?《The Russian Civil War》漢化

《蘇俄內(nèi)戰(zhàn)》漢化

By Evan Mawdsley

譯者：KoiSama

譯者前言：

這本歷史書比較詳細(xì)的介紹了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)歷史，英國作者 Evan Mawdsley 也是比較厲害的俄羅斯歷史研究家，其他的無需多言，作者的原文內(nèi)容基本上是客觀平述，基本是按著歷史說歷史。如果讀者們有誰覺得書中所寫或者我個(gè)人翻譯的有所問題，歡迎在評論區(qū)里面寫出來。但是如果就是怎么讀怎么不對勁，出門左轉(zhuǎn)可以看聯(lián)共黨史，出門右轉(zhuǎn)也可以看看當(dāng)代俄羅斯的通三統(tǒng)。

1918：YEAR OF DECISION

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It is obvious that Soviet power is organized civil war against the landlords,the bourgeoisie, and the kulaks.

LD.Trotsky,June 1918

1918：決定性的一年

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顯然，蘇維埃政權(quán)需要通過有組織的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)來徹底消滅地主、資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和富農(nóng)。

LD.托洛茨基.June 1918

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THE TRIUMPHAL MARCH OF SOVIET POWER:

THE BOLSHEVIK TAKEOVER IN

CENTRAL RUSSIA,

October 1917-January 1918

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蘇維埃政權(quán)的勝利進(jìn)軍:

布爾什維克接管了整個(gè)俄羅斯

1917年10月- 1918年1月

公民們:

罪惡的反革命勢力抬起了頭，科爾尼洛夫正在動(dòng)員他們的軍隊(duì)，他想要粉碎全俄蘇維埃議會(huì)同時(shí)破壞掉整個(gè)制憲會(huì)議?，F(xiàn)在這位大屠殺制造者可能試圖在彼得格勒的街道上制造混亂和屠殺。

彼得格勒工兵代表蘇維埃擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)革命的任務(wù)，必定阻止他人反革命和大屠殺的企圖。

彼得格勒 MRC[1]告示1917年

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October

那個(gè)十月

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Historians of modem Russia have not come to a clear verdict on when the Civil War started.Many are vague.Others,probably a majority,date the Civil War from the summer of 1918,usually linking it to an uprising by Czechoslovak troops in May.Dating the Civil War from the summer of 1918 has important implications:it suggests a peaceful start to Soviet power,increases the weight of "foreign intervention"(the Czechoslovaks),and links radical Bolshevik policies to the outbreak of fighting.

現(xiàn)代俄國歷史學(xué)家對于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的具體爆發(fā)時(shí)間么有給出很明確的結(jié)論。很多概念都是很模糊的。但可能大多數(shù)人都會(huì)把內(nèi)戰(zhàn)追溯到1918年夏天，通常把它與5月份捷克斯洛伐克軍隊(duì)的正式暴動(dòng)所聯(lián)系起來。將蘇俄內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的開端追溯到1918年的夏天具有重要意義:它暗示著在俄羅斯蘇維埃對權(quán)力的奪權(quán)大體上是和平的，增加了“外國干預(yù)”(捷克斯洛伐克軍團(tuán))對內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)的分量，并將布爾什維克激進(jìn)的政策與戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)聯(lián)系起來。

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My own view,shared with a respectable minority of writers(both Westem and Soviet),is that the Civil War began with the October revolution.The events described in the following two chapters will show that the victory of Soviet power in the winter of 1917-1918 went hand in hand with internal fighting of an intensity that can only be called "civil war."

我自己的觀點(diǎn)與相當(dāng)少的作家(包括西方作家和蘇聯(lián)作家)觀點(diǎn)基本相同，蘇俄內(nèi)戰(zhàn)其實(shí)始于十月革命(October revolution)，以下兩章我所描述的事件會(huì)表明一件事：蘇維埃1917-1918年冬季的勝利奪權(quán)和與之相伴而來的是激烈的內(nèi)部斗爭已經(jīng)是“內(nèi)戰(zhàn)“的一部分了。

