?Copy of the Second Petition made by the English to the Mandarins of Canton, this year 1637.（Lisbon Transcripts, I.O. Records, Vol. IV,).

?

? The merchants so and so who have recently come hither, because an interchange of kindness is praiseworthy, and this is done with respect to foreigners in the Kingdom itself 1 We, though we differ from those in Macau in affections and laws, nevertheless have one heart ; and they [the Portuguese] have had intercourse with China for many years, and follow her laws, but we for eight years past have delivered many hundreds of hundreds of taels to those of Macau for them to sell goods to us. But they, moved by cupidity, because the Oueves take their silver and owe it, excuse themselves and will give us nothing, not even friendship.

? This year, from hatred, they would not receive our silver nor allow us to disembark, but put poison in our wine, rice and other provisions, so that more than seventy of our people died ; and the Mandarin of Casa Branca' saw this and is witness thereof. Wherefore we being unable to do otherwise, proceeded to the Mouth of the Tiger [Boca Tigris] to beg for help and pity. But here, on the contrary, the Mandarins would not receive us. We discharged some large pieces and broke the walls, pretending to fight, and going from place to place, we took from the inhabitants what we found, and we do not wish to restore it. Afterwards in pity they bid us go to Macau to trade, at which we greatly rejoiced. But the barbarians of Macau being wicked, of evil designs and covetous, we now beg that mercy be shown us and that instead of going to Macau, a piece of land be lent to us, from whence we may trade, and not desiring that it should be outside Macau, then a written license for a lantea to fetch and carry merchandise, with all things clearly and manifestly set down that chapas [official notices] may be affixed in all places, that we may depart for good, and we will commit no damage whatever ; and then from the Kingdom itself we may come in all security.

? This is a just rendering of what the petition contains, this day the 7th of October 16372

Agrees with the original

???????????????? Domingos Rodrigues de Figueiredo.

?

? 14th October 1637. Aryved 5 Portugalls at Canton who pretended to Captain Weddell that they had noe other business there, but only to sohcite the libertie of the merchants, then which they performed nothinge less, giveinge a thowsand lyinge informations against our nation, reportinge us to be rouges, theeves, beggars and what not. And wheras the Merchants before their cominge had promise of a sudden dispatch [and] had received part of what was agreed for upon their monnies and goods, these good trends began againe by new excessive bribes to hinder their proceedings, And to have them detayned and sent upp to Paquin [Peking], the Citty royall, beinge 2 months Journye in the Cuntry, from whence they must never have Expected to returne. Two daies they were in Canton and detayned the letter they brought from our Shipps, not so much as once advizeinge the merchants of their arrivall.

? The 3rd day they sent a paultry groome unto them, who would have perswaded them to draw a petition in portugueze to their good worshipps that it might please them to bestowe a vissite upon them, which ridiculous message was as scornfully received and answeared by Nathaniell Mountney, sendinge them word that as the English in Canton neither knew of their Comeinge, nor yett had any occasion to use their Curtesie (so farr as they understood), they would not therefore become suitors for such a petty favour as a visitte from persons whose quallitie and condition was to them unknowne. They might doe therefore as they pleased.

? 15th October 1637. Champin [Tsung-ping] haveinge Caused 4 petitions to Chad] an [Cham-jan] and the other Cheife Mandaryns to be drawne in the name of the English 2, he sent them to the merchants? to subscribe, which being done, they were presented on their behalfe. Their objects were to obtaine a present dispatch and a future trade, etc.

? After the audjence was broken upp, 2 Mandryns of quaUtie were sent from Chad] an and the rest to know iff the English would pay 20C [2000] tayes per annum for customes and duties, in consideration wherof they should be possessed of | Maccau and cnjoye all freedoms which the Portugalls did. And hereof they desired to be resolved, that they mighte forthwith advertize the Kinge and procure his confirmation. And this they undoubtedly did, And answeare was arrived just att our thrustinge forth of Maccau, and indeed was the cheife cause of our pressinge to be gone, least it might have bin brought us by Paulo Noretty, who was ready to come with it and the Kings Firman [farmdn, letters patent], as by his letters to our merchants appeares ; and however, the Captain Gennerall pretended disgust against us for Carryinge of passengers.

? In the afternoone the merchants were sent for to Champines [Tstmg-ping] pallace that Chadjan [Cham-jan] might (as he desyred) see them. They went in the best Equipage [display] they could, but he, detayned by some other occasions, came not, and soe they returned home to their howse.

