醫(yī)學(xué)英語學(xué)習(xí)22.03.21——病理學(xué)-萎縮
ATROPHY IS AN ACTIVE RESPONSE TO AN ALTERED ENVIRONMENT THAT RESULTS IN REDUCED FUNCTION OR SIZE OF CELLS OR ORGANS
萎縮導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞器官體積縮小或功能下降，是一種對(duì)環(huán)境變化的積極反應(yīng)
Clinically, atrophy is often noted as a decrease in size or function of an organ that occurs under pathologic or physiologic circumstances.
在臨床上，萎縮通常是指在病理或生理環(huán)境下發(fā)生的器官大小或功能的減少。
Therefore, atrophy may result from disuse of skeletal muscle or from loss of trophic signals as part of normal aging.
因此，作為正常衰老的一部分，萎縮可能是由骨骼肌的失用或營養(yǎng)信號(hào)的喪失造成的。
At the level of an individual cell, atrophy may be thought of as an adaptive response, whereby a cell accommodates to changes in its environment while remaining viable.
在單個(gè)細(xì)胞的水平上，萎縮可以被認(rèn)為是一種適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)，即細(xì)胞在保持生存的同時(shí)適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。
However, most commonly, atrophy is a consequence of harmful processes such as those involved in some chronic diseases and biologic aging.
然而，最常見的是，萎縮是有害過程的結(jié)果，例如與某些慢性病和生物衰老有關(guān)的過程。
Reduction in an organ’s size may reflect reversible cell atrophy or irreversible loss of cells.
器官的縮小可能反映了可逆的細(xì)胞萎縮或不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的細(xì)胞衰亡。
For example, atrophy of the brain in Alzheimer disease is secondary to extensive cell death; in this case, the size of the organ cannot be restored.
例如，阿爾茨海默病的大腦萎縮是繼發(fā)于廣泛的細(xì)胞死亡；在這種情況下，器官的大小無法恢復(fù)。
Atrophy occurs under a variety of conditions:
萎縮在多種情況下發(fā)生：
Reduced functional demand:
For example, after immobilization of a limb in a cast, muscle cells atrophy and muscular strength is reduced. When normal activity resumes, the muscle’s size and function return.
功能需求減少：例如，石膏固定肢體后，肌肉細(xì)胞萎縮，肌肉力量減弱。當(dāng)正?；顒?dòng)恢復(fù)時(shí)，肌肉的大小和功能就會(huì)恢復(fù)。
immobilization 固定 /i,m?ubilai'zei??n/
cast 石膏 /k?st/
Inadequate supply of oxygen:
Interference with blood supply to tissues is called ischemia.
氧氣供應(yīng)不足：對(duì)組織血液供應(yīng)的干擾稱為缺血。
interference 干擾、介入 /??nt?'f?r?ns/
ischemia 缺血 /?s'kim??/
Although total cessation of oxygen perfusion results in cell death, partial ischemia is often compatible with cell viability.
盡管完全停止供氧會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡，但部分缺血通常與細(xì)胞存活率相容。
viability 生存能力 /?vai?'biliti/
cessation 停止 /s?'se??n/
perfusion 灌注 /p??fju??n/
compatible 可相容的 /k?m'p?t?bl/
Under such circumstances, cell atrophy may be seen around the inadequately perfused margins of ischemic necrosis (infarcts) in the heart, brain and kidney following vascular occlusion in these organs.
在這種情況下，心臟、腦和腎臟的血管閉塞后，可能會(huì)在這些器官的缺血壞死(梗塞)的未充分灌流邊緣周圍看到細(xì)胞萎縮。
margin 邊緣 /'mɑrd??n/
necrosis 壞死 /n?'kros?s/
vascular 血管 /'v?skj?l?/
occlusion 閉塞 /??klu??n/
Insufficient nutrients:
Starvation or inadequate nutrition associated with chronic disease leads to cell atrophy, particularly in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
營養(yǎng)不足：饑餓或與慢性病相關(guān)的營養(yǎng)不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞萎縮，尤其是骨骼肌和脂肪組織。
starvation 饑餓 /stɑr've??n/
inadequate nutrition 營養(yǎng)不足 /?n'?d?kw?t/ /nu'tr???n/
chronic disease 慢性疾病 /'krɑn?k/
adipose 脂肪的 /'?d?'pos/
Interruption of trophic signals:
The functions of many cells depend on signals transmitted by chemical mediators, of which the endocrine system and neuromuscular transmission are the best examples.