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The Russian Civil War,then,began in the autumn of 1917.To be precise,it began on 25 October during the evening.The specter of Russian fighting Russian had lurked in the background since the Tsar was toppled in February,but what set off the final apocalyptic struggle,one that would last three years and cost over seven million lives,was the seizure of power in Petrograd by the Bolshevik Party.Detachments of armed workers,sailors,and soldiers took control of the capital and arrested Kerensky's Provisional Government.They were organized by the Bolsheviks but acted in the name of the soviets-the workers'and soldiers'councils；the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets met on the night of 25 October.Resistance was weak-the "storming"of the Winter Palace is something of a myth-but real bloodshed came a few days later with an attempted counterrevolt.The events taking place around Petrograd from 28 October to 1 November were the overture of the Civil War,demonstrating themes that would recur.The same forces,even some of the same leaders,were involved.Young officer-cadets("junkers'")rose within Petrograd;small cossack detachments under General Krasnov (a future Don Cossack leader)tried to break into the city across the scrubland of the southern outskirts.On the Soviet side were armed workers and revolutionary soldiers and sailors,loosely coordinated by two future heroes of 1918,Antonov-Ovseenko[2] and Lieutenant Colonel Muraviev[3].In the end the junkers were crushed,and the cossacks were stopped at Gatchina.As in the later Civil War the civilian opponents of the Bolsheviks,people of the moderate Left and Right,lacked effective combat forces of their own and played no part.

蘇俄內(nèi)戰(zhàn)于1917年秋季爆發(fā)，更確切地說，它是自10月25日晚上開始的，自沙皇政權(quán)于當(dāng)年2月被推翻以來，俄羅斯人之間的戰(zhàn)爭陰云就一直潛伏在幕后，但引發(fā)這一場災(zāi)難性斗爭的導(dǎo)火索，還是布爾什維克黨在彼得格勒奪取了政權(quán)，這場斗爭持續(xù)了三年，期間奪走了近700多萬人的生命。最開始由武裝工人、水手和士兵組成的分遣隊(duì)控制了彼得格勒，并逮捕了克倫斯基的臨時(shí)政府成員。起義部隊(duì)是由布爾什維克組織的，但以當(dāng)?shù)靥K維?！と耸勘瘑T會(huì)的名義而行事（起義前期布爾什維克基本上完全掌握了彼得格勒蘇維埃，同時(shí)孟什維克與其他左翼團(tuán)體比如崩得分子被邊緣化）;第二次全俄蘇維埃代表大會(huì)于起義的當(dāng)晚召開。臨時(shí)政府一方的抵抗十分微弱的——布爾什維克對冬宮的“猛攻”有點(diǎn)像神話一樣——但真正的流血事件在幾天后爆發(fā)，克倫斯基組織了一次反攻（但是很快失?。?0月28日到11月1日在彼得格勒附近發(fā)生的一系列事件都是內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的序曲，也表明了接下來的主題。接下來還是同樣的勢力，甚至是同樣的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人參與了未來內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的走向。幾天后年輕的士官生團(tuán)體(“junker”)在彼得格勒內(nèi)部發(fā)起了暴亂;在克拉斯諾夫?qū)④?未來的頓河哥薩克領(lǐng)袖)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的一些哥薩克小分隊(duì)試圖穿越彼得格勒南郊的灌木區(qū)闖入城市。蘇維埃一方則是武裝起來的工人、革命士兵還有水兵，當(dāng)時(shí)士兵們被之后1918年戰(zhàn)爭的兩位英雄領(lǐng)袖弗拉基米爾·安東諾夫(Antonov-Ovseenko)[2]和穆拉維約夫中上校（Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov）[3]松散組織了起來。最后，反革命的反撲被擊潰了，哥薩克部隊(duì)最后也被攔在加特契納城下。在后來的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中，布爾什維克的反對派，即溫和左翼或者中間派，他們一般缺乏自己的武裝力量，所以沒有什么存在感。

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The October events are sometimes called a coup,but their deeper roots can be seen in what Lenin termed the "Triumphal March of Soviet Power,"the rapid takeover of the Russian Empire.In Moscow,the second city of the Empire,a few days of confused and bloody street fighting,complete with artillery bombardment and massacre,ended with rebel victory.In most of the big towns of central and northwestern Russia-the crucial future core of Soviet territory-and also in the Urals,the local soviets took power within a couple of weeks.Nowhere in these regions was there serious fighting,even on the scale of Petrograd and Moscow.By the new year an even vaster region,the great majority of the Empire's seventy-five province and region (oblast)centers,stretching from the Polish borderlands to the Pacific,was in the hands of the revolutionaries;the main areas outside nominal Soviet control were the Transcaucasus,Finland,four Ukrainian provinces,and the Don,Kuban,and Orenburg Cossack Regions.