? 16th October 1637. The Portugalls came to visite our Merchants and delivered divers letters to [? from] the Shipps, and promised Convayance to some of theirs directed to Captain Weddell, etc.

? 18th October 1637. Thomas Robinson went upp to Canton from the Joncke, and the next day they were all 3 called to a Pagode or temple of Idolls in a little Hand in the midst of the ryver afore the Cittie wher the Portugalls usually resided 3 And there,before 3 or 4 counterfeite [imitation] Manderyns, they were by these worshipfull gentlemen accused of ingratitude towards them, Notwithstandinge which, forsooth, in Christian Charitie (iff Jews may have any) would redeeme them, and to that End they were come. They must therfore give Consent forthwith to goe with them to Maccau, and there they would deliver them upp to Captain Weddell, upon Condition that they and all the rest of the Councell would promise to undertake in writeing for the King of England that he should never send any more Shipps into China ; and yett but one of them must goe from Canton till such tyme as answeare should be returned for the firminge of this goodly obligation.

? These propositions beinge uttered with their so solid or rather stolid Portugall gravitie, and before none but their owne counterfeite Creatures, wanted not much of begettinge an outright laught with our merchants, who fayled not roundly to tell them of their treachery and how little need they stood in of their soliciteinge their libertie, haveinge injoyed it before their arrivall, and indeed had never bin taken from them at all but by their procurement ; nor would they, unless Constrayned, goe with them to Maccau. And this and much more beinge deliverde them by Nathaniell Mounteney, soe insenced their spleene against him, that they wrote most bitterly of his stuborness, both to the Shipps and them of Maccau, and told them presently that in despight of his hearted ,he should goe with them. And their counterfeite roughes condemned him that he must pay 28,000 Rs. [reals] of 8 for the trade he [had] driven in Canton, which iff he refused to parte with, upon that faire pretence, it should be detayned however in a more disgracefull manner for the satisfaction of the robberyes and pillages which our people had Comitted in the river.this did these our good trends from tyme to tyme press all the Manderyns to prosecute, who utterly refused it, and dayly sought to hasten our despeed, some one or two Excepted, whom their bribes and falce informations had exasperated against us.

? 20th October 1637. Nathaniell Mounteney beinge againe Called before these petty counterfeites, refused to goe, but sent Thomas Robinson and John Mounteney, who appearinge, were told by the mouth of an Arch villiane, the Portugall Jurabassa [juru-bahasa, interpreter], that the Manderyns had sentenced them to pay the somme of 28C [2,800] tayes, which was most falce, and paye it they must and then to be delivered over in to the hands of the Portugalls to trade under their protection and licence att Maccau, for this yeare onely, but never more to returne upon paine of &c., for those of Maccau, as they themselves proffessed, beinge sonns and subjects of the Kinge of China?ought not to be molested by such a theevish Nation as the English. Itt was answeared them a while after, upon the reiteration of these, that the English att their comeinge to Maccau supposed they had negociated with the King of Spaines subjects, but now by their owne confession, haveinge left the obedience due to him, wee hoped his Chatolique Majestie would hold us excused iff, receivinge wrongs from Chinesses, wee should seeke to redress ourselves upon those who proffessed to be the same. That their Jurebassa yesderdayes Exposition of the China sentence against the English [is] utterly falce will hereby appeare, for this daye Champin, who had gathered togeather most part of the goods and mouny, sent for them and made a reall [true] accompt with them for whatsoever was in his hands, and promised that, payinge the Duties accustomed, they should have an Annuall free trade and a place of residence where they pleased.

? 2[?4]th October 1637. Thomas Robinson went abourd his Joncke and prosecuted the waighinge out of all the Incense and returned to Canton the same night ; and in 2 dayes he cleared that all ashoare, and then brought upp the other 2 men that were prisoners with him to the Cittye.

? [?5]th November 1637, About this tyme the merchants received a letter from the Councell touchinge their determynation to sell the Pinnace Ann to the Captain of the Gallion . Now also were divers Jounckes in Canton takeinge in of suger, china rootes, boords for Chestes, Arracke ? etc. Provisions. And all our people, haveinge free lycence, departed abourd a Jouncke which they had hired to bringe them down to the Shipps; but they were constreayned to stay certayne dayes to accompany the rest, in the meane time enjoyinge the Comforte of the fresh ayre after their close howse, And haveinge free licence when they pleased to goe ashoare on the other side of the river amongst the gardens. . .