營養(yǎng)信號(hào)的中斷：許多細(xì)胞的功能依賴于化學(xué)介質(zhì)傳遞的信號(hào)，內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)肌肉傳遞就是最好的例子。
interruption 中斷 /??nt?'r?p??n/
endocrine system 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng) /'?nd?kr?n/
neuromuscular 神經(jīng)肌肉的 /?nj?ro'm?skj?l?/
Loss of such signals via ablation of an endocrine gland or denervation results in atrophy of the target organ.
由于內(nèi)分泌腺的切除或去神經(jīng)導(dǎo)致的這種信號(hào)的喪失會(huì)導(dǎo)致靶器官的萎縮。
via 通過 /'va??/
ablation 切除、消融 /?'ble??n/
denervation 去神經(jīng)支配 /?di:n?:'vei??n/
Atrophy secondary to endocrine insufficiency is not restricted to pathologic conditions.
繼發(fā)于內(nèi)分泌不足的萎縮并不局限于病理?xiàng)l件。
restrict 限制 /r?'str?kt/
For example, the endometrium atrophies when estrogen levels decrease after menopause.
例如，絕經(jīng)后雌激素水平下降，子宮內(nèi)膜萎縮。
endometrium 子宮內(nèi)膜 /??ndo'mitr??m/
estrogen 雌激素 /'?str?d??n/
menopause 絕經(jīng)期 /'m?n?'p?z/
Persistent cell injury:
Persistent cell injury is most commonly caused by chronic inflammation associated with prolonged viral or bacterial infections or by autoimmune disease.
持續(xù)性細(xì)胞損傷：持續(xù)性細(xì)胞損傷最常見的原因是慢性炎癥與長(zhǎng)期的病毒或細(xì)菌感染有關(guān)，或由自身免疫性疾病引起。
persistent 持續(xù)的 /p?'z?st?nt/
inflammation 炎癥 /'?nfl?'me??n/
prolonged 長(zhǎng)時(shí)的、長(zhǎng)久的 /pro'l??d/
viral 濾過性毒菌的 /'va?r?l/
bacterial 病毒的 /b?k't?r??l/
autoimmune 自身免疫的 /??to?'mj?n/
A good example is the atrophy of the gastric mucosa that occurs in association with chronic gastritis.
與慢性胃炎相關(guān)的胃粘膜萎縮就是一個(gè)很好的例子。
gastric 胃的 /'g?str?k/
mucosa 粘膜 /mj?'kos?/
gastritis 胃炎 /ɡ?'stra?t?s/
Increased pressure:
Physical injury, such as prolonged pressure in inappropriate locations, produces atrophy. Prolonged bed rest may lead to sustained pressure on the skin, causing atrophy of the skin and consequent decubitus ulcers (bed sores).
壓力增加：身體損傷，如不適當(dāng)位置的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間壓力，會(huì)導(dǎo)致萎縮。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間臥床休息可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚持續(xù)受壓，導(dǎo)致皮膚萎縮，繼而導(dǎo)致壓瘡(褥瘡)。
sustained 長(zhǎng)久的 /s??stend/
decubitus 臥姿、褥瘡 /d?'kj?b?t?s/
ulcer 潰瘍 /'?ls?/
sore 褥瘡、潰瘍 /s?r/
Chronic disease:
Often, people afflicted with wasting chronic diseases such as cancer, congestive heart failure or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) demonstrate generalized atrophy of many tissues. Importantly, tissue loss exceeds what can be attributed to decreased caloric intake and reflects alterations in cytokines and other mediators.
慢性?。?/strong>癌癥、充血性心力衰竭或獲得性免疫缺陷綜合癥(AIDS)等慢性消耗性疾病的患者通常會(huì)表現(xiàn)出許多組織的普遍萎縮。重要的是，組織過度損失可歸因于卡路里攝入量減少的程度，反映了細(xì)胞因子和其他介質(zhì)的變化。
wasting chronic disease 慢性消耗性疾病
congestive 充血的 /k?n'd??st?v/
demonstrate 表現(xiàn) /'d?m?n'stret/
generalized 廣泛的 /'d??nr?la?zd/
cytokine 細(xì)胞因子 /?sa?t??ka?n/
[1] Emanuel Rubin, Howard M. Reisner.Essentials of Rubin’s pathology [M].6th ed.Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,April 30, 2013:2-3
[2]文中音標(biāo)源自“歐路詞典”美式讀音
