外刊逐句精讀|考研特輯:2021年英語一 Text 3逐句精讀及真題解析|...

課代表來啦!這篇是去年考研較為有代表性的文章~
時間軸(上面是詞匯講解 下面是長難句分析)已經(jīng)加好匯總在文末,前面是文章+題目+解析(綠色字是后面有整理的詞匯)

2021考研英語一Text 3
第一段
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate重新評估vt. the past, I’ve become preoccupied adj. (occupied adj.忙于... 從事于...,be~with doing sth.忙于做某事) with looking for photographs that show our Victorian(維多利亞時代的) ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter(vt.粉碎 擊碎) the image of 19th-century prudery n.?).
長難句分析??
I’ve found quite a few相當多、不少=a good few, and – since I started posting(v.張貼 公布) them on Twitter推特 – they have been causing quite a stir震動 攪拌n.(quite a sth.強調(diào)某物很突出).
People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.
They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
長難句分析??
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
長難句分析??
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long:
the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.
長難句分析??
The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
第四段
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.
Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
第五段
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.
“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.
A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
第六段
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class:
drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.
Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
Quiz
1. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter _________.
[A] changed people’s impression of the Victorians
[B] highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies
[C] re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image
[D] illustrated the development of Victorian photography
細節(jié)題。由于第一題題干中明確了According to Paragraph 1「根據(jù)第1段」,和關(guān)鍵詞author's posts on Twitter「作者推特上的推文」,我們可以定位到第1段,并解答該題。
仔細讀過四個選項之后,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)只有選項A「改變了人們對于維多利亞時代的英國人的看法」是符合段落大意的,因此該題選擇選項A。
2. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
[A] They are in popular use among historians.
[B] They are rare among photographs of that age.
[C] They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
[D] They show effects of different exposure times.
細節(jié)題。可以根據(jù)題干中的the Victorian portraits he has collected「作者收集的維多利亞時代的照片」定位到文章第2段,再根據(jù)作者提到的tiny percentage of the vast catalogue一句,可以判斷出B「這些照片在那個時代是很罕見的」是正確選項。
3. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
[A] Their inherent social sensitiveness.
[B] Their tension before the camera.
[C] Their distrust of new inventions.
[D] Their unhealthy dental condition.
細節(jié)題。重點留意題干中的keep from「讓...不...」和1890s「19世紀90年代」,把握好這兩點后,我們就可以定位到本文的第4段和第5段。
讀懂這兩段后,我們就不難鎖定最后的答案了,應(yīng)該是D「他們不健康的牙齒條件」。
4. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ________.
[A] a deep-rooted belief
[B] a misguided attitude
[C] a controversial view
[D] a thought-provoking idea
細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干的Mark Twain可以鎖定答案出現(xiàn)在最后一段,而在該段中,作者用even一詞來強調(diào)了馬克·吐溫的對于拍照時微笑的態(tài)度,「即便是馬克·吐溫這種喜歡哈哈大笑的人,也認為拍照時微笑是愚蠢的」,可以看出拍照時笑不露齒是一種社會觀念。在四個選項中,只有選項A滿足。
5. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
[A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
[B] When did the Victorians start to view photographs differently?