? 6th November 1637. Our good frends, the Portugalls, perceivinge that, in despight of their treacheryes, our people had gotten their freedome and goods, sent to exsite them with a Congratulatarye message, .and told them there was an order Come from Chadjan [Cham-jan] for their dispatch, with satisfaction for all their monnyes and goods, which was knowne long before .; but however, they would have seemed to have bin Officers in its procureinge. . . .

? 9th November 1637. Two petty Mandryns att the Pagode in Canton sent to speake with our merchants and the Portugalls ; but they being busye in takeinge in of Sugar, Ginger, [China] rootes, etc., denyed to goe to them. Whereupon they, with 4 Portugalls came to the Jouncke side and demaunded iff they would goe to Maccau with them ; but they refused to goe forth of the Joncke unless they were forced, the Portugalls againe tellinge them that they should goe whethere they would or noe, and soe departed.

? 16th November 1637. A small Joncke that had brought upp the Portugalls sett sayle this daye for Maccau with one of these 5 great Negotiators, being verrye sicke.

? 18th November 1637. Nathaniell and John Mountney went to Champin [Tsung-pmg] with a present to take leave of him. He desired a receipt for the goods he had laden abourd for our accompt, and promised to procure the rest to be sent after to the Shipps, and that they should have his Firma [fanndn, letters patent] for their dispeed.

? 19th November 1637. Receipts were passed by ours [our merchants] for whatsoever was received abourd.

? 22d November 1637. Nathaniell and John Mountney (Thomas Robinson beinge verry sicke) went to Champin for their dispatches, who before twO' Manderyns demaunded off them whether they had received satisfaction for their goods. They acknowledged all but loC [1000] ryals, which was promised to be sent downe after them, and soe takeinge their fynall leave and beinge upon their departure, newes was brought that the 4 Portugalls awaited without for audience, whome Champin would not admitt unto his presence, but sent for their brokers to understand their business, which was to demaund the English to be delivered intotheir hands. Itt was answeared that they would not goe without force, and beinge frends they were not to be Constrayned. And besides they had already received order to pass with their owne goods and Vessells. The Portugalls to this sent in their reply that iff the English were not under their power, then their Shipps att Maccau would oppose and trouble the quiett trade ; and they desyred them only to secure their owne goods and persons, and to bringe them to some good agreement. Wherupon he [the Tsimg-ping] caused 2 interchangable writings to be made and fyrmed, by either partye that they should not molest or impeach one another, and soe dismissed them upon Equall tearmes, ordayneinge Either parte to imbarque and passe upon their owne vessells, haveinge firste contracted fully with Nathaniell Mountney and caused him to signe a Condition that in leiwe of [return for] free and ample trade and residence, the English would yearly paye the Kinge 20000 tayes, fowre peece of iron ordnance and 50 musketts.

? 26th November 1637. Our merchants departed from Canton towards Maccau, and the same night the Portugalls dogginge them aloofe off sett sayle also and after the next daye came upp with them, desyringe them to come to ancker, which beinge not yeelded unto, they threatned the poore marryners of the vessells, who for feare obeyed their Commaund, whilest ours had neither language or power to Contradicte. Both ours and the Portugalls came in sight of Maccau where, contrary to the interchangable Covenante passed betweene them and the ? Express order of Champin, they tooke the goods and persons of our merchants, and in httle less than tryumphant manner brought them, towed att their sternes, into the porte of Maccau, the shoare beinge thronged with multitudes of spectators. And forthwith N. and J, Mounteney were called on lande, leaving Thomas Robinson (sicke of a dangerous Flouxe) abourd the Joncke, who that night came abourd the Sunn in hir Skiffe, where haveinge rested himselfe 2 dayes and taken some phisicall meanes, he went to the towne to assist the rest, where they continued with a thowsand interuptions, and dayly orderd to be gone, still investing what they could, beinge nowe thrust out of one howse by the Citties Comaund, and then out of another, till att last the Captain of the Spanish Galhon, with much curtesie, mannaged [controlled] their malice, harboured them verry Conveniently in his spacious house, to the noe small disgust of the Portugalls, who notwithstandinge, att last, on the sudden, by divers importunate offices, gave them a fynall Expulsion.

?

注：

1：" The Kinsrdom " seems to refer to England.

