pallidus internus.

（Pedunculopontine nucleus的活動激發(fā)basal ganglia，意味著激發(fā)活動，激發(fā)thalamus，意味著激發(fā)欲望的記憶。）

It also sends them to targets in the?thalamus,?cerebellum,?basal forebrain, and lower?brainstem, and in the?cerebral cortex, the?supplementary motor area?and?somatosensory?and?motor cortices.[3][4][8]

It receives inputs from many areas of the brain,[7]?including the basal ganglia to which it projects with the exception of the substantia nigra pars compacta to which it projects but does not receive, while it receives but does not project to the?substantia nigra pars reticulata.[3][4]

(這里不過就是想說Pedunculopontine nucleus投射到basal ganglia的許多地方, 但是不投射到substantia nigra pars reticulata，相反substantia?nigra pars reticulata投射到Pedunculopontine nucleus。這里substantia?nigra pars reticulata是抑制型的，是對Pedunculopontine nucleus的抑制，此外substantia?nigra pars reticulata投射到superior colliculus，對眼睛的轉(zhuǎn)動起到直接控制的作用，除了prefrontal cortex和parietal cortex兩處皮層控制眼動（prefrontal cortex處接受顏色的視覺信息，parietal cortex接受亮度的視覺信息，因此有兩種不同的控制方式，自然有相對的兩種不同眼動模式。比如你想要用眼睛比量兩個物體的距離，你就不能用顏色動眼方式去測量，所以很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中某性格特點的人的測距能力更弱，或者對于你自己存在測距能力弱的時候。）。除了上述皮層控制動眼，還有substantia?nigra pars reticulata這種控制，別忘了盲人一樣要動眼，只要Pedunculopontine?nucleus活動。而且在REM睡眠期，眼動活動也很強烈，副交感系統(tǒng)活動也很強烈，通過lateral hypothalamus興奮habenular nucleus，通過diagonal band of Broca（也投射cholinergic axon到海馬皮層）投射抑制軸突到habenular nucleus, 總之是要通過lateral?habenular nucleus興奮Pedunculopontine nucleus，從而大面積興奮basal ganglia和thalamus，此時正是substantia?nigra pars reticulata的活動產(chǎn)生了眼球快動，同時又對Pedunculopontine nucleus進(jìn)行抑制（不是說抑制到死，而是參與調(diào)節(jié)），nucleus accumbens也活動強烈，抑制ventral pallidum, 解放dorsomedial thalamus，從而解放prefrontal cortex，造就了逼真而喪失距離感的夢境，反映了你潛意識的欲望。其實白日困倦，趴著假寐，讓自己的眼球自由左右轉(zhuǎn)動，若有所失那種狀態(tài)，能夠有一個很好的休息效果，因為此時Pedunculopontine nucleus活動，副交感系統(tǒng)充分自由活躍。在所有哺乳動物中，habenular nucleus是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中一個不對稱結(jié)構(gòu)，左右核團(tuán)大小有很大差異，而basal ganglia和中的cholinergic，這或許左右利手出現(xiàn)的根本原因吧，或許REM狀態(tài)（包括非睡眠時的白日夢）是為了平衡兩側(cè)大腦的海馬皮層，因為habenular nucleus左右不平衡，那么對它的控制模式也一定左右不平衡，這里尤其涉及basal ganglia和海馬皮層。沒想到這里要寫這么多，我前面還沒鋪墊好內(nèi)容就直接說出這么多驚世駭俗的推論，對這里的內(nèi)容是我依據(jù)其他假設(shè)的推論，無意中給出了左右利手產(chǎn)生的原因，以及REM睡眠的必要性原因，一切都源于habenular nucleus左右不平衡，對habenular nucleus的控制模式也左右不平衡，而Pedunculopontine nucleus的活動導(dǎo)致潛意識欲望的產(chǎn)生，是副交感系統(tǒng)活動興奮lateral?habenular nucleus再興奮Pedunculopontine nucleus的結(jié)果。副交感活動不強烈，就沒有欲望產(chǎn)生，欲望也是一種記憶，是由thalamus先激發(fā)然后激發(fā)皮層的結(jié)果。今天就先寫這些吧。一個最典型的例子，你看到別人手里誘人的食物或其他什么東西，而恰巧你處于放松狀態(tài)，你一定有所本能反應(yīng)，而抵制這一誘惑的一個下意識然后變成有意識的行為就是轉(zhuǎn)動眼球看向別處。拉布拉多狗按主人指令拒絕食物時眼睛看向其他地方。其實，你自己對此更方便去體驗。)

Functions[edit]

The pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in many functions, including?arousal,?attention,?learning,?reward, and voluntary limb movements and?locomotion.[9][10]?While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to the?cerebral cortex.[9]?It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of?REM sleep.[7]

Recent research has discovered that the pedunculopontine nucleus is involved in the planning of movement, and that different networks of neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus are switched on during real and imagined movement.[10]

Parkinson disease[edit]

Research is being done on whether?deep brain stimulation?of the pedunculopontine nucleus might be used to improve the gait and postural difficulties found in?Parkinson disease.[9][11]