[C] What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
[D] How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
全文主旨題,我們可以根據(jù)全文一些表現(xiàn)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的句子來分析。
比如文章第二段的文末就提出了文章主題:為什么維多利亞時代的英國人很少笑?在隨后的文章中,作者都在尋找各類原因來回答第二段提出的這個問題,不難看出,只有圍繞「為什么不微笑」這個關(guān)鍵詞的選項才是本題的答案。因此,本題答案選擇A「為什么大多數(shù)維多利亞時代的英國人在照片里看起來都很嚴肅?」。
第一段
▲ re-evaluate vt. 重新評估:用詞根詞綴法記憶即可,即evaluate「評估、評價」前加上表重復(fù)的前綴re-;
▲ preoccupied adj. :雖然考研大綱核心詞匯里確實沒有這個詞,但我們知道它的同源詞匯occupied「忙于...」,也知道它有be occupied with doing sth.「忙于做某事」這個固定搭配,因此我們閱讀時即便不認識這個詞,也完全可以分析出它的含義、詞性,乃至是常用搭配,不會太影響我們的閱讀;
▲ Victorian adj. 維多利亞時代的 n. 維多利亞時代的英國人:背景詞匯,如果不認識這個單詞,在考試時只能猜測,不過考慮到維多利亞時代名氣不小,猜測的難度應(yīng)該不會太大;
▲ shatter vt. 打碎、擊碎;
▲ prudery n. :不影響文章大意的超綱詞匯,考試時不必深究;
▲ quite a few 相當多、不少:和a good few是同義詞,注意不要理解成「不太多」;
▲ post vt. (互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的)發(fā)帖;
▲ Twitter 推特;
▲ quite a sth. 強調(diào)某物很突出:因此文中的quite a stir就是強調(diào)「不小的轟動」;
▲ note vt. 指出、提出;
▲ fade away 逐漸消失、消逝
段落大意:
1. 作者介紹自己的身份;
2. 不少照片表明維多利亞時代的英國人確實會笑,這讓他們的形象鮮活了起來。
第二段
▲ concede vt. 承認:admit的同義詞,后面常接賓語從句;
▲ make up 組成、構(gòu)成;
▲ percentage 百分比:商業(yè)主題文章常見表達,也是數(shù)字表達的??停梢远喽喾e累;
▲ catalogue n. 目錄、目錄簿:美式拼寫是catalog;
▲ portraiture n. :雖然是超綱詞匯,但我們也可以根據(jù)這個詞其中的portrait「肖像畫」來猜出大概含義,這樣考試的時候就可以快速應(yīng)付了;
▲ miserably adv. 悲慘地、可憐地;
▲ stiffly adv. 僵硬地
段落大意:
1.作者找出的照片只是特例,大多數(shù)維多利亞時代的英國人拍照并不會微笑;
2.如何解釋這種現(xiàn)象呢?
第三段
▲ exposure n. (相機的)曝光:盡管exposure這個詞并不生僻,但「曝光」這個含義對于不常接觸攝影的小伙伴來說確實比較陌生,文中出現(xiàn)的exposure time「曝光時間」指的是「一次曝光所需的時間」;
▲ notoriously adv. 臭名昭著地:即形容詞notorious的副詞形態(tài);
▲ daguerreotype n. :雖然我們在考試的時候大概率不知道這個詞的準確含義,但判斷出它的詞性、分析出它的大概含義應(yīng)該不難。判斷詞性可以從它的形近詞stereotype「刻板印象」入手,由于stereotype是名詞,我們應(yīng)該也不難猜測出daguerreotype也是個名詞。至于它的大概含義,我們可以從原文中daguerreotype photographic method后的括弧里的內(nèi)容判斷出來,其實就是描述了這個叫做daguerreotype的攝影方法的作用;
▲ silvered adj. 鍍銀的;
▲ copper n. 銅;
▲ result in 導(dǎo)致;
▲ blurred adj. 模糊的:即blur「模糊」的過去分詞;
▲ limb n. 肢:注意末尾的b不用發(fā)音,讀作/l?m/;
▲ thought n. 想法、主意:常用搭配是thought of doing sth.「做某事的想法」;
▲ fixed adj. 固定的;
▲ grin n./v. 露齒笑、咧嘴笑;