2：If, as stated in the Diary of Courteen's merchants, the Petition was signed on the 12th October O.S., it seems unlikely that it could have been translated as early as the 7th October N.S. or 27th September O.S. It is possible, however, that it was drawn up on the 27th September and sent to Robinson on the 28th with a copy of the letter " to the Shipps " (see the Diary of that date), and that the Mountneys waited until Robinson's release from the junk and arrival at Canton, when they " joyntly fimaed " the document.

3：According to Ljungstedt, p. 83, the port of Canton was closed against Portuguese shipping in 1631, but as stated eariier in the narrative of Weddell and his merchants {ante, pp. 175—176), they made theirway up the river through the inner passage. No confirmation has been found of the statement in the text that they had right of access to an island opposite the city. The place may be the "little Ile " mentioned in Purchas His Pilgrirnes.

4：rice spirit.

?

? The 29th [November 1637]. Our Admirall etts. Commaunders went on shore, beeing therto invited.

?

? A writing firmed and Delivered to the Chinoi

?

? The 30th [November 1637]. Our Admirall [Captain Weddell], Mr Nathaniell Mountney and Vice Admirall [Captain Swanley] affirmed to a writing required by the Chinois, and by themselves odly indited The afforesaid writing was given to a Tacazzee [tai-ke-sz], beeing a certaine Degree of Mandareene, who now and att other tymes satte aboutt our businesse. Hee was broughtt in an open Chaire beetweene 2 Men, butt much higher From the ground then our Sedans ; a quitasolle carried over his head ; Musicke, viz., a kind of hautboies and beating on brasse vessells, with severall ensignes, went before him.

?

? Copy of the Undertaking signed by the English （Lisbon Transcripts, I.O. Records, Vol. IV.)

?

? We the undersigned, solely in obedience to the orders of the Mandarins, give them this document. We all declare that through ignorance of the laws of China we did the things that we have done in entering inland into the country, trusting in the merciful King of China and in the great favours we have received from him, being men of distant lands.

? And the Mandarins sent a Chapa [chhap, official letter] to the City of Macau to bring us to Canton, to give security and bring us to Macau, from whence we may depart to our country ; and in conformity with the laws of China, and never more to break them, we give this document upon our words ; and should we act in any way contrary thereto, we will submit to any punishments the Mandarins and the City of Macau shall order. In witness whereof we have drawn up this document in obedience to them.

? Macau, on the loth of December 1637 [N.S.= 30th November O.S.].

?

??????????????????????? Ri . . . Omley [Richard Swanley]

??????????????????????? Nath. Mount . . . enley [Mountney]

????????????????????? ——Wedell

?

? Thatt Nightt [30th November] they all came aboard, and other 2 Juncks arrived with more goodes, butt would not come aboard our shippes. Fearing belike thatt wee would have Deteyned them or don them some hurt in revenge of wrongs receaved From them*.

? Att our now hostes, who was allsoe our pilate comming hither From Mallacca, in a little gardein of his, wear beanes growing such as wee have with us, I meane greene stalkes and leaves off aboutt a Foote high ; allsoe Mustard seede whose leaves were aboutt 1 ? 2 yard long and above? 1 ?? ? yeard broade, by which men may see thatt Climates Doe allter the Forme off plantts etts, [and other] Creatures, as by Divers other instances.

?

?

注：This fear appears to have been realised, for the Coniinuation of the China Voyage {Marine Records, Vol. LXIII.) records, " The Jonckes with our goods were sent abourd and taken in, but much abused."

A Wall beetweene the Chinois and the Portugalls : To whatt purpose.

?

? Aboutt? 3 ? ? off a Mile Farther is a very narrow Necke off land which Joines that part off the Hand wheron Macao stands -with the rest. Att this Narrow place is a wall overthwart, reaching From Sea to Sea, about??? 1 ? 2 a Flightt shotte in all. In the said wall is a gate or passage with China watchemen through which No portugall Maypasse without speciall licence. And slaves thatt have a Mynd to run away From their Masters, if they once gett through there, are saffe From Farther persuite, of which not a Few. Allsoe those watchemen Doe exacte and Collect some Dewties From the Country people thatt bring in provisiones, etts. And uppon occasion of Discontent with the Portugalls, the said gate is shutt and all Manner off Sustenance Debarred them by the Chinois From whome they have itt ; thus by reports.

?

? A lettre from Nurette.

?