十月革命總是被某些人稱為“十月政變”，但明顯境界低了，我們可以從列寧所稱的“蘇維埃政權(quán)的勝利進(jìn)行”中看到，即俄羅斯被布爾什維克迅速接管。雖然在前帝國的第二大城市莫斯科爆發(fā)了持續(xù)了幾天的血腥巷戰(zhàn)，到處都是炮火和子彈，但最終莫斯科還是被蘇維埃政權(quán)勝利占領(lǐng)。但在俄羅斯中部和西北部的大多數(shù)城市里——同時(shí)也是未來革命政權(quán)的核心區(qū)域——以及遠(yuǎn)東的烏拉爾地區(qū)，當(dāng)?shù)氐奶K維埃支持者只用了幾周就成功奪取了政權(quán)。這些地區(qū)甚至沒有發(fā)生過什么激烈的戰(zhàn)斗，到了1918年的新年，一片廣闊的地區(qū)——從波蘭邊境一直延伸到太平洋的前帝國75個(gè)省和地區(qū)絕大多數(shù)都已經(jīng)掌握在革命者手中;蘇維埃政權(quán)名義上控制了除了外高加索、芬蘭、四個(gè)烏克蘭省，以及頓河、庫班和奧倫堡哥薩克地區(qū)外的全部地區(qū)。

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The end of the easy (for the Bolsheviks)first phase of the Civil War came on 5 January,with the meeting in Petrograd of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly[4].National elections held in early November had shown the peasant-based Socialist-revolutionary (SR)Party,not the Bolsheviks,to be the most popular group.The Bolsheviks allowed the Assembly to meet for one night,and then armed sailors closed the hall and locked the delegates out.With this ended the last serious political challenge to Bolshevism in central Russia."Soviet"power was then confirmed by the Bolshevik-dominated Third Congress of Soviets.

隨著1月5日在彼得格勒召開的全俄立憲會(huì)議的結(jié)束，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的第一階段就這樣輕松結(jié)束了。不過11月初舉行的立憲會(huì)議[4]全國選舉顯示，以農(nóng)民為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)主義革命黨(SR)才是俄羅斯最受歡迎的群體。一月，這場大會(huì)剛召開了一個(gè)晚上，就被武裝水兵們封鎖了大廳，把與會(huì)代表們?nèi)兼i在了外面，結(jié)束了布爾什維克內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中受到的一次最嚴(yán)重的政治挑戰(zhàn)。隨后在由布爾什維克主導(dǎo)的蘇維埃第三次代表大會(huì)上， “蘇維埃議會(huì)”的權(quán)力算是被最終確認(rèn)了。

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1.???? MRC：Military revolutionary Committee（士兵革命委員會(huì)）

2.???? 弗拉基米爾·安東諾夫(Antonov-Ovseenko)：烏克蘭共產(chǎn)黨員，內(nèi)站期間率領(lǐng)部隊(duì)對抗烏克蘭的中央拉達(dá)政權(quán)，同時(shí)也是托洛茨基支持者，后來于大清洗期間被判處槍決，后平反。

3.???? 穆拉維約夫中上校（Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov）：左派社會(huì)革命黨員，后來他被任命為東部戰(zhàn)線總司令，與捷克斯洛伐克軍團(tuán)作戰(zhàn)，后來他聽說左翼社會(huì)革命黨在 7 月初起義后他也一并發(fā)起了起義，他率領(lǐng)了一千人沿著伏爾加河航行，希望能夠奪取辛比爾斯克，后來他被布爾什維克俘虜，在試圖拔槍拒捕時(shí)被槍殺。

4.???? 全俄立憲會(huì)議：?為1917年，俄國二月革命中推翻俄羅斯帝國后形成的一個(gè)憲政民主議會(huì)。這個(gè)為實(shí)現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主的議會(huì)在1918年1月5日（儒略歷）16時(shí)由民選代表召開，但翌日凌晨5時(shí)即遭全俄蘇維埃中央委員會(huì)決議解散，歷史上僅僅存在了13個(gè)小時(shí)。不得不說最開始譯者寫的感慨連連，最后還是換上了百度知道。