▲ non-committal adj. :無傷大雅的超綱詞匯,根據(jù)它的位置(放在blank stare之前)可以大概判斷出是一個形容詞或副詞,從詞尾可以大概判斷出這是個形容詞,具體含義并不影響句意,考試的時候不必深究;
▲ norm n. 常態(tài)、規(guī)范
段落大意:
在攝影出現(xiàn)之初(19世紀四五十年代),攝影需要的曝光時間太長,因此目光保持呆滯成了常規(guī)做法。
第四段
▲ Box Brownie n. :根據(jù)上下文可以判斷出是一類portable camera「便攜式相機」;
▲ by ... standards 按...的標準;
▲ instantaneous adj. 立即的、立刻的;
▲ spontaneous adj. 自發(fā)的、自然的:instantaneous和spontaneous兩個詞結(jié)尾的拼寫相近,可以結(jié)合記憶;
▲ capture vt. 拍攝、錄制
段落大意:
1. 隨著攝影技術(shù)的進步,曝光速度也在大幅提高;
2. 到19世紀末,要想拍一張自然的微笑照片應(yīng)該是輕而易舉,因此維多利亞人不想笑的原因仍然有待找尋。
第五段
▲ dignity n. 尊貴、莊嚴;
▲ cheesy adj. :從它的位置(放在名詞grin前)可以判斷出它的形容詞詞性,具體含義在考試時不必糾結(jié);
▲ conceal vt. 隱藏;
▲ maxim n. :雖然不清楚具體含義,但根據(jù)上下文可以判斷出它和「話語、言論」等詞相關(guān),這已經(jīng)足以讓我們理解全句了;
▲ allude v. :單從全篇內(nèi)容確實很難猜出它的含義,只能根據(jù)上下文盡量跳過這個詞;
▲ flashing adj. 閃光的:這個含義可以根據(jù)flash「閃光」的意思類推出來;
▲ set n. 排、組;
▲ pearly adj. 珍珠般的:可以從pearl「珍珠」的含義推測出來;
▲ preserve n. :這個詞在文章的語境下是名詞,我們可以根據(jù)preserve的動詞含義「保存、保護」大概猜出它的名詞含義
段落大意:
段落主旨:維多利亞時代的英國人拍照不愛微笑的一大原因是微笑有損形象;
論據(jù):維多利亞時代的口腔衛(wèi)生堪憂,少有人能擁有一排潔白的好牙。
第六段
▲ toothy adj. 露齒的:可以根據(jù)tooth「牙齒」的意思猜測出含義;
▲ blackened adj. 變黑的:按照給形容詞strength/hard添加動詞后綴-en變成動詞strengthen/harden的構(gòu)詞法,我們應(yīng)該不難理解blacken和blackened的含義;
▲ drunk n. 醉漢、酒鬼;
▲ gum n. 牙齦;
▲ breed v. 以...的方式養(yǎng)大;
▲ Mark Twain 馬克·吐溫;
▲ 這一段的超綱生詞較多,雖然我們很難猜出每一個意思的精準含義,但是結(jié)合上下文我們基本可以判斷出各個單詞的詞性和大概含義,具體方法可以參見視頻的講解
段落大意:
繼續(xù)論證前段觀點:對于出身好的人來說,露齒笑是不雅的。
超綱詞匯
be preoccupied with sth. 專注于某事(P1);
prudery n. (貶)談性色變的態(tài)度(P1);
portraiture n. 肖像畫(P2);
sitter n. (肖像照)模特(P2);
middle distance n. 中景:攝影、繪畫術(shù)語,指照片、風景畫中背景與前景之間的區(qū)域;
daguerreotype n. 達蓋爾銀版照片(照相法)(P3):命名自法國物理學(xué)家達蓋爾(Daguerre);
non-committal adj. 含糊的(P3);
blank adj. 面無表情的(P3);
Box Brownie 布朗尼盒式相機(P4):根據(jù)文中的信息也能判斷出,這是一款便攜式相機;
cheesy adj. 刻意的、做作的(P5);
maxim n. 箴言、格言(P5);
allude to sth. 暗指、影射某事(P5);
preserve n. 專有領(lǐng)域(P5):在我們往期讀過的文章中其實出現(xiàn)過,點擊這里回顧;
class n. 高雅(P6);
tramp n. 流浪漢(P6);
gurn v. 扮鬼臉、做俏皮像(P6);
Lewis Carroll 路易斯·卡羅(P6):《愛麗絲夢游仙境》的作者,筆下的Cheshire Cat「柴郡貓」以咧著嘴的笑容著稱,因此也衍生出了短語grin like a Cheshire Cat「咧著嘴大笑」;
becoming adj. 合適的、相配的(P6);
hearty adj. 親切的、友好的(P6);
damning adj. 譴責的(P6)