? [25th] December 1637. On Christmas Day came a letter From Nurette in Cantan, certifying (as I was told) thatt the vice Roy was come to thatt Citty, and thatt we should have Free trade in the Country with a place to reside in, paying 20,000 tales, 4 peeces of Ordnance and 50 Musketts per annum. Butt how hee may bee Creditted wee know nott, having Most falcely Construed the greatt Choppe [chhdp, license] sent us, and had bin the Instrumentall Cause of all our troubles*.

?

注：The tragic end of an interpreter, most probably identical with the man who had thus acted with such duplicity towards the English, is narrated by Neuhoff, p 144 :—" Not long after [3rd February 1656] one of our best Interpreters, by name Paul Duretti, was most lamentably murdered in his own house [at Canton]."

?

? The Generall of Maccao enraged against us : Revileth us in Most base termes.

?

? The 26th December [1637]. I was enordred by our Admirall [Capt. J. Weddell] and Mr [Nathaniel] Mountney to certifie the Captaine generall thatt wee intended this Nightt to come all off the shore, And thatt therfore hee would cause a publication therof to bee made in the Citty, Soe thatt any thatt had accompts with us mightt com and cleare them. In the way I mett his Officer comming towards us with a Message From him, Soe [he] wentt backe againe with Mee. Butt before I could gett uppe staires hee [Domingos da Camara] mett Mee, and before I could beegin to speake, hee Fell a Rayling in Most violent Manner with uncivill and Discourteous language, asking if wee knew where wee were, if wee Did not thincke ourselves in the King of Spaines Dominion, or Did know him to bee generall ; whither wee thoughtt our selves in London, Miscalling us by the Name of Picaros, Borachos, Traidores etts., to say. Rogues, Drunkards, traitors, etts. ; and that wee should Forthwith Depart to our Shippes, and thatt whomesoever hee Found ashoare in the Morning, hee would cause him to bee hangued and Confiscate all the goodes Found in the towne ; and soe hee left Mee withoutt suffring Mee to speake one word.

?

? The supposed cause.

?

? The occasion of this his soe extraordinary rage was supposed to bee beecause Thatt in regard hee had requested thatt No Portugalls Nor their goods (Churchmen excepted) should passe on our shippes For India*, And that our Admirall had promised him soe much, yett Notwithstanding that, wee had agreed to carry a greatt Number of passengers and muche wealths For hee would have had all on a vessell of their owne (that the King therby Mightt have his Dewties, which Now hee was likely to loose), butt none Durst adventure For Feare of the Hollander lying in the straightts off Mallacca.

?

注：Weddell says （O.C. 1662), " The Townesmen pressed us to Carrie some passengers and their goods to Cutchin."

?

? Copy of the Proclamation which the Commander-in-Chief, Domingos da Camara de Nogueira [sic ? Noronha] caused to be published, forbidding any person from embarking in the English ships, 27th October 1637 [N.S. = 17 October O.S.] (Lisbon Transcripts, I.O. Records, Vol.IV.)

?

? Hear the order of the Commander-in-Chief : That no person of whatever rank he may be (with the exception of Churchmen) shall embark either for India or any place whatsoever, under penalty of forfeiting all the goods of which he may be possessed and of being arrested and taken to the city of Goa, which punishment shall be inflicted in whatever place he may reach. And only the married men belonging to Goa, Malacca and Cochim may embark in the two ships, the one proceeding to Malacca and the other to Goa ; and anyone acting to the contrary shall incur the said penalty. And no person shall embark without a written license from the said Commander-in-Chief and the Senate, even those who are proceeding in the said ships, seeing that we are expecting the enemy from Europe [the Dutch].

? Given in Macau, 29th October 1637,

???????????????????????? Domingos da Camara.

? Agrees with the original

??????????????????????? Domingos Rodrigues da Figueiredo.

?

? Armed Men sent to thrust us outt off towne.

?

? The Messengers came backe and delivered the Generalls Minde to our principalis att our house in the phrase afforesaid. Att Nightt came a greatt Crew of his Servauntts all armed with swords, bucklers, gunnes and lighted Matches to thrust us outt off towne att thatt Instant. Butt wee told them wee had leave of the Citty For 2 Dales longer to cleare all. Then they Departed.

?

? The Councell of the Citty hasten our going Forth.

?

? The Councell of the Citty allsoe hastning our going hence, saying there were sundry Choppes, official order] New come From Cantan, wherin they were commaunded to putt us Forth Immediately. Thatt nightt Most of us wentt aboard.

?

? Wee all come aboard.

?

? The 27th December [1637]. Wee all came cleane off the shoare. It beeing Just 6 Monthes since our .First arrivall.

?

? A proteste sent ashoare.

?

? The 28th [December 1637]. Mr John Mountney and Mr Robinson went ashoare once againe, carrying a protest against the Generall and Citty of Nombre de dios en China, vullgarly called Macao it beeing allsoe this Day 6 Monthes since they carried our Kings Maj esties Freindly lettre unto them. Att nightt they returned aboard againe.

?

? Driven outt off Citty and Country by Fire and Sword in a Manner.

?

? Having bin For these 6 Monthes variously Crosed in our Designe, our lives, shipping, goodes, etts., Molested, endaungered, Damnified, Our principalis with Much Meanes Deteyned att Cantan. Wee in the Meane [time] with much adoe here below gotte such a trade as the Portugalls themselves would allow us, For wee must stand to their Courtesy or have None att all ; compelled by them 3 or 4 tymes to shifft habitationes ;somtymes all sent aboard and then againe permitted to come ashoare ; Not certaine off one Dales residence, all things Don in hast and Doubt. Yett Notwithstanding our great Desire and importunity to have continued this Kind off trade (as bad as it was) somwhatt longer, wee could not bee permitted, butt were expelled in all hast, in a Manner perforce, outt ofi the Citty and Country, even by Fire and sword as one May well say, the Former att Tayffoo, the latter att Macao, as [? by] the Governours Servants, etts., leaving a greatt part off our Coive[d]alli beehind us, and a Farre greater yett uninvested.

?

? Of China and some particularities therof.

?

? However our entertainementt was here, yett will I adde 2 or 3 lynes in Commendation of this soe great, Ritche and Famous a kingdome. For as Much as I saw and heard, with somwhatt off their language, numbers, etts. particularities.

?

? A healthy aire.

?

? And First to bee noted thatt in these 6 Monthes wee enjoyed a very healthy tyme. No generall sicknesse Reigning. Few Died; the like sildom scene so along tyme among soe Many Men.

?

? Religion little respected : some have None att all.

?

? Of the Religion off the Chinois I cannott speake much. Only I mett one who told mee hee was of thatt secte thatt beeleived No other then this liffe ; very curious in adorning their Pagodes, wherin are the Images off those they accompte For saintes, allthough they shew No greatt respect to the place Nor them, For they will talke, eatt, Drincke, walcke and play in their pagodes and before their altars as in a commons house, For as much as I saw.

?

? Their houses.

?

? By report off our people thatt were att Cantan, as allsoe of Many Portugalls thatt have bin there. Their houses generally consist off one Floore, as were all of theirs thatt hitherto wee have scene, or off one loft From the ground, very low ; and their streetes Narrow, some excepted.

?

? Their habitt.

?

? The attire and habitt of the Chinois I conceave to bee off various Formes according to the Country and office thatt they are off or in, as by relation and pictures or Figures May bee gathered. Some off these parts, such as I have scene, I have Deciphered as well as I could in Folio 145. The better sort of weomen, by relation off themselves, have their Feete straightt bound uppe From their Inffancy, soe thatt they beecome very short and smalle, some of them Not 4 Inches long and bad to Walke withall. I remember I saw one such when wee were among the townes and villages aboutt Tayffoo, much swathed and bound aboutt the Feete and lower part off the legge, as wee Doe For some greiffe [deformity] and infirmity in them, Foe soe this appeared to us, withall going very lamely. In Macao itt selffe few or No China weomen to bee scene, allthough off Men thousands who Dwell and inhabitt there, as Merchants, Brokers, shoppe keepers and handcraffts off all trades. Only, as aforementioned, Many poore Families, viz., Men, weomen and Children with their smalle Meanes live in little boates and gett their Maynetenaunce by transporting to and Fro goods, passengers, etts., in service off the Citty.

?

? Great eaters, Drinckers and Gamesters.

?

? The Chinois [is] a great (and offten) eater, Drincker and gamester. Soe thatt some will play away all thatt they have, then their Children, then their wives, and last off all themselves, and worcke them selves and all out againe in tyme. This by report they Doe att Jacatra [Batavia] and Bantam ; perhappes Not soe much used here.

?

? Poligamy allowed.

?

? They may keepe Many wives (as Doe the Turkes) according to their Meanes. Hereaboutts a great part offe them are pockffretten or eaten with the smalle pockes.

?

? Chinas excellencies.

?

? This Countrie May bee said to excell in these particulers : Antiquity, largenesse, Ritchenesse, healthynesse, Plentiffullnesse. For Arts and manner off governmentt I thinck noe Kingdome in the world Comparable to it, Considered alltogether.

?

? Commodities, viz., Gold, Raw silke.

?

? Most of the Commodities here very ritche, rare, good and Cheape, viz., Gold in lumpes called by the Portugalls Panes de Oro [loaves of gold], sold one waightt, ounce, etts., therof For ii tymes soe much in silver of Ryall off eightt, I say the Nearest hand*.

? Rawe silke excelling, att 240 Ryall off eightt per peeco [pikul] aboutt 150 ll. English off 16 ounces.

?

注：This shows that the ratio of gold to silver was 1 to 11.

?

? Silke wroughtt, as Damasks, sattins, grograms, Chambletts, Double taffaties*, very cheape.

?

? Silke stuffes, viz., reasonable good Damasks and good Double taffatyes, the Former att 5 Ryall per peece containing 15 yards is 3 yards For a Ryall off eightt. And the latter 5 Ryall. Allsoe For the peece containing about 30 yards is 6 yards For one Ryall off eightt, which is nott above gd per yard, accompting the Ryalls as they Cost For the taffaties, and I8d for the Damaskes, sattins and grograms accordingly.

?

注：Grogram, a coarse silk or a material of mohair, wool and silk ; camlet, a stuff made of silk and goat's hair or wool ; taffety, a plain woven silk (Pers. taftan).

?

? Sugar.

?

? Sugar in powder, very good, smelling like roses, att 1?? 1 ? 2d per ll. Enghsh*.

?

注：Sugar, Cantonese t'ong. The " sugar in powder " was probably granulated sugar, shd-t'ong.

?

? Muske : how said to bee Made.

?

? Muske, worth 2?? 1 ? 2 Ryall eight per ounce. Made (by report) off a smalle beaste like a Catte, which they hunt, Chace and beat to Death with staves. The bruised Fleash and congealed bloud, which in other Creatures stincks, putriffies and Consumes, preserves it selffe with thatt precious smell, is cutt outt in lumpes with some part off the skynne, is made uppe therin (which wee Call Muscoddes), and preserved in pewter vessells. This by reports*.

?

注：Musk (Cantonese she-Mung, musk-scent), a secretion of the navel of the musk-deer, Moschus moschiferus, Cant. shé（麝香）. " Muscodde " signifies musk in cods or bags.

?

? Greene ginger

?

? Greene ginger and Conserves off severall sorts very good and Cheape, the Former very large and cleare, exceeding any off other partts, att 4d or 5d per ll.

?

? Provisiones.

?

? All sorts off provisions good and Cheape, as graine, Flesh, Fish, Fruite. Off the First, wheatt, Barly, Rice, etts. Off the 2d, Beeves, sheepe, goates, hogges, etts., geese, poultry, Duckes, etts. Off the 3d, sword Fishes, white porpoises, pillchards as wee have with us ; and off other good Fish aboundance. Off the latter, peares, Chestnutts, leicheeas?and sundry other sorts, especially Orenges, off which here such variety and soe good as I thinck no place in the world affoards the like ; one sort called by the Portugalls Casca grossa beecause it hath a thicke skynne, to bee eaten alone, having a Dainety tast and relisheth like strawberries*. I will reiterate a little on some off these beecause off their straungenesse.

?

注：Sir David Prain conjectures that this thick-skinned orange is the Pummelow, the " Punapelmoose " (Tamil, pambalimusu, with variants in S. Indian languages) of the old travellers, or Shaddock, Grapefruit, etc. (Citrus aurantium, subsp. sinensis, var. decumana, Cant. luk-yau or yau-'tsz), and his opinion is confirmed by Mr M. C. Jame, but the statement that the rind " relisheth like strawberries " seems exaggerated.

?

? Fatt hogges.

?

? Hogges I thincke the world affords not the like For Forme and Fattenesse, generally blacke, little or no haire, shortt eared, legged and snowted, butt soe extreame Fatte thatt they resemble skynnes blowen or puffed uppe with winde or stuffed with Cotton, as by itts Figure.

Blacke Flesht poultry.

?

? Here, as allsoe in India, are a kind off hennes whose Flesh and bones are blacke, as well alive as Dead and Dressed, appearing as though they had bin boyled in blacke licor, by Many accompted More Daynety then the rest.Duckes allsoe very Fatte, sold salted uppe and Downe. Hogges and Duckes very plenty [full], especially hogges which is Most of their Feeding, and Hogges, hennes, Duckes, etts, alive and Dead with skynne, haire, Feathers and all, commonly sold by waightt.

?

? Pretty Orenges.

?

? A smalle kind of Orenge No bigger then the toppe off ones Finger, of an ovall Forme resembhng a plumme. When they are Ripe they beecome yellow and are much used to bee preserved in sugar whole. They are in Forme and biggnesse as per the Figured.

Strange Crabbes.

?

? Here are allsoe about these parts a kind off a Monstrous Crabbe good to eat, butt there is something in them thatt is venimous which must bee taken away, knowne to the people. The Body and head beeing all in one is aboutt a Foote over, resembling somwhatt the Forme above sett* there beeing Divers off them broughtt aboard alive.

? Many other straunge Beasts, Fowle, Fishes, Fruitts, etts., are or may bee in this Country, butt I have sett Downe only those Few thatt came to My sight.

注：See Illustration No. 35. The King-crab （Polyphemus, Cant. wong-yau-hái) found in the Canton River. Osbeck (I. 182) remarks: " These are as big again as the Swedish crabs ; the body is almost transparent . . . the eyes are extremely prominent."

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? Straunge Candles.

?

? I had Forgotten Candles. They are made here off the Fatte off a tree* the wicke beeing off the wood off the same tree, wrapped aboutt with a little Cotton. These are For ordinary uses and burne very well.

?

注：The Tallow-tree.

?

? A Dachein

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? For their liquid and Dry Measures they are here as att Goa. I thincke a Dachein is a little stlllyard, which usually China Men carry aboutt them to wey their Monies, there beeing great ones to way Commodities, off which if one will not serve to wey whatt you require, then they hang uppe 2 stillyards, waying one thing with both waightts at once. Most China Men can write and cast uppe accompts which they Doe [by] pen, as allsoe by an Invention with beades in stead of Counters, and Deciphered when I come to speake of their Numbers.

?

? How the Chinois write.

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? Here follow some China Characters or lettres, as I had them From the Merchant, beeing off those eightt thatt were taken outt off a great Juncke which wee fired, as formerly Mentioned'', with their pronounciation in China and signification in English. Our interpreter, Antonio the Caffer None of the best [of] linguists, and thereffore may bee conceaved Not soe punctuall and perffitt, butt beeing For the Most part off proper Names of things, the error May bee the lesse. The China writing beeginning From the rightt hand toward the lefft, and their lynes From the toppe Downeward thus :

where they beegin with 1 and proceed to 2 and 3 in the First lyne, then to 4, 5, 6 in the second, etts., beeginning their bookes att the Farthest and wrong end as wee Conceave, or as wee use. Butt these few Following words goe Forward according to our Custome. They all write with pencills and blacke and Red Incke made into Dry past which they Distemper with water when they will use itt.

?

?? Division of their Coines in Decimalles causing a speedy reckoning.

?

? They have one advauntage off us in the sodaine Casting uppe off their Coine or Monies, beecause it goeth all by tens as aforementioned. For in any Number whattsoever, the last on the rightt hand is Casse, the next Cundoreenes, then Massaes, and all the rest Tales ; as For example, 345678 Casse is 345 U2 tales, 6 Massaes, 7 Cundoreenes and 8 Casse. And if they bee soe many Cundoreenes or Massaes, then are the last Figures Massaes and Cundoreenes.

?

? An Invention to Cast accompts withall in lieu off Counters.

?

? Allsoe they use a redier way insteed off our Counters with an Invention off beades on wyres on a Frame Made after the Manner underneath The First beads signifie unites, the 2d tens, the 3d hundreds, the 4th thousands, etts. The undermost are each butt one in their owne place. The single bead above is 5 of the same. Those thatt are putt close to the Middle barre are in valuation ; as For example the said No. off 345678 is thus expressed on the Frame ; and soe when they make use off itt, they remoove the beads to and Fro as wee doe our Counters *.

注：Mundy means here that the Illustration (No. 36) gives an abacus set to show an account of 345 taels, 6 mace, 7 candareens and 8 cash